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8/6/2019 Epistemologia de La Psicologia: Viaje de ida y vuelta
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3
Påp}na Rm`}lo`a4 YOCDM @M O@C _ Y]MNPC
Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc4 }g Yocdm `m O`c Y}mnpc
Inarmgpoga Bncgla
]goymr|o`c` C}pügaec `m Ec`ro`
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 2
Rm|}emg
M|pm prcbcda vrmpmg`m cgcnotcr nc| rmncloagm| ogpmrgc| a vrakrceãpolc| mgprm
Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc |}vagomg`a s}m |m prcpc `m vmr|vmlpoyc| `o|lovnogcrm|
vrai}g`cemgpm oebrolc`c|. pcgpa `m|`m }g v}gpa `m yo|pc jo|pürola laea mg na s}m cpcóm c |}
yalcloüg mvo|pïeolc' Rmyo|crmea| vroemra mn lagpmgo`a v|olanükola `m cnk}gc| `m nc|
va|oloagm| mvo|pmeanükolc| lnã|olc|' Mg |mk}g`a n}kcr. vag`rmea| cnk}ga| mdmevna| s}m ga|
vmreoporãg |avm|cr mn oevclpa `m nc Mvo|pmeanakåc mg nc pmaråc v|olanükolc lmrrcrmea|
g}m|pra crk}emgpa lag }gc |}logpc rmyo|oüg `mn m|i}mrta `m nc V|olanakåc var laevrmg`mr nc
clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc'
Cb|prclp
Pjo| {arh cgcn|m pjm ogpmrgcn “vrakrceecpol% rmncpoag|jov| bmp{mmg Mvo|pmeanak
cg` V|ljanak c||}eogk pjm iclp| pjcp pjm|m `o|lovnogm| jcym pjmor vmr|vmlpoym| `mmvn
oebrolcpm` cg` pjcp |}lj oebrolcpoag lcg bm cvvrmlocpm` irae bapj. c jo|parolcn vaogp ai yom{
cg` irae pjmor mvo|pmeol yalcpoag' Pa `a |a. {m ior|pn rmyom{ pjm v|ljanakolcn lagpmgp ai
|aem ai pjm ea|p lnc||olcn mvo|pmeanakolcn va|opoag|' \mlag`n. {m vrm|mgp |aem mzcevnm| og
ar`mr pa mycn}cpm pjm oevclp ai Mvo|pmeanak ag v|ljanakolcn pjmarom|' Iogcnn. {m iogo|j pjm
crk}emgp {opj c |jarp rmyom{ ai pjm miiarp| ai V|ljanak pa }g`mr|pcg` pjm |lomgpoiol clpoyop'
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. <
Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc4 }g Yocdm `m O`c Y}mnpc
Jc e}ljc| ecgmrc| `m vncgpmcr|m nc l}m|poüg `m nc| rmncloagm| mgprm mvo|pmeanakåc
v|olanakåc' Nc eã| abyoc. s}m |mk}rcemgpm i}gloagc laea vrmpmzpa vcrc m|pc rminmzoüg. pomgm
s}m ymr kmgïrolcemgpm lag nc l}m|poüg `mn m|pcp}pa lomgpåiola `m nc v|olanakåc4 ymcea| vroemra
s}ï ga| `olmg na| mvo|pmeanüka| s}m m| nc lomgloc. `mlo`cea| |o ga| vcrmlm |mg|cpa. mg m|a|
pïreoga|. vmg|cr mg nc v|olanakåc laea }gc lomgloc vralm`cea| c clp}cr mgpaglm| laea
lomgpåiola|. a bomg `mdïeaga| nnmycr var nc eanolom mvo|pmeanükolc rmg}glomea| c nc|
kcgcgloc|' _a lrma s}m m|pc iarec `m vralm`mr m|. laea eågoea. ogkmg}c. . |o em cv}rcg.
icnct' Nc rctüg eã| abyoc m| s}m nc eo|ec v|olanakåc m|pã `m jmlja oevnolc`c jo|pürolcemgpm
mg nc `miogoloüg `m na s}m m| a ga m| lomgloc' Var |o m|pa i}mrc vala. nc v|olanakåc pomgm. mgprm
aprc|. nc abnokcloüg `m m|p}`ocr mg s}ï lag|o|pm lagalmr. mg kmgmrcn. mg s}ï lag|o|pm lagalmr
lomgpåiolcemgpm mg vcrpol}ncr'
Cjarc bomg. nc v|olanakåc m| mg lomrpa ea`a. laea jm vrav}m|pa mg aprc| alc|oagm|
*ymr Bncgla. 26628 lcv' 3/. }gc `o|lovnogc „mvo|pmeanükolcemgpm cparemgpc`c―. eag|pr}a|c
bolïicnc' Nc rctüg `m m|pm paremgpa mvo|pmeanükola pomgm s}m ymr lag mn jmlja `m s}m mn
|mgpo`a jo|pürola `m nc v|olanakåc vc|c var nc lag|pr}lloüg `m cgpravanakåc| gcp}rcno|pc| s}m
vmreopcg prceopcr mn vrabnmec `m nc |}bdmpoyo`c` `m|`m nc gm}prcno`c` iãlpolc vravoc `m nc|
lomgloc| gcp}rcnm|' Na jclm `m|`m mn vroglovoa. cjå m|pã vcrc rmoyog`olcrna nc abrc `mn eo|ea
[}g`p. eayoïg`a|m ckügolcemgpm mgprm na| vana| `m nc gcp}rcnmtc nc l}np}rc. mgprm nc
yan}gpc` `m mzvnolcr nc |}bdmpoyo`c` mn oev}n|a orrmg}glocbnm `m laevrmg`mrnc' M|pc
yalcloüg jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc nc lagyomrpm mg }g pmrroparoa ogm|pcbnm irãkon. `m kmaempråc
ycrocbnm' Nc lro|o| mg nc s}m nc v|olanakåc |m `m|mgy}mnym `m|`m |}| aråkmgm| ga v}m`m |mr
mgpmg`o`c laea }g m|pc`a `m prcg|oloüg. laea }g vmråa`a `m ogec`}rmt mvo|pmeanükolc s}m
nnmkcrã c |mr |}vmrc`a |o nc `o|lovnogc lag|ok}m |aempmr|m c nc nükolc `m nc| lomgloc| gcp}rcnm|'
Nc lro|o| m|. var `miogoloüg. mn m|pc`a gcp}rcn `m nc v|olanakåc. laea |}va ymr J}||mrn mg Nc
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 0
Lro|o| ̀ m nc| Lomgloc| M}ravmc| *J}||mrn. 3??3/' Nc v|olanakåc m| mn pmrroparoa l}np}rcn mg mn
s}m |m `oroem rcloagcnemgpm nc l}m|poüg `m na| nåeopm| iarecnm| `m nc |}bdmpoyo`c`. }gc
l}m|poüg s}m |üna va`råc s}m`cr lcbcnemgpm tcgdc`c mg }gc |alom`c` em`omycn. mg nc s}m nc
vravoc galoüg `m |}dmpa lcrmlom|m `m |mgpo`a'
]g vrabnmec g}lnmcr vcrc mn `m|crranna `m m|pc pcrmc jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc. cjarc
|m mgpmg`mrã emdar m|pc clncrcloüg `m vroglovoa|. m| d}|pcemgpm mn vrabnmec `m nc| kcrcgpåc|
`mn lagaloeomgpa' Nc v|olanakåc |}rkm laea clpop}` `o|lovnogcr c vcrpor `m nc lag|pcpcloüg `m
s}m g}m|prc |mg|cloüg `m jcbopcr }g e}g`a abdmpoya m| }gc lag|pr}lloüg. `okãea|na c|å.
emgpcn' M|pm i}m mn lcbcnna `m bcpcnnc `m na| vroemra| mevoro|pc|' Rmlar`mea| mn lïnmbrm m||m
m|p vmrlovo `m Bmrhmnm' Mg mimlpa. |mr m| |mr vmrlobo`a. `m ecgmrc s}m nc ôgolc iarec `m
m|pcbnmlmr na| nåeopm| `mn e}g`a lag|o|pm vcrc`üdolcemgpm mg m|pcbnmlmr na| nåeopm| `m g}m|prc
emgpm. }gc o`mc s}m. laea ymrmea| }g vala eã| cbcda. |m lagyorpoü c nc ncrkc mg mn
i}g`cemgpa eo|ea `mn avmrcloagcno|ea' M|pm m|. mg eo avogoüg. mn gôlnma `m nc ckmg`c
jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc' Nc ab|m|oüg `m Hcgp. c nc va|prm `m nc ecar vcrpm `m nc
„v|olanakåc― `m nc |mk}g`c eopc` `mn |okna ZOZ. m| laglonocr nc lmrpo`}ebrm `m yoyor mg }g
e}g`a rmvrm|mgpc`a. lag|pr}o`a. s}m |üna mzo|pm mg mn `aeogoa `m|vmdc`a `m nc laglomgloc
og`oyo`}cn. nc |mg|cloüg `m lomrrm. `m abdmpoyo`c`. `m lmrpo`}ebrm. s}m |m `mroycbcg `m nc|
krcg`m| lag|pr}lloagm| lomgpåiolc| `m nc on}|prcloüg' Mg apra| pïreoga|. nc vrmk}gpc m|4 ±lüea
v}m`m. ogln}|a lüea `mbm. vralm`mr }gc lag|pr}lloüg |}bdmpoyc `m nc abdmpoyo`c`1
\o mn crk}emgpa s}m m|pcea| `m|crranncg`a |m mgpomg`m. |m mgpmg`mrã pceboïg s}m ga
va`mea| vralm`mr c rc|prmcr nc| rmncloagm| mgprm v|olanakåc mvo|pmeanakåc `cg`a var
|}v}m|pa s}m |m prcpc `m `o|lovnogc| og`mvmg`omgpm|' S}m ga va`mea| |mgpcrga| c m|vmrcr c s}m
mn mvo|pmeünaka `m ea`c. jclm cnk}ga| cóa| Imokn. `m|v}ï| H}jg a Pa}neog. cjarc. var
mdmevna. Ncpa}r. ga| `okc |o na s}m jclmea| m| a ga m| lomgloc lüea pmgmea| s}m clp}cr
vcrc lag|mk}or mn yo|c`a' Var na `meã|. m|pa m| e} oevarpcgpm. pa`c mvo|pmeanakåc nnmyc mg
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. =
mn larctüg }gc o`mc `mn |}dmpa v|olanükola' M| `mlor. nc v|olanakåc m|. c ymlm| mzvnålopcemgpm.
}gc mvo|pmeanakåc. nc mvo|pmeanakåc l}mgpc |omevrm. oevnålopc a mzvnålopcemgpm. lag
crk}emgpa| v|olanükola|' Ymcea| m|pa| `a| rmlarro`a| eã| `mpmgo`cemgpm'
Nc yalcloüg mvo|pmeanükolc `m nc v|olanakåc
Mevmlmea| rmlar`cg`a s}m pcgpa nc v|olanakåc {}g`pocgc laea nc| v|olanakåc|
i}gloagcno|pc| `m og|vorcloüg `cr{ogocgc. `m|`m Bcn`{og c Vockmp. |m vncgpmcrag laea abdmpoya
eã| bã|ola prcpcr mg pïreoga| i}gloagcnm| gcp}rcno|pc| nc pmaråc hcgpocgc `mn lagaloeomgpa
*ymr. var mdmevna. Imrgãg`mt. 3??=8 \ãgljmt. 3??=/' Rmlar`mea| pceboïg s}m }gc `m nc|
vrmal}vcloagm| lmgprcnm| `m Hcgp mrc vrmlo|cemgpm m|p}`ocr nc lomgloc laea iarec nåeopm `m nc
rcloagcno`c`' Nc jovüpm|o| `mn |}dmpa prc|lmg`mgpcn vmreopm s}m Hcgp crk}emgpm mn lcrãlpmr
gmlm|croa }goymr|cn `m nc| vrava|oloagm| lomgpåiolc|. cn emga| `mn lcgag `m nc lomgloc
gm{pagocgc' Var |} vcrpm. na| v|olaio|oünaka| cnmecgm| na| v|olünaka| i}gloagcno|pc|
m}ravma| cemrolcga| ogpmgpcg `on}lo`cr. c `m|`m na| vralm`oeomgpa| `m nc| lomgloc|
gcp}rcnm|. l}ãnm| |ag nc| lag`oloagm| s}m jclmg va|obnm mn lagaloeomgpa. mg pïreoga|
kmgmrcnm|. mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola mg vcrpol}ncr'
C}gs}m nc o`mc `m nc lomgloc laea imgüemga iogcn c mzvnolcr m|pã `m cnk}gc iarec mg na|
aråkmgm| `m m|pc prc`oloüg. nc iok}rc s}m vcrmlm rmlakmr `m ecgmrc eã| mzvnålopc m|pc
vrmal}vcloüg var nc| lag`oloagm| v|olanükolc| `mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola m| |mk}rcemgpm
Dmcg Vockmp' Vockmp. mg b}mgc em`o`c pceboïg |} eã| on}|prm cgpmlm|ar. Bcn`{og. ogpmgpcg
`m|lrobor nc `oemg|oüg mvo|pïeolc `mn `m|crranna agpakmgïpola |og vmr`mr g}glc `m yo|pc s}m na
s}m rmcnemgpm ogpmrm|c m| `cr l}mgpc lomgpåiolcemgpm `m nc vravoc lomgloc. lag|o`mrc`c cjarc
mg |} kïgm|o|' Var |}v}m|pa. |m mgpomg`m s}m mn mdmrloloa `m nc lomgloc m| i}g`cemgpcnemgpm nc
lag|ml}mgloc `mn `m|vnomk}m. c prcyï| `m iarec| `m clloüg cbomrpc| a mgl}bomrpc|
*avmrcloagm|/. `m laevmpmgloc| i}gloagcnm| ogjmrmgpm| c nc gcp}rcnmtc j}ecgc' Mn eapar `m
m|m `m|vnomk}m m|. lncra m|pã. nc ec`}rcloüg boanükolc' Mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola m|. var
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 9
`miogoloüg. boanükolcemgpm gmlm|croa *ymr Vockmp. 3?9?/' Nc| lorl}g|pcgloc| |alocnm|.
l}np}rcnm| a boakrãiolc| |ag emrc| lag`oloagm| `m va|obono`c` vcrc s}m nc rctüg l}evnc lag |}
rctüg `m |mr' Mgprm na| pcgpma| mzvnarcparoa| `mn bmbï nc `mea|prcloüg `m nc pmaråc m|vmlocn `m
nc rmncpoyo`c` |üna jc }gc `oimrmgloc `m krc`a' Mog|pmog mn bmbï m|pãg jclomg`a bã|olcemgpm
na eo|ea4 |ag emrc| og|pcgloc| vcrc s}m nc rctüg |okc |omg`a mdmrlo`c' Va`råc ycnmr mg m|pm
lc|a }gc irc|m lïnmbrm mgprm na| m|vmlocno|pc| mg kmgïpolc4 „}gc kcnnogc m| |üna nc iarec s}m }g
j}mya pomgm ̀ m vra`}lor apra j}mya―'
Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. na s}m ga| oevarpc. `m eaemgpa. m| s}m. `m|`m m|pc vmr|vmlpoyc
lag|pr}lpoyo|pc. nc v|olanakåc |m lagyomrpm mg mn m|vcloa `o|lovnogcr eã| c`ml}c`a eã|
nmkåpoea vcrc rminmzoagcr |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc' Jmea| ogpmgpc`a jclmr
ymr s}m m|pc lagln}|oüg ga m| `mn pa`a krcp}opc |o }ga lagpmevnc nc| la|c| c }gc lomrpc
`o|pcgloc `m|`m }gc lomrpc vmr|vmlpoyc' Mg b}mgc em`o`c m| mn rm|}npc`a eã| nükola `m }g
vralm|a `m gcp}rcnotcloüg vrakrm|oyc `mn |}dmpa `m lagaloeomgpa. }g vralm|a s}m pomgm. yo|pa
`m|`m `mgpra. |} vom`rc cgk}ncr mg nc mvo|pmeanakåc hcgpocgc. . |oevnoiolcg`a }g pcgpa mn
vralm|a. |}| v}gpa| `m cvaa eã| |üno`a| mg nc cgpravanakåc j}ecgå|polc `mn rmgcloeomgpa
|} `m|crranna c prcyï| `mn m|vårop} `m nc Rmiarec vrapm|pcgpm' Vmra cgpm| lagyomgm s}m `okcea|
cnka eã| |abrm nc iarec mg s}m nc vrm|}gloüg `m }g m|vcloa v|olanükola jc lagprob}o`a
lagprob}m c nc lag|ano`cloüg `m nc oeckmg aiolocn `m nc lomgloc'
Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola mg nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc
Clmvpmea|. na s}m. yo|pa na yo|pa. ga vcrmlm pcg `m|lcbmnnc`a. s}m l}cns}omr iarec `m
laglmbor nc lomgloc. a `m mdmrlmrnc. vrm|}vagm. var c|å `mlorna. }gc v|olanakåc. m| `mlor. }g
m|vcloa `m cprob}loüg `m i}gloagm| |}bdmpoyc|' _a lrma s}m nc o`mc m| yãno`c vcrc pa`c| nc|
pmaråc| `m nc lomgloc vmg|cbnm|. vmra lrma pceboïg s}m m|c vrm|mgloc `m }g m|vcloa `m
cprob}loüg v|olanükola |m jc o`a jclomg`a eã| mzvnålopc c vcrpor `m nc lro|o|. rmcn a oeckogc`c.
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. ;
`mn va|opoyo|ea. `m nc memrkmgloc eã| a emga| larrmncpoyc `mn rcloagcno|ea lråpola `m Vavvmr
. |abrm pa`a. `m nc| `mgaeogc`c| }g vala eã| pcr`m. g}myc| iona|aiåc| ̀ m nc lomgloc'
Vcrc mevmtcr. var mdmevna. nc o`mc `m „avmrcloagcnotcloüg― `m Imokn *3?:3/. s}m
rmvrm|mgpc mg lomrpa |mgpo`a mn nåeopm „empa`anükola― `mn gmava|opoyo|ea. vrm|lrobm s}m nc
ôgolc kcrcgpåc `m }g mg}gloc`a vrapalancroa rc`olc mg nc va|obono`c` `m nokcrna c nc avmrcloüg
`m nc s}m memrkm. `m pcn ecgmrc s}m s}m`m |aempo`a rc`olcnemgpm c nc rmvnolcbono`c` c nc
lråpolc ogpmr|}bdmpoyc' C}gs}m vcrmtlc vcrc`üdola. nc v|olanakåc larrmncpoyc c |memdcgpm
vmr|vmlpoyc m|. c}gs}m oevnålopcemgpm. ecrlc`cemgpm lag|pr}lpoyo|pc' Prc`oloagcnemgpm |m
c|}eoråc s}m nc c`|lrovloüg `mn va|opoyo|ea nükola c nc prc`oloüg mevoro|pc . var pcgpa. c }gc
v|olanakåc c|alocloago|pc. `mbmråc nnmycr nükolcemgpm c }g |}dmpa v|olanükola prcg|vcrmgpm. s}m
i}gloagc|m laea }gc m|vmlom `m m|pcbonotc`ar vc|oya `m mzvmromgloc|. |ok}omg`a garec|
}goymr|cnm| laevcrpo`c| lag aprc| m|vmlom|' Nc gmlm|o`c` `m m|vmloiolcr nc avmrcloüg s}m `c
n}kcr cn mg}gloc`a vrapalancroa |}rkm. var mn lagprcroa. `m nc |a|vmljc `m s}m |üna c|å m|
va|obnm lagprancr nc laev}n|oyc pmg`mgloc `mn |mr j}ecga c or eã| cnnã `m nc ogiarecloüg
`c`c. var vagmrna mg pïreoga| br}gmrocga|' Var c|å `mlorna. avmrcloagcnotcr }g jmlja m|
lag|pcpcr s}m nc yalcloüg }goymr|cn `m nc lomgloc mzokm }gc m|pr}lp}rc garecpoyc ogln}|a vcrc
nc eo|ec ab|mrycloüg' M| `mlor. ga rc`olc mg mn lcrãlpmr v}rcemgpm m|vml}ncr `m nc laglomgloc
l}cg`a |m mzvagm c nc| la|c|'
Mg }gc `ormlloüg |memdcgpm `mbmea| mgpmg`mr mgpaglm| nc vrmal}vcloüg ogolocn `m
[oppkmg|pmog var `m|jclmr|m `m nc| „la|c|― paecr laea v}gpa `m vcrpo`c na| „jmlja|―'
L}cg`a [oppkmg|pmog `olm s}m nc nükolc m| }g rminmda `mn e}g`a. m|pã c|}eomg`a c s}m nc
nükolc ogpra`}lm garec| vcrc iare}ncr c`ml}c`cemgpm. m|pa m|. garecpoycemgpm. na| jmlja|'
M|pa m|. [oppkmg|pmog ga `olm s}m nc laglomgloc. `okcea| mn „lagpclpa imgaeïgola lag nc|
la|c|―. rminmdm mn e}g`a' \üna va`mea| rminmdcr mn e}g`a |o `o|vagmea| `m cnk}gc| rmknc|
vcrc lag|pr}or%iare}ncr c`ml}c`cemgpm na| jmlja|' _a lrma s}m nc ôgolc `oimrmgloc |}|pcgpoyc
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. :
mgprm m|pc iarec `m mgpmg`mr mn vcvmn `mn nmgk}cdm nc s}m cvcrmlm mg mn nncec`a }g pcgpa
crboprcrocemgpm „|mk}g`a [oppkmg|pmog― *ymr. var mdmevna. Rmk}mrc. 3??6/ rc`olc mg nc
kmgmrcnotcloüg `m nc galoüg `m rmknc c apra| d}mka| `mn nmgk}cdm. eã| cnnã `mn d}mka `m nc
nükolc ecpmeãpolc' Nükolcemgpm nc galoüg `m c`ml}cloüg |m `mbonopc a |m mzpomg`m jcloc nc
o`mc `m rmnmycgloc `m nc| rmknc| . var pcgpa. `mn d}mka. mg rmncloüg c nc| `o|pogpc| iarec| ̀ m
yo`c'
M|pc ecgmrc `m ymr nc| la|c|. vmreopm nmmr `m }gc ecgmrc cnpmrgcpoyc. }g vala emga|
ogpmrm|c`c. mn |}v}m|pa mrrar jo|pürola `mn gmava|opoyo|ea. |} rmcno|ea ogkmg}a. |} ab|m|oüg
abdmpoyo|pc. |} ecpmrocno|ea rmlcnloprcgpm. |} iaboc c nc empciå|olc. |} lcg`o`mt ïpolc. c|å
|}lm|oycemgpm. clpop}`m| s}m c ymlm| |m paecg laea nc i}mgpm `m pa`a| na| ecnm|
„`mlag|pr}lpoya|― s}m cjarc. pceboïg |}v}m|pcemgpm. vc`mlm nc lomgloc. nc rctüg. nc ymr`c`
`meã| ycnarm| c|aloc`a|' \m mgpomg`m s}m nc lomgloc |}| `mimg|arm| m|pãg `m cnk}gc iarec
vckcg`a ogd}|pcemgpm }g mrrar s}m laempomrag. `mbo`a c }gc laevrmg|obnm laebogcloüg `m
lcg`o`mt mgp}|oc|ea c`anm|lmgpm. na| gmava|opoyo|pc| *ymr \ãgljmt. 3???/' @m cs}mnna| na`a|
d}ymgonm|. `olmg. yomgmg cjarc na| icgka| `mn |aloanako|ea. mn rmncpoyo|ea `meã| iarec| `m
orrcloagcno|ea'
]gc lag|ml}mgloc abyoc `m m|pc nmlp}rc lag|o|pm mg mgpmg`mr s}m nc| |}lm|oyc| pmaråc| `m
nc lomgloc. v|olanakåc| c|aloc`c|. jcg o`a larrokomg`a. c ymlm| mzlm|oycemgpm. na| mrrarm| `mn
va|opoyo|ea nükola. }gc nükolc. s}m c lag ecgmrc| `m mzvocloüg. |m kmgmrcnotc c nc vravoc
myan}loüg „ogpmrgc― `mn gmava|opoyo|ea' Nc ea`mrcloüg vrakrm|oyc `m c}parm| gmava|opoyo|pc|
laea Cmr a Lcrgcv |}mnm |mr `m|lropc c ymlm| lag nc nükolc `m }g vralm|a `m mzvocloüg a
crrmvmgpoeomgpa `m na| vmlc`a| a mzlm|a| `m |abmrboc d}ymgonm|'
Ga ab|pcgpm. m|pm |}dmpa v|olanükola oevnålopa mg nc va|oloüg va|opoyo|pc ga m| rmlagalo`a
laea |}dmpa vravoa var Imokn *3?:3/. s}m. mg }g eayoeomgpa rmpürolcemgpm laevrmg|obnm.
ogln}m mn lag`}lpo|ea mgprm na| iclparm| s}m `cg n}kcr jo|pürolcemgpm cn va|opoyo|ea nükola. a
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 36
Nc myan}loüg `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc c vcrpor `m nc vrav}m|pc nobmrcn `m Vavvmr. s}m
b}|lcbc côg |}| kcrcgpåc| mg mn iarecno|ea nükola. mg nc lag|o|pmgloc `m`}lpoyc `m nc| pmaråc|.
vc|ü var nc cvmrp}rc vrakrm|oyc `m nc lcdc gmkrc mg nc s}m Vavvmr jcbåc lagymrpo`a |} laglmvpa
`m lagpmzpa ̀ m `m|l}broeomgpa' Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola i}m lagymrpo`a mg }g iclpar lag|pr}lpoya
lag mn cgãno|o| `mn vralm|a `m iarecnotcloüg vmrlmvpoyc `m na| jmlja| mg Jcg|ag *3?;;/' Nc|
pmaråc| `m Jcg|ag |ag mg rmcno`c` m|pr}lp}rc| eapoycloagcnm| lag |mnmlpoyo`c` cnoemgpcroc.
jcebromgpc| `m |}| vravoa| jmlja|. iclpaprüiolc|. |o |m ga| vmreopm nc nolmgloc' G}m|prc
vmrlmvloüg „lomrrc―. var c|å `mlorna. nc ogirc`mpmreogcloüg ogiarecpoyc `m nc| „la|c|― vcrc
lagymrpornc| mg „jmlja|―. mg yorp}` `m. a eapoyc`c var. |} vrmd}oloa pmürola' M| `oiålon. `m|`m
n}mka. vmg|cr mg nc laglmvloüg `m nc lomgloc `m Jcg|ag |og vmg|cr mg nc| cnpmrgcpoyc| pmürolc|
s}m c iogcnm| `m na| cóa| logl}mgpc mevomtcg c lro|pcnotcr mg nc l}np}rc v|olanükolc
garpmcemrolcgc. |og pmgmr mg l}mgpc. eã| laglrmpcemgpm. mn m|vårop} `m na s}m |m `oa mg nncecr
gm{ naah mg v|olanakåc `m nc vmrlmvloüg. }gc g}myc cvrazoecloüg s}m mgicpotcbc mn vm|a `m
na| vrmd}oloa| a mzvmlpcpoyc| `mn |}dmpa mg nc iarecnotcloüg vmrlmvpoyc `m nc mzvmromgloc
*Br}gmr. 3?;0/'
Cnka vcrmlo`a |}lm`m lag nc| o`mc| `m Immrcbmg` a Pa}neog cn rm|vmlpa' Vmra m|
Pjaec| H}jg s}omg eã| ïzopa yc c cnlcgtcr mg m|m vralm|a `m nobmrcloüg rmlagaloeomgpa
`mn |}dmpa v|olanükola laea iclpar `mlo|oya mg mn vralm|a `m lag|pr}lloüg `m lagaloeomgpa
lomgpåiola' Va`mea| `mlor s}m Hj}g mzprcm cn |}dmpa v|olanükola `m |} lagiogceomgpa mg nc
dc}nc `m ara `mn lagpmzpa `m `m|l}broeomgpa vcrc lagymrporna mg mn nal}| `mn lceboa jo|pürola
mg lomgloc' Mg eo avogoüg. na s}m |m nm jclm }rkmgpm c H}jg m| `o|vagmr `m }g m|vcloa `m
cprob}loüg s}m nm vmreopc nalcnotcr . |o i}mrc va|obnm iarecnotcr. na| eapoya| * ga pcgpa nc|
lc}|c|/ `m nc mzlopcloüg s}m nnmyc c na| lceboa| r}vp}rcnm|. |cnpcpoya|. rmyan}loagcroa|. a `mn
|a|omka `m nc lomgloc garecn ' Em k}|pcråc |}brccr s}m nc o`mc `m iarecnotcr m| rmncpoycemgpm
|ml}g`croc c nc o`mc `m nalcnotcr ' M| vroecroa vcrc H}jg s}m mzo|pc }g m|vcloa `m cprob}loüg
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 33
v|olanükola. eapoycloagcn. |abrm pa`a. ga pcgpa `o|vagmr `m }gc pmaråc v|olanükolc iarecn'
Jc cnk}gc| vr}mbc| eã| a emga| iorem| s}m cvacg m|pc o`mc'
Vcrc mevmtcr. m| lomrpa s}m H}jg *3?;=/ c|}em mzvnålopcemgpm nc ogin}mgloc s}m
mdmrlomrag |abrm ïn cnk}ga| laglmvpa| v|olanükola|. c}gs}m vcrmlm s}m eã| laea cvaa| a
lagiorecloagm| s}m laea iclparm| rmcnemgpm lag|pr}lpoya| *ymr pceboïg \anå| \apa. 3??:/'
Nc v|olanakåc iarec vcrpm `m cs}mnna| „X'''U lceva| mg na| s}m X'''U nc ogym|pokcloüg `m|l}brm
vrabnmec| |oeoncrm| c na| s}m nc jo|paroc vrm|mgpcbc cgpm eo cpmgloüg― *vk|' 36%33/' C H}jg
nm ogpmrm|cg Vockmp nc Km|pcnp vars}m vravarloagcg. lc`c }ga c |} ecgmrc. vr}mbc| s}m
lagiorecg |} o`mc kmgmrcn `mn e}g`a laea rmvrm|mgpcloüg. cn eo|ea pomeva |}brccg mn
lcrãlpmr |o|pïeola. knabcn arkcgotc`a `m nc rmvrm|mgpcloüg' Vcrmlm s}m cnk}gc| `m nc| o`mc|
s}m ecgmdc |ag laevcpobnm| lag cnk}gc| vrmd}oloa| v|olanükola| e} kmgmrcnm|. vmra ga em
cprmymråc c or e}lja eã| cnnã'
]gc `m nc| rctagm| var nc| s}m nc v|olanakåc iarecn ga pomgm }g vm|a oevarpcgpm mg nc
abrc `m H}jg rc`olc mg mn jmlja `m s}m |}| rmimrmgloc| |ag |omevrm paec`c| `m v|olanakåc|
`mn og`oyo`}a *eã| lmrlcgc| c na| vrabnmec| iona|üiola| s}m |m vncgpmc a c nc ecgmrc `m
vncgpmcrna|/. l}cg`a rm|}npc myo`mgpm s}m na s}m gmlm|opc. mg pa`a lc|a. vcrc bomg a vcrc ecn.
m| }gc v|olanakåc |alocn' Var mdmevna. mn }|a `mn „m|vårop}― km|pãnpola `m nc rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg
|ôbopc ̀ mn lceva vcrc cv}gpcncr nc o`mc `mn lcrãlpmr |cnpcpoya r}vp}rcn `m na| lceboa|
laglmvp}cnm| rmyan}loagcroa|. nm j}bomrc rm|}npc`a eã| ôpon. cn ecrkmg `m |} ycnar pmürola. `m
jcbmrna rml}vmrc`a. var mdmevna. c vcrpor `mn prcbcda `m H}rp Nm{og. e}lja eã| vrmal}vc`a
var `o|vagmr mn laevarpceomgpa `mn og`oyo`}a mg mn lceva ymlparocn `m na| eapoya| lanmlpoya|
*C' Bncgla. 3?::/'
]g og`oloa eã| s}m ga |}mnm |mr pmgo`a mg l}mgpc l}cg`a na| v|olünaka| |m vncgpmcg nc
rmnmycgloc `m nc galoüg `m vcrc`okec vcrc mzvnolcr mn `m|crranna jo|pürola `m nc v|olanakåc. m
og`mvmg`omgpmemgpm `m nc rmnmycgloc `mn vncgpmceomgpa. m| s}m mn vravoa H}jg |}komrm s}m |m
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 32
nm jota gmlm|croa mn laglmvpa `m vcrc`okec d}|pcemgpm laea lropmroa vcrc `o|lroeogcr mgprm
lomgloc| gcp}rcnm| lomgloc| |alocnm|' @m ecgmrc s}m. var `miogoloüg. |o i}ï|mea| iomnm| c na
s}m H}jg *3?;=/ |}komrm mg mn vrmicloa c Nc M|pr}lp}rc `m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|. a. mg
pa`a lc|a. c na s}m vcrmlm }gc nmlp}rc bc|pcgpm abyoc `m na s}m m|lrobm. nc v|olanakåc ga va`råc
|mr lag|o`mrc`c mg gogkôg lc|a }gc lomgloc vcrc`okeãpolc' @m|v}ï| `m }g cóa *3?=:%=?/ mg mn
Lmgpra `m M|p}`oa| Cycgtc`a| `m nc Lag`}lpc. laemgtü c vmrlcpcr|m `m nc| gapcbnm|
`oimrmgloc| `m iag`a s}m mzo|påcg mgprm nc| lae}go`c`m| `m lomgpåiola| gcp}rcnm| |alocnm|'
„ Vroglovcnemgpm. em c|aebrï “|mócnc% cgpm mn gôemra cnlcglm `m na|
`m|cl}mr`a| vcpmgpm| mgprm na| lomgpåiola| |alocnm|. |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m na| vrabnmec|
eïpa`a| lomgpåiola| clmvpc`a| X'''U. nc| lagpraymr|oc| |abrm i}g`cemgpa| s}m. mg nc
clp}cno`c` vcrmlmg mg`ïeolc|. var mdmevna. mgprm na| v|olünaka| a na| |aloünaka|' Cn
prcpcr `m `m|l}bror mn arokmg `m m|pc `oimrmgloc. nnmk}ï c rmlagalmr mn vcvmn
`m|mevmóc`a mg nc ogym|pokcloüg lomgpåiolc var na s}m. `m|`m mgpaglm|. nncea
„vcrc`okec| ― *vk' 3</'
Bcda eo v}gpa `m yo|pc. c H}jg nm nnmkc. var rctagm| s}m pomgmg s}m ymr pcn ymt lag mn
lagpmzpa clc`ïeola mg mn s}m |m e}mym. }gc v|olanakåc lakga|lopoyc s}m mgpomg`m s}m mn n}kcr
`ag`m |m jclm rmnmycgpm mn vrabnmec mvo|pmeanükola m| mn og`oyo`}a. }g vrmd}oloa s}m
laevcrpm lag nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc prc`oloagcn. mg nc s}m nc lae}go`c` lomgpåiolc m| mgpmg`o`c
laea }gc emrc |}ec ̀ m og`oyo`}a| a laea }g ea`a og`ormlpa `m vagmr nåeopm| a larrmkor na|
|m|ka| a ogpmrm|m| og`oyo`}cnm|' Var m|a nc| lae}go`c`m| lomgpåiolc| `m H}jg vcrmlmg
laevarpcr|m laea og`oyo`}a|. m| `mlor. pomgmg `m|ma|. eapoya|. empc|. d}tkcg. pomgmg
lrmmgloc|. |an}loagcg vrabnmec|. mpl' Var nc eo|ec rctüg. a bomg gmlm|opc na s}m va`råcea|
nncecr }g |}dmpa `m cprob}loüg vravoa `m nc v|olanakåc vav}ncr allo`mgpcn a bomg }gc v|olanakåc
|alocn |mg|obnm cn pova `m rmk}ncro`c`m| imgüemga| s}m mn kr}va ogpra`}lm mg nc m|imrc `m
vrabnmec| s}m nm ogpmrm|cg' \} pmaråc s}omrm |mr eã| }gc v|olanakåc |alocn `m nc lomgloc s}m
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3<
}gc |aloanakåc `m nc lomgloc' A |o ga ymcea| laea lomrrc |} Va|`cpc c nc m`oloüg `m 3?9? `m
Nc M|pr}lp}rc ̀ m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|4
„ Jcbomg`a ogoloc`a m|pc va|`cpc mgicpotcg`a nc gmlm|o`c` `m m|p}`ocr nc
m|pr}lp}rc lae}gopcroc `m nc lomgloc. pmreogcrï |}brccg`a nc gmlm|o`c` s}m mzo|pm `m
m|p}`oa| |oeoncrm| . |abrm pa`a. laevcrcpoya| ̀ m nc| lae}go`c`m| larrm|vag`omgpm| c
apra| lceva|' ±Lüea mimlp}cr nc mnmlloüg lüea m| }ga mnmko`a vcrc |mr eomebra `m
}gc lae}go`c` vcrpol}ncr. lomgpåiolc a ga1 ±L}ãn m| mn vralm|a l}ãnm| |ag nc| mpcvc|
`m |alocnotcloüg vcrc mn kr}va1 ±S}ï m| na s}m ym mn kr}va lanmlpoycemgpm laea |}|
empc|18 ±s}ï ̀ m|yocloagm|. lanmlpoyc| a og`oyo`}cnm| v}m`mg panmrcr|m8 lüea |m
lagprancg nc| cbmrrcloagm| ga vmreo|obnm|1 X'''U Mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola. laea
nmgk}cdm. m| ogpråg|mlcemgpm nc vravom`c` `m }g kr}va a gogk}gc aprc la|c. mg cb|an}pa'
Vcrc laevrmg`mrna. gmlm|opcrmea| lagalmr nc| lcrclpmrå|polc| m|vmlocnm| `m na| kr}va|
s}m na lrmcg na }|cg― *vk' <3?/'
C}gs}m. laea ymrmea| cn iogcn `m m|pm cvcrpc`a. |å jc }gc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc
|mg|obnm c |} `oemg|oüg |alocn. s}m mg lomrpa ea`a |m jc vrmal}vc`a var `cr rm|v}m|pc c nc|
vrmk}gpc| `m H}jg. na lomrpa m| s}m mn lceoga `m y}mnpc `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc c nc
v|olanakåc jc pmgo`a }g m|vmlocn oevclpa |abrm iarec| `m jclmr v|olanakåc eã| lmgprc`c| mg mn
og`oyo`}a' _c jmea| emgloagc`a nc ogin}mgloc `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc `m l}óa hcgpocga
|abrm nc prc`oloüg i}gloagcno|pc *Bcn`{og. Vockmp/ a `mn va|opoyo|ea |abrm mn lag`}lpo|ea *mn
prcbcda `m J}nn lag|pop}m }g mdmevna ogemdarcbnm/'
Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola laea nal}| `m nc `ogãeolc lomgpåiolc
]g lc|a m|vmlocn mg m|pc eo|ec `ormlloüg pomgm s}m ymr lag mn `m|crranna `m v|olanakåc|
`mn cvrmg`otcdm. c|aloc`c| c nc `o`ãlpolc `m nc lomgloc. s}m oglarvarcg laea vroglovoa|
jm}rå|pola| laglmvpa| `mroyc`a| `m pmaråc| `m nc lomgloc cn }|a' Pcn m| mn lc|a `mn vravoa H}jg
mg mn prcbcda `m Kob|ag *3?:=/. `mn rcloagcno|ea lråpola `m Vavvmr *Bmrh|ag [mppmr|pmg.
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 30
3?:0/ a `m nc nükolc `m na| vrakrcec| `m ogym|pokcloüg `m Nchcpa| mg na| ea`mna| `m
cvrmg`otcdm `m laglmvpa| lomgpåiola| `m Lcrm *3?:=/ a `m Vata *3?:;/'
Mn ea`mna `m Vata *3?:;/ em vcrmlm m|vmlocnemgpm ogpmrm|cgpm laea mdmevna `m m|pc
iarec `m prcbcdcr. pcgpa var |} lcvclo`c` `m ogpmkrcr rm|}npc`a| laea var |} lag|o|pmgloc
laglmvp}cn lag nc iona|aiåc `m nc lomgloc `m Nchcpa|' Pceboïg na m| var |} iarec ecko|prcn `m
ogpmkrcr iarecnemgpm. rmpürolcemgpm. nc| prc`oloagm| c nc| s}m |m `mbm' Emrmlm nc vmgc s}m nm
`m`os}mea| }g vala `m cpmgloüg'
@a| `m nc| pmaråc| |abrm mn `m|crranna lomgpåiola eã| ogin}mgpm| mgprm na s}m |m `oa mg
nncecr g}myc| iona|aiåc| ̀ m nc lomgloc. nc pmaråc `m H}jg nc `m Nchcpa|. `mimg`åcg nc
mzo|pmgloc `m `a| iarec| bã|olc| `m lceboa laglmvp}cn' Vcrc H}jg *3?;=/ mzo|påc }g lceboa
krc`}cn cl}e}ncpoya `}rcgpm na| vmråa`a| vcrc`okeãpola| a `m lomgloc garecn. }g lceboa
r}vp}rcn. |cnpcpoya a rmyan}loagcroa mgprm vcrc`okec|' Var |} vcrpm. Nchcpa| *3?:</ `o|pogk}åc
pceboïg mgprm }gc ymr|oüg `ïbon }gc ymr|oüg i}mrpm `mn lceboa laglmvp}cn' Mn lceboa a
rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg `ïbon cimlpcråc |ancemgpm c na s}m Nchcpa| `mgaeogcbc logp}rüg vrapmlpar `m
nc pmaråc |} i}gloüg |mråc d}|pcemgpm vrm|mrycr mn gôlnma pmürola irmgpm c na| ogpmgpa| `m
icn|cloüg' Var |} vcrpm. nc rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg i}mrpm oevnolcråc }gc c}pïgpolc rmyan}loüg
laglmvp}cn. lag lceboa| |o|pïeola| |okgoiolcpoya|. ogln}|a mg na s}m nc pmaråc `miogm laea
jmlja|'
Nc o`mc `m Vata. og|vorãg`a|m mg Lcrm *3?:=/. m| }ponotcr cnmkürolcemgpm nc pmaråc `m
Nchcpa| vcrc ogpmgpcr mgpmg`mr emdar nc| prcg|oloagm| |}lm|oyc| s}m |m ycg vra`}lomg`a mg mn
vralm|a `m og|pr}lloüg lomgpåiolc' Mg rmcno`c`. nc `ogãeolc `m rmm|pr}lp}rcloagm| s}m `m|lrobm
Nchcpa| al}rrm mg mn `aeogoa `m|vmr|agcnotc`a `m nc| pmaråc|. ga mg mn `m na| lomgpåiola|.
og`oyo`}cnm| a ckr}vc`a| mg lae}go`c`m|' M| }gc `ogãeolc `m nc| pmaråc| ga `m na| ckmgpm|
lomgpåiola|' Var m|a `mloea| s}m Vata jclm }g }|a cnmkürola `m nc iona|aiåc `m Nchcpa|'
Rmlagatlcea| s}m. `m|`m }g v}gpa `m yo|pc jo|pürola. nc m|prcpmkoc `m Nchcpa| i}m empmr laea
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3=
v}`a `mgpra na s}m H}jg jcbåc `mdc`a ci}mrc. c nc ogpmevmrom. rmncpoyotc`a. |aempo`a cn b}r`a
ogpmrï|' _ c }g v|olünaka ogpmrm|c`a mg lagalmr nc| lag`oloagm| lakgopoyc|. ogpmrgc|. `mn
cvrmg`otcdm m|pm eayoeomgpa nm pomgm s}m rm|}npcr iarta|cemgpm ogpmrm|cgpm' \og mebcrka.
|ok}m jcbomg`a mg Nchcpa|. laea mg H}jg }g vrabnmec lag nc ckmglocno`c`. m| `mlor. |ok}m |og
cvcrmlmr }g laevraeo|a mzvnålopa lag nc l}m|poüg `m mg s}oïg a mg s}ï rmlcm nc
rm|vag|cbono`c` `mn lceboa' \m prcpc. var |}v}m|pa. `m }g vrabnmec lag mn s}m na| v|olünaka|
pcevala ga| |anmea| mgirmgpcr c emg}`a'
Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. na eã| ogpmrm|cgpm `m nc m|prcpmkoc `m Vata m| s}m. vcrc jclmr yocbnm
nc cnmkaråc. c|}em }g o|aeario|ea mgprm nc| m|pr}lp}rc| vralm|a| s}m l}r|cg. var c|å `mlorna.
mg nc lcbmtc `mn m|p}`ocgpm na| s}m |m `cg mg nc m|imrc. i}gloagcnemgpm c}pügaec. `m nc|
pmaråc| lomgpåiolc|. na s}m pomgm |}| ymgpcdc| . |mk}rcemgpm. |}| oglagymgomgpm|' ]gc `m |}|
ymgpcdc| m| s}m `m m|m ea`a rm|}npc va|obnm c|}eor }gc lagpog}o`c` l}cnopcpoyc mgprm ceba|
pova| `m vralm|a| *vmr|agcnm|%`o`ãlpola| y|' pmürola%lomgpåiola|/. |o |m mgpomg`m. laea m| mn
lc|a. s}m ceba| vmrpmgmlmg c nc lnc|m kmgmrcn `m na| vralm|a| lakgopoya|' Mg v}ro`c`. rm|}npc
e} crrom|kc`a c|}eor m|c lagpog}o`c`' Ga jc gogk}gc rctüg cvcrmgpm s}m ga| vmreopc
|}vagmr s}m nc `ogãeolc `mn lceboa s}m |m `c mgprm nc laglmvloüg vav}ncr `m nc krcym`c` |}
laglmvloüg lomgpåiolc pmgkc cnka s}m ymr lag mn lceboa laglmvp}cn s}m |m `cråc mg Gm{pag.
cgpm| `m|v}ï| `m nc lcå`c `m nc ecgtcgc. eãzoem |o Gm{pag m| mgpmg`o`a laea }gc emrc
alc|oüg vcrc s}m mn `m|crranna pmürola `m nc iå|olc |okc |} l}r|a'
Var apra nc`a. }g oglagymgomgpm ogmyopcbnm nokc`a c nc ymgpcdc cgpmroar m| s}m nc lomgloc
nc og|pr}lloüg s}m`cg |aempo`c| c }gc |}mrpm `m oev}go`c` l}np}rcn vanåpolc }g vala `oiålon
`m c|}eor. v}m|pa s}m |} nükolc m| |omevrm cdmgc c |}| lag`oloagm| `m oevncgpcloüg' \m
lagyomrpmg. laea vcrmlm s}m s}omrm g}m|prc l}np}rc. mg rmcno`c`m| cjo|pürolc|. a ogln}|a. mg
c}pïgpola| prob}gcnm| `m nc jo|paroc' @m m|pc ecgmrc. var mdmevna. nc| pmaråc| v|olanükolc| `mn
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 39
cvrmg`otcdm s}m`cg i}mrc `m pa`c |a|vmljc. laea na m|pã nc vravoc lomgloc s}m |m mglcrkcg `m
rmvra`}lor mg |}| vralm`oeomgpa| mg |}| lagln}|oagm|'
Jc|pc cjarc jmea| yo|pa. c prcyï| `m cnk}ga| mdmevna|. lüea lomrpa| v}gpa| `m yo|pc
l}a abdmpoya vroear`ocn m| laevrmg`mr nc lomgloc nnmycg orrmem`ocbnmemgpm }gc v|olanakåc
c`a|c`c' Vmra. laea jmea| |mócnc`a eã| crrobc. mn lceoga ogymr|a. m|pa m|. mn s}m yc `m nc
v|olanakåc c nc lomgloc ga |m ckapc lag na s}m va`råcea| nncecr mvo|pmeanakåc| v|olanükolc|.
cnk}ga| `m l}c| cvarpcloagm|. m|vmlocnemgpm nc prc`oloüg i}gloagcno|pc `m prc`oloüg hcgpocgc.
jmea| prcpc`a c. go lag nc| oeãkmgm|. eågoecemgpm cnpmrc`c| laea clcbcea| `m ymr. s}m na|
v|olünaka| `mn cvrmg`otcdm nm| `my}mnymg c na| pmürola| `m nc lomgloc'
Mn lomgpåiola laea |}dmpa v|olanükola
Mzo|pm. c`meã|. }gc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc. s}m lag|o`mrc nmkåpoea ogpmgpcr mzvnolcr
mzvnålopcemgpm na| vralm|a| `m vra`}lloüg jaeanakcloüg `m nc lomgloc. `m na| lomgpåiola|.
c vcrpor `m lcpmkaråc| v|olanükolc|. |og vrag}glocr|m garecnemgpm rm|vmlpa c aprc| va|obnm|
`oemg|oagm| `mn c|}gpa' Em vcrmlm s}m mn nobra `m Ec|na{ *3?99/ m| mn vroemra mg }ponotcr nc
mzvrm|oüg v|olanakåc ̀ m nc lomgloc vcrc o`mgpoiolcr }g lceva `m prcbcda laglrmpa. c}gs}m pcn
ymt i}m Eopraii *3?;0/ s}omg nc vav}ncrotü' Påvolcemgpm }g v|olünaka `m nc lomgloc prc`oloagcn
clpôc rm|vmlpa cn lceboa s}m ogpra`}lm Icrc`c mg nc jo|paroc `mn mnmlpraeckgmpo|ea `m }gc
ecgmrc |memdcgpm cn v|olünaka lnågola m|lancr l}cg`a lag|o`mrc s}m mn irclc|a m|lancr mg
Lcnl}pc |m `mbm c }g `ïiolop cpmgloagcn kmgmrcnotc`a' M| `mlor. ga m|pã `mec|oc`a ogpmrm|c`a
mg vrabnmecpotcr mn m|pcp}pa `m na| imgüemga| s}m `miogm laea rmnmycgpm| * laea
v|olanükola|/' Vagkcea| s}m nm ogpmrm|c laevrabcr mg s}ï em`o`c v}m`m ogpmrvrmpcr mn lceboa
laea lceboa laglmvp}cn. cn ecrkmg `m s}m mzo|pcg lropmroa| lncra| a ga vcrc `o|alocr na s}m m|
laglmvp}cn `m na s}m m|. var mdmevna. rmpürola'
M|pm pova `m v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc pomg`m c lmgprcr|m mg mn og`oyo`}a. mg mn lomgpåiola
vcrpol}ncr' Mg cnk}gc| alc|oagm|. mn lomgpåiola vcrpol}ncr m| paec`a |üna laea }g mdmevncr a
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3;
}g nal}| mg mn s}m |m `c lomrpa vralm|a kmgmrcn `m gcp}rcnmtc v|olanükolc *ymr. var mdmevna.
H}nhcrgo \oeag. 3?::/' Mg apra| lc|a|. mn abdmpoya `m nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc m| eã| bomg
ogpmgpcr mzvnolcr nc| lc}|c| v|olanükolc| `m nc vra`}lpoyo`c`. nc arokogcno`c` a mn ïzopa. mg
kmgmrcn. `m }g lomgpåiola vcrpol}ncr. c|}eomg`a s}m m|m. mn v|olanükola. m| d}|pcemgpm mn m|pcp}|
`m pcnm| imgüemga|' Mn nobra m`opc`a var Kjan|ag. \jc`o|j. Gmoemmr Ja}p| *3?:?/
lag|pop}m }g b}mg vrmpmzpa vcrc vrai}g`otcr mg m|pc vmr|vmlpoyc' Mn m|p}`oa `m lc|a| m|. var
apra nc`a. }gc m|prcpmkoc o`mcn vcrc m|pm pova `m cvrazoecloüg *Kr}bmr. 3?:0/'
Nc ecar vcrpm `m nc| v|olanakåc| prc`oloagcnm|. m. ogln}|a nc| ga pcg prc`oloagcnm|. jcg
vramlpc`a |} n}t |abrm na| lomgpåiola|. lag rm|}npc`a| `m|ok}cnm|. `m|`m mn v|olacgãno|o| *var
mdmevna. mn lïnmbrm prcbcda `m Irm}` |abrm Nmagcr`a/ jc|pc mn lag`}lpo|ea *ymr Ra|c. J}mrpc|.
Bncgla. 3??9/' Na lomrpa m| s}m. mg kmgmrcn. l}cns}omr mdmrloloa `m v|olanakotcloüg `m nc yo`c
a nc abrc `m }g lomgpåiola vcrpm lag mn nc|prm mgkarra|a `m pmgmr s}m `o|pcglocr|m rmpürolcemgpm
`mn |mgpo`a laeôg vcrc pmgmr cnkôg pova `m ymgpcdc |oebünolc rm|vmlpa c ïn. vmra. cn eo|ea
pomeva. ga v}m`m lcmr mg mn mrrar `m jclmrna `mec|oc`a cbomrpcemgpm vars}m mgpaglm| larrm mn
rom|ka `m rm|}npcr vala vav}ncr' Var m|pc| rctagm|. na eã| jcbop}cn m| jclmr }g }|a
d}|poiolcloago|pc `m nc| lcpmkaråc| pmürolc| iarecnm|. iartcg`a mg lomrpa ea`a nc |mnmlloüg `m
`cpa| mg |} `ormlloüg' Mg mn iag`a. m|pc| v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc `m larpm lc|o jckoakrãiola
lag|mrycg mg e}lja| lc|a| mn anar `m nc| lcrclpmroanakåc| prc`oloagcnm|. s}m mglagprcbcg }gc
iarec miolct `m lag|mk}or vav}ncro`c` cvnolcg`a |}| vralm`oeomgpa| c vmr|agcdm| icea|a|'
Nc| lcpmkaråc| s}m |m vagåcg. |m |ok}mg vagomg`a. mg d}mka |ag pcg cebok}c| s}m rm|}npc
e} iãlon mzprcmr `mn cgãno|o| nc| lagln}|oagm| eã| icyarcbnm| cn cgcno|pc' Cnka `m m|pa jota
lag mn rm Imnovm OO D}cg J}crpm `m \cg D}cg mg |} Mzcemg ̀ m Ogkmgoa|. a Ecrocga L}bå. mn
eã| on}|prm rmvrm|mgpcgpm `m nc irmganakåc mg M|vcóc. lag vmr|agcdm| vav}ncrm| `m |} ïvalc'
Mg yorp}` `m |}| rmncloagm| lag mn |mgpo`a laeôg. nc lagprob}loüg `m m|pc iarec `m
mgpmg`mr nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc c nc |alocnotcloüg `mn `o|l}r|a aiolocn |abrm nc lomgloc. cn
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3:
ecrkmg `m |} goymn `m lag|o|pmgloc ogpmrgc a pmürolc. m| mzprmec`cemgpm oevarpcgpm' Lag m|pm
iog. na| v|olünaka| `m nc lomgloc jcg pmgo`a s}m |aempmr|m c }gc m|vmlom `m ckoargcemgpa
rmpürola iarta|a. j}ecgotcg`a. gcp}rcnotcg`a a `m|eopoiolcg`a cnk}gc| `m nc| lcpmkaråc|
lmgprcnm| `m nc cgpravanakåc lomgpåiolc' M|pm vralm|a m| m|vmlocnemgpm nncecpoya. var mdmevna.
mg mn lc|a `m lcpmkaråc| laea kmgocno`c` lrmcpoyo`c` . lcpmkaråc| s}m mg iarec `m rc|ka| |m
|}mnmg vrm|}eor `m l}cns}omr lomgpåiola icea|a' Nc v|olanakåc jc jmlja }g mgarem prcbcda `m
clp}cnotcloüg . vagkcea|. `mealrcpotcloüg `m m|pc| lcpmkaråc| }g vala a|l}rc|. c nc| s}m
vcrmlm s}m g}m|prc l}np}rc ga v}m`m rmg}glocr iãlonemgpm' _a lrma s}m cebc| m|pãg
rmncloagc`c| jo|pürolc l}np}rcnemgpm lag nc `o|pogloüg lnã|olc mgprm cr| m ogkmgo}e' Mg m|pm
|mgpo`a. rm|}npcråc }g vala ogkmg}a *pcn ymt ga pcgpa/ vmg|cr s}m nc v|olanakåc jc lag|mk}o`a
larrabarcr lomgpåiolcemgpm nc yocbono`c` `m m|pc `o|pogloüg. laea }gc `o|pogloüg s}m vmreopm
rmimror|m rok}ra|cemgpm c abdmpa| a l}cno`c`m| s}m%m|pãg%cjå%ci}mrc' \mråc. mg lomrpa ea`a.
laea vmg|cr s}m nc kmgïpolc jc lagiorec`a lomgpåiolcemgpm mn icea|a c`ckoa vav}ncr „`m pcn
vcna. pcn c|ponnc―. a s}m nc empmrmanakåc *ck}dmra `m ataga. lcnmgpceomgpa vrakrm|oya.
`m|mrpotcloüg/ jc lagiorec`a nc lrmmgloc pcg mzpmg`o`c laea ogi}g`c`c |mkôg nc l}cn „cjarc
mg ogyomrga gomyc!nn}mym emga|―. „ c ga jc ogyomrga|―. mpl' Pmgmea| s}m vmg|cr eã| bomg
s}m |m prcpc `m lcpmkaråc| s}m |m jcg jmlja l}np}rcnemgpm i}mrpm| `m l}c yokmgloc
`mvmg`mg. c |} ymt. }g b}mg gôemra `m `o|pogloagm| |alocnm|. og|pop}loagm|. kr}va| m ogln}|a.
laea ymea|. vraim|oagm|'
Mg m|pc `ormlloüg va`mea| or ogp}mg`a `m s}ï iarec| laglrmpc| nc v|olanakåc v}m`m.
|}mnm. jclmr|m l}np}rcnemgpm rmnmycgpm' Mg m|pm lc|a vcrpol}ncr nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc
larrabarc `m|`m |} m|pcp}| `m lomgloc. . var pcgpa. `m|`m mn va`mr s}m |m nm cprob}m. `m|`m nc
gm}prcno`c`. mn `m|ogpmrï|. m. ogln}|a. nc cbgmkcloüg `m „eã| `m }g |okna `m `}ra prcbcda mg mn
ncbarcparoa―. nc yokmgloc `m lcpmkaråc| s}m ga |ag m|prolpcemgpm „gm}prcnm|― *kmgocno`c`.
lrmcpoyo`c`. miolcloc/ mg mn |mgpo`a mg mn s}m na m|. var mdmevna. nc galoüg iå|olc `m „ogmrloc―'
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3?
Vmra na lomrpa m| s}m e}lja| v|olünaka| vomg|cg c|å' Rm|}npc. c}gs}m |} c}par ga na ymc
garecnemgpm `m m|pm ea`a. }g vala ogs}ompcgpm laevrabcr. var mdmevna. s}m nc lïnmbrm lopc
nopmrcroc s}m mglcbmtc }g lcvåp}na |abrm cvrmg`otcdm yolcroa lagpomgm }gc `miogoloüg eã| lncrc.
ogp}opoyc vrmlo|c s}m nc s}m ogem`ocpcemgpm `m|v}ï| ogpmgpc |clcr c`mncgpm mn vravoa
lcvåp}na' \o mn nmlpar ga clcbc `m mgpmg`mr var s}ï rctüg `mbmråc rm|}npcr ogs}ompcgpm.
oeckågm|m |mglonncemgpm s}m |memdcgpm imgüemga |m `om|m. var mdmevna. mg }g ecg}cn `m
aipcneanakåc. mg`alroganakåc a ogkmgområc loyon'
Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. mn prcbcda `m m|pm pova `m v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc rmi}mrtc a
n}brolc na| mgkrcgcdm| s}m |m mglcrkcg `m rmvra`}lor prcg|iarecr nc l}np}rc mg nc
`ormlloüg c`ml}c`c' _ mg pcn |mgpo`a. mn `m|crranna |meãgpola `m lcpmkaråc| laea
kmgocno`c` a lrmcpoyo`c` |ok}m }g l}r|a e} vcrmlo`a cn `m lcpmkaråc| laea im.
laevraeo|a. |ano`cro`c` . a lomgloc. var s}ï ga'
Nc m|prcpmkoc mg nc s}m |m mebcrlc nc v|olanakåc m| bc|pcgpm abyoc mg m|pm |mgpo`a4 mg
c}|mgloc `m }g vrmd}oloa pmürola bomg iarec`a |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m nc lrmcpoyo`c` a `mn kmgoa.
|m paec `m ecgmrc eã| a emga| mzvnålopc mn vrmd}oloa `m |mgpo`a laeôg' C vcrpor `m `olja
vrmd}oloa |m paec. c |} ymt. }gc e}m|prc rmvrm|mgpcpoyc `m kmgpm lrmcpoyc |m laevr}mbc s}ï
m| na s}m pomgmg mg laeôg lüea na jcg lag|mk}o`a' Lag na| `cpa| c|å abpmgo`a| |m vra`}lm
}gc `miogoloüg gmpcemgpm mzpmg|oagcn `m nc lrmcpoyo`c`. s}m pomgm }g mimlpa |memdcgpm cn `mn
lagmda s}m |cnm `m nc ljo|pmrc' Pa`a mn e}g`a |cbåc s}m mn lagmda jcbåc m|pc`a |omevrm cjå. mg
mn `abnm iag`a `m nc ljo|pmrc. vmra pa`a mn e}g`a cvnc}`m cn ymrna cvcrmlmr eayomg`a |}|
bokapm|' \o cgpm| `m nnmkcr c nc `miogoloüg ga |cbåcea| na s}m mrc nc lrmcpoyo`c`. ga |m mgpomg`m
iãlonemgpm lüea jmea| |o`a lcvclm| `m m|lakmr c`ml}c`cemgpm g}m|prc e}m|prc `m kmgpm
lrmcpoyc' \mc laea i}mrm. c `m|vmlja `mn ogknï|. |m vravagmg m|prcpmkoc| vcrc mg|mócr
lrmcpoyo`c` s}m. mg nc ecaråc `m na| lc|a|. m|pãg nmda| mnnc| eo|ec| `m ea|prcr mn eågoea
og`oloa `m lrmcpoyo`c`' Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. vcrmlm s}m m| eã| oevarpcgpm lrmcr `o|l}r|a m
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 26
og|pop}loagm| s}m |avarpmg nc lcpmkaråc s}m lag|mk}or laevarpceomgpa| rmcnemgpm lrmcpoya|. |o
m| s}m m|pa |okgoiolc cnka c m|pc| cnp}rc|' \üna mg g}m|prc| eã| |}bnoem| vc||anogocgc|
icgpc|åc| |mråcea| lcvclm| `m oeckogcr c }g eagdm prcvmg|m `o|mrpcg`a vôbnolcemgpm |abrm nc
imgaemganakåc `mn arkc|ea. e}lja emga| *c}gs}m m|pa ga m| pcg lncra/ |anolopcg`a
iogcglocloüg vôbnolc vcrc |} prcbcda'
Mg pa`a lc|a. mg na| ônpoea| cóa| m|pãg cvcrmlomg`a v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc s}m jcg
c|}eo`a mn rmpa mzvnålopa mg mn vrakrcec `m H}jg. m| `mlor. mgprcr mg nc nükolc `m nc
lae}go`c`. `mn kr}va. mgpmg`omg`a s}m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc g}glc m|. var `miogoloüg. }gc
clpoyo`c` og`oyo`}cn *ymr Ra|c. J}mrpc| Bncgla. 3??9/' Mg pa`a lc|a. nc mpos}mpc ga kcrcgpotc
var |å eo|ec s}m nc| vrmk}gpc| `m H}jg yccg c pmgmr rm|v}m|pc|' Jc v|olanakåc| |alocnm| `m
nc lomgloc s}m |m jcg noeopc`a c lanagotcr |meãgpolcemgpm mn lceva `m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc
k}oc`c| var nc ckmg`c `m vrabnmec| `m nc v|olanakåc |alocn prc`oloagcn *no`mrctka. lajm|oüg.
laginolpa/. |og c|}eor. var mdmevna. cnkôg pova `m vrmd}oloa rmncpoya c nc |aloanakåc `mn
lagaloeomgpa `m|`m nc s}m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc `mbmråc labrcr |mgpo`a' Pcn m| mn lc|a `m nc
rm|v}m|pc mzvnålopc c H}jg s}m mglagprcea| mg mn prcbcda `m Na`cjn Kar`ag *3?;2/. }g
prcbcda s}m mgl}mgprc. var mdmevna. }gc lncrc larrmncloüg mgprm mn goymn `m m|pcbono`c` `m }g
vcrc`okec mn goymn `m laginolpa mg nc paec `m `mlo|oagm| kr}vcnm|' Cnka |memdcgpm al}rrm
lag nc iarec mg s}m mn vravoa Ea|layolo *3??</ mgpomg`m nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc' Mg pa`a|
m|pa| lc|a| |m c|}em s}m mn lagaloeomgpa m| }g imgüemga og`oyo`}cn m ogpmrga s}m |}vagm
m|pcr mg va|m|oüg `m cnka' Nc rmcno`c` |alocn. mg pa`a lc|a. `o|vagm mn vco|cdm var mn l}cn mn
lagaloeomgpa `o|l}rrm cgpm| `m |mr cvrm|c`a var emgpm| og`oyo`}cnm|. eayo`c| var ycnarm|.
lrmmgloc|. clpop}`m|. mpl'
Irmgpm c m|pc v|olanakåc |alocn `m nc lomgloc s}m nncecrmea| prc`oloagcn vcrc
mgpmg`mrga|. cvcrmlm aprc yogl}nc`c c m|pm ga pcg g}mya. vmra |å eã| |aio|polc`a mzpmg`o`a.
laevnmda va|p *va|pea`mrga. va|pm|pr}lp}rcn. va|p{oppkmg|pmogocga/. }gc v|olanakåc |alocn `m
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 23
nc lomgloc. s}m c vm|cr `m ga s}mrmr vrm|log`or `m |} ionocloüg v|olanükolc. d}mkc d}|pcemgpm c
vrabnmecpotcr. `m|v|olanakotcr . lanmlpoyotcr rmvabncr vanåpolcemgpm nc rmcno`c` lomgpåiolc
*ymr. var mdmevna. @aeêgmlj. 3??:/' \} ecprot m|pã vrmlo|cemgpm mg nc lagymrkmgloc mgprm nc
|aloanakåc `mn lagaloeomgpa `m Bmrkmr N}lhecg *3?:0/. nc mpgaempa`anakåc `m Kcrioghmn
*3?9;/. na s}m kmgïrolcemgpm. cb}|cg`a }g vala `mn nmlpar. va`råcea| `mgaeogcr pmaråc|
lråpolc| *lag|pr}lloago|ea |alocn. v|olacgãno|o| lråpola. v|olanakåc |alocn lråpolc.
`mlag|pr}lloago|ea/' Paeã| Obãómt N}vologoa Oóåk}mt jcg m`opc`a rmlomgpmemgpm Lropolcn
\alocn V|ljanak *Obãómt m Oóåk}mt. 3??:/. }g yan}emg mzprmec`cemgpm ôpon vcrc mgpmg`mr nc
in}o`mt mn lcrãlpmr }g vala o|aprüvola s}ogmcga. var }ponotcr }gc imnot mzvrm|oüg `m Ia`ar.
`m m|pc g}myc clpop}` pmürolc' @m|`m eo v}gpa `m yo|pc. nc v|olanakåc |alocn lråpolc |üna pomgm }g
vrabnmec ymr`c`mrcemgpm oevarpcgpm. c |cbmr. |} ab|pogcloüg var |mk}or rmlagaloïg`a|m laea
v|olanakåc. . var m|c eo|ec rctüg. |} gmlm|o`c` vmrmgparoc `m `miogor|m laea cnpmrgcpoyc c
aprc v|olanakåc. nmkopoecg`a c|å. c}gs}m |üna |mc iarecnemgpm. nc vmrpogmgloc `m |mk}or
v|olanakotcg`a nc |}bdmpoyo`c`' Mgprm nc| lag|ml}mgloc| c ymlm| vala ckrc`cbnm| `m m|pm
mglc`mgceomgpa `m lorl}g|pcgloc| |m mgl}mgprc nc vrmal}vcgpm pmg`mgloc c b}|lcr cnocgtc|
iona|üiolc| a pmürolc| c ymlm| bc|pcgpm krcp}opc|. pceboïg lomrpc| m|pmrmapovoc| on}|prc`c|. bomg
laevrmg|obnm|. var apra nc`a. mg |}| mdmrloloa| `m `meagotcloüg `m nc `mgaeogc`c. mg
alc|oagm| }g vala vrmlovopc`cemgpm. lomgloc va|opoyc' Ga v}m`m |mr. var mdmevna. s}m mn
eïpa`a mzvmroemgpcn rm|}npm ogpråg|mlcemgpm vmrymr|a laea m|prcpmkoc `m ogym|pokcloüg mg
v|olanakåc. a s}m |m c|alom crboprcrocemgpm lag mn og`oyo`}cno|ea. lag nc mzckmrcloüg `mn ycnar
`m na| gôemra|. mpl'
Rmpaecg`a }g crk}emgpa s}m |m ga| m|pã cncrkcg`a c `mec|oc`a. va`mea| `mlor s}m
nc| laevnmdc| rmncloagm| l}np}rcnm| mgprm nc v|olanakåc nc mvo|pmeanakåc |m mzpomg`mg `m|`m mn
laevraeo|a rc`olcn `m nc| v|olanakåc| s}m oglarvarcg rminmzoycemgpm }gc o`mc `m lomgloc
c}paogln}|oyc. jc|pc nc| v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc eã| jckoakrãiolc|. nmkopoeo|pc| |mg|obnm| c
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 22
nc| gmlm|o`c`m| l}np}rcnm| eã| abyoc|' Mg pa`a| na| lc|a|. nc c|}gloüg kmgmrcn |mkôg nc l}cn m|
va|obnm gcp}rcnotcr nc oeckmg `m nc lomgloc lagyorpoïg`anc mg }g abdmpa s}m lcbm `mgpra `mn
vramlpa `m nc v|olanakåc lag|ok}m cnk}ga| mimlpa| s}m emrmlm nc vmgc. laea jmea| yo|pa.
pmgmr vrm|mgpm|' L}cg`a nc v|olanakåc `miomg`m lomgpåiolcemgpm nc o`mc `m s}m nc lomgloc m| mn
vramlpa nåeopm `m nc gcp}rcnmtc. c prcyï| `mn `m|vnomk}m `m nc rctüg. lomrrc }g b}lnm jo|pürola'
Clcbc. var c|å `mlorna. lag mn eo|pmroa' Lmrpoiolc mn `m|poga `mn jaebrm lagyomrpm. var nc
eo|ec rctüg. mn |o|pmec `m ycnarm| s}m k}åc mn `m|crranna `m nc l}np}rc allo`mgpcn mg mn ôgola
vmg|cbnm' Var m|pc yåc. nc v|olanakåc |m lanalc mg mn larctüg `m nc eãs}ogc l}np}rcn. lrmcg`a }g
m|vcloa s}m vramlpc. rminmdc rmirclpc oeãkmgm| `mn jaebrm i}g`cemgpcnm| vcrc `miogor mg
lc`c eaemgpa nc `ormlloüg. mn mpja| gmlm|croa vcrc s}m nc| la|c| yccg var `ag`m `mbmg or'
Gcp}rcnotcg`a. m| `mlor. jclomg`a gmlm|croc m ogmyopcbnm nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc. nc
v|olanakåc gcp}rcnotc jclm pceboïg ogmyopcbnm mn vravoa ecrla ïpola cn s}m nc lomgloc
rm|vag`m s}m mnnc eo|ec rmvra`}lm' Mn ecrla ïpola `m nc lomgloc pomgm s}m |mr. var c|å
`mlorna. nc m|mgloc. mn gôlnma `m }gc ïpolc |alocn s}m lagyomrpm c nc lomgloc cn vrakrm|a mg mn
em`oa mn iog `m l}cns}omr lceboa |okgoiolcpoya'
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 2<
Rmimrmgloc|
Bmrkmr. V'O' N}lhecgg. P' *3?:0/' Nc Lag|pr}lloüg \alocn `m nc Rmcno`c` ' B}mga|
Corm|4 Cearrarp}'
Bmrh|ag. [' [mppmr|pmg. D' *3?:0/' Nmcrgogk irae Mrrar' Hcrn Vavvmr‟| V|ljanak ai
Nmcrgogk ' Nc \cnnm. Onn'4 Avmg La}rp'
Bncgla. C' *3?::/' Logla Prc`oloagm| mg nc V|olanakåc \alocn' Ec`ro`4 Earcpc'
Bncgla. I' *2662/' Mn L}npoya `m nc Emgpm' Ec`ro`4 Ecljc`a'
Br}gmr. D' *3?;0/' Bmag` pjm Ogiarecpoag Koymg4 \p}`om| og pjm V|ljanak ai Hga{ogk '
Nag`ag4 Kmarkm Cnnmg ) ]g{og'
Lcrm. \' *3?:=/' Laglmvp}cn Ljcgkm og Ljon`jaa` ' Lcebro`km. Ec||'4 E'O'P' Vrm||'
@aeêgmlj. E' *3??:/' Mn vrabnmec `m „na |alocn― mg nc V|olanakåc \alocn' Cnk}gc|
lag|o`mrcloagm| `m|`m nc |aloanakåc `mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola' Cgpjrava|. 3;; 8 <0%<?'
Imokn. J' *3?:3/' Mn Nmkc`a ̀ mn Va|opoyo|ea Nükola' Ycnmgloc4 Pmarmec'
Imrgãg`mt. P'R' *3??=/' Hcgp nc jo|paroc `mn \}dmpa4 }g m|bata boakrãiola' Lae}golcloüg
vrm|mgpc`c cn YOOO \eva|o}e `m nc \MJV ' Vcnec `m Ecnnarlc. 2;%2? `m Cbron'
Kcrioghmn. J' *3?9;/' \p}`om| og Mpjgaempja`anak' Mgknm{aa` Lnoii|. GD4 Vrmgpolm%Jcnn'
Kjan|ag.B'8 \jc`o|j. ['R'8 Gmoemmr. R'C' Ja}p|. C'L' *3?:?/' V|ljanak ai \lomglm4
Lagprob}poag| pa Empc|lomglm' Lcebro`km. Mgk'4 Lcebro`km ]goymr|op Vrm||'
Kob|ag. H'D' *3?:=/' Pjm lagymrkmglm ai H}jg cg` lakgopoym v|ljanak' Gm{ O`mc| og
v|ljanak. 2. 233%223'
Kr}bmr. J'M' *3?:0/' @cr{og |abrm mn Jaebrm4 }g M|p}`oa V|olanükola `m nc Lrmcpoyo`c`
Lomgpåiolc' Ec`ro`4 Cnocgtc M`oparocn'
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 20
Jcg|ag. R'G' *3?;;/' Vcpragm| ̀ m @m|l}broeomgpa' Ab|mrycloüg Mzvnolcloüg' Ec`ro`4
Cnocgtc'
J}||mrn. M' *3??3/' Nc Lro|o| `m nc| Lomgloc| M}ravmc| nc Imgaemganakåc Prcg|lmg`mgpcn '
Bcrlmnagc4 M`oparocn Lråpolc'
Obãómt. P' m Oóåk}mt. N' *3??:/' Lropolcn \alocn V|ljanak' Nag`ag4 \ckm'
H}jg. P'\' *3?;=/' Nc M|pr}lp}rc `m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|' Eïzola4 Iag`a `m L}np}rc
Mlagüeolc'
H}nhcrgo. @' \oeag. J'C' *3?::/' Pjm vralm||m| ai |lomgpoiol `o|laymr 4 Pjm |prcpmk ai
mzvmroemgpcpoag' Lakgopoym \lomglm. Cvron%D}gm. Yan' 32 *2/4 3<?%3;='
Nchcpa|' O' *3?:</' Nc Empa`anakåc `m na| Vrakrcec| `m Ogym|pokcloüg Lomgpåiolc' Ec`ro`4
Cnocgtc'
Na`cjn. D'B' Kar`ag. K' *3?;2/' Pjm |pr}lp}rm ai |lomgpoiol iomn`| cg` pjm i}glpoagogk ai
}goymr|op krc`}cpm `mvcrpemgp|' Cemrolcg \aloanakolcn Rmyom{' <; . =;%;2'
Ec|na{. C'J' *3?99/' Pjm V|ljanak ai \lomglm4 c Rmlaggco||cglm' Gm{ _arh4 Jcrvmr cg`
Ra{'
Eopraii. O'O' *3?;0/' Pjm |}bdmlpoym \o`m ai \lomglm4 C Vjona|avjolcn Ogs}or ogpa pjm
V|ljanak ai pjm Cvanna Eaag \lomgpo|p|' Ce|pmr`ce4 Mn|myomr'
Ea|layolo. \' *3??</' Pa{cr` c \alocn V|ljanak ai \lomglm' Da}rgcn iar pjm Pjmar ai
\alocn Bmjcyoa}r. 2<*0/. <0<%<;0'
Vockmp. D' *3?9?/' Boanakåc `mn Lagaloeomgpa' Ec`ro`4 \okna ZZO'
Vata. O' *3?:;/' Cvrmg`otcdm ̀ m nc Lomgloc Vmg|ceomgpa Lc}|cn ' Ec`ro`4 Yo|ar'
Rmk}mrc. O' *3??6/' [oppkmg|pmog na| {oppkmg|pmogocga|' Mg Vmlmnnåg. E' Rmk}mrc. O' *m`|'/
[oppkmg|pmog%Jmo`mkkmr ' Bc`cdat4 M`oloagm| `m nc @ov}pcloüg `m Bc`cdat'
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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 2=
Ra|c. C'. J}mrpc|. D'C' Bncgla. I' *3??9/' Empa`anakåc vcrc nc Jo|paroc `m nc V|olanakåc'
Ec`ro`4 Cnocgtc'
\ãgljmt. D'L' *3??=/' Nc kïgm|o| `m nc „Ogp}oloüg―' Jmnejanpt nc gcp}rcnotcloüg `mn \}dmpa
Prcg|lmg`mgpcn hcgpocga' Lae}golcloüg vrm|mgpc`c cn YOOO \eva|o}e `m nc \MJV '
Vcnec `m Ecnnarlc. 2;%2? `m Cbron'
\ãgljmt. D'L' *3???/' Vramlpa @almgpm' Jo|paroc ̀ m nc V|olanakåc' ]goymr|o`c` `m Ayom`a'
\anå|. L' \apa. V' *3??:/' Pjaec| H}jg nc lomgloc lakgopoyc' Mg \anå|. L' *m`'/ Cnpc
Pmg|oüg' Jo|paroc. \aloanakåc Iona|aiåc ̀ m nc Lomgloc' Bcrlmnagc4 Vco`ü|'