Post on 05-Jul-2018
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8/16/2019 La nueva caficultura en acción: los Sistemas Agroforestales Multiestrato como enfoque para la producción sostenible del café en ecosistemas frágiles
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Jpudths ah GdvhstgkJmmgýd D¿ 2, Dlvghierh 5?:8 - Ijyl 5?:2
_j`jerjs m`jvhs6 jkrgmu`turj, prlaumtlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs, hmlsgsthij, sh`vj j`tj, thmdl`lkéj, mjbç.
*Fhbh ah prlyhmtls hd `j Lmgdj Uhkgldj` ah Jiçrgmj @jtgdj ah ]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs.
Uhsuihd
H` jrtému`l prhshdtj udj prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj quh]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs cj ahsjrrl``jal j pjrtgr
ah` júl 5?:? quh eusmj ̀j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah ̀js tghrrjs ah ̀j sh`vj j`tj, sgd ahprhajr h`
ihagljieghdth y thdghdal hd muhdtj ̀ls ahsjbéls jmtuj`hs quh h` mjiegl m`giêtgml p`jdthj j ̀ j
jkrgmu`turj ah hsth hmlsgsthij. @j prlpuhstj mldstj ah ud mldfudtl ah thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl
ah` hmlsgsthij (suh`l, vhkhtjmgýd djturj`, y mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs), ah udj hstrjthkgjah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs ah phquhúls prlaumtlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs y h` ahsjrrl``l ah
ud sgsthij ah hxthdsgýd jkréml`j ah mjiphsgdl j mjiphsgdl> hd pjrtgmu`jr ahdtrl ah ̀ j mjahdj
prlaumtgvj ah` mjbç, phrl mld plthdmgj`gaja ah shr jp`gmjaj hd ltrjs mjahdjs prlaumtgvjs mlil
`j ah` mjmjl. Ah hstj blrij, ̀ j prlpuhstj sh mldstgtuyh hd `j lpmgýd iês vgje`h (hd tçrigdls
hmldýigmls, ihagljieghdtj`hs y slmgj`hs) pjrj `j prlaummgýd slsthdge`h y mldshrvjmgýd ah `j
sh`vj j`tj ah` _hrö, mlil ̀l ahiuhstrjd ̀ js hvj`ujmgldhs y ihagmgldhs rhj`gzjajs j hstj prlpuhstj
y quh h` jrtému`l tjiegçd rhshúj.
_lr6 Flsç Qgrjejdtg*
@j duhvj mjmu`turj hd jmmgýd6 ̀ ls ]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl mlil hdblquh pjrj ̀ j
prlaummgýd slsthdge`h ah` mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs
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Gdtrlaummgýd
H` ]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl (]JI) hs udj prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj pjrj `j
prlaummgýd slsthdge`h ah mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs, ahsjrrl``jaj plr]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs j
pjrtgr ah` júl 5?:?.
@j prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj sh ejsj hd ̀ ls sgkughdths prgdmgpgls6
:. Mldtrgeumgýd j `j slsthdgeg`gaja jieghdtj` ah` hmlsgsthij (gigtjdal j` sgsthij
ah` elsquh y mldtrl`jdal `ls gipjmtls jieghdtj`hs).
5. J`gdhjighdtl j` ihrmjal (muip`ghdal mldsgsthdthihdth mld `js prhbhrhdmgjs ah
`ls m`ghdths hd mujdtl j mj`gaja ah `ls prlaumtls iês ahijdajals).
]u gip`hihdtjmgýd cj gip`gmjal h` ahsjrrl``l ah ud mldfudtl ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl ah`hmlsgsthij (suh`l, vhkhtjmgýd djturj`, mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs), jahiês ah udj hstrjthkgj
ah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs ah ̀ ls phquhúls prlaumtlrhs ahdtrl ah mjahdj prlaumtgvj
ah` mjbç.
Hd h` 5?:=, hstj prlpuhstj buh gip`hihdtjaj mld :3? phquhúls prlaumtlrhs mjbhtj`hrls
dl lrkjdgzjals ah :: mliudgajahs ah` agstrgtl ah J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, prlvgdmgj ah
@jijs, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd, _hrö, ̀ lkrêdalsh lethdhr ̀ uhkl ah trhs júls ah gdthrvhdmgýd ̀ls
sgkughdths rhsu`tjals6
• Uhaummgýd ah ̀j ahblrhstjmgýd hd :??% hd `js :: mliudgajahs ah gdthrvhdmgýd
ah` prlyhmtl.
• @j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah 553 cj ah mjbç jbhmtjajs plr ̀ j rlyj jijrg``j.
• H` gdmrhihdtl ah ̀ j prlaumtgvgaja ah :5 j 58 qq/cj ah mjbç phrkjigdl.
• @j ihflrj ah ̀ j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` mjbç ah 88% j ;=% y ̀ j mj`gaja hd tjzj ah ;2 j 35
pudtls.
• @j jrtgmu`jmgýd mlihrmgj` ah =.??? qugdtj`hs ah mjbç phrkjigdl j hiprhsjs y
mllphrjtgvjs hxplrtjalrjs.
Mlil rhsu`tjal ah tlal ̀ l jdthrglr, :3? phquhúls prlaumtlrhs mjbhtj`hrls gdmrhihdtjrld sugdkrhsl dhtl ah ]/. 5.231 j ]/. 1.=18> hs ahmgr ud 2=% iês.
Jmtuj`ihdth ̀ j prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj hstê sghdal mldsgahrjaj pjrj su hsmj`jighdtl j dgvh`
djmgldj` j trjvçs ah` DJIJ (Ihagajs Djmgldj`hs ah Igtgkjmgýd) pjrj h` mjbç, jsé mlil hd
prlpuhstjs ah ltrjs lrkjdgzjmgldhs prgvjajs, hdtrh h``js6 ‐Ahse`lquhjdal ̀js djdzjs pjrj ̀ls
elsquhs’ ah` mldslrmgl ̀ gahrjal plr K`lej` Mjdlpy _rlkrjiih ah` Uhgdl Xdgal.
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Lefhtgvls y j`mjdmh ah ̀ j prlpuhstj
@j prlpuhstj cj sgal gip`hihdtjaj hd dmjs ah phquhúls prlaumtlrhs dl lrkjdgzjals
ah hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs ah ̀ j sh`vj j`tj, quh hd prlihagl tghdhd 8 cj ah thrrhdl y ah ̀ js muj`hs
5,1 cj hstêd ahagmjals j` mu`tgvl ah mjbç. @j gdstj`jmgýd ah ̀ ls mu`tgvls y hd pjrtgmu`jr h` mjbçhd hstjs zldjs cj sgal rhj`gzjaj sgd thdhr hd muhdtj ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr ah ̀ ls suh`ls,
sgkughdal ̀ j prêmtgmj ah ̀ j jkrgmu`turj igkrjtlrgj, ̀ l muj` cj khdhrjal ud krjd gipjmtl hd ̀ j
eglagvhrsgaja y hd ̀j hmldliéj ah ̀ls phquhúls prlaumtlrhs.
H` lefhtgvl ah ̀j prlpuhstj buh ̀j rhmldvhrsgýd ah ̀js p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç usjdal ud hdblquh ah
]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl. _jrj h``l sh ahsjrrl``jrld ud pjquhth ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs
lrghdtjajs j gdmrhihdtjr ̀j prlaumtgvgaja, ̀j ihflrj ah ̀j mj`gaja, ̀j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah
`ls suh`ls y ̀j rhaummgýd ah higsgldhs.
Ihtlal`lkéj ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah mjbhtj`hs
@j rhmldvhrsgýd ah p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç hd ]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl sh rhj`gzj
thdghdal hd muhdtj ̀js htjpjs l pjsls sgkughdths6
Agjkdýstgml ah `j udgaja prlaumtgvj l dmj
H` agjkdýstgml ah ̀ j dmj phrigth mldlmhr ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah usl ah ̀ js tghrrjs j dgvh` igmrl, ̀ jagstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs, h` sgsthij ah ijdhfl, `j prlaummgýd,
prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja ah ̀ls prlaumtls, h` dgvh` tçmdgml, mu`turj` y slmgj` ah ̀ j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj
y, plr ö`tgil, mýil hsth mldfudtl ah h`hihdtls y mjrjmthréstgmjs gdstuhdmgjals plr ̀js jmtgvgajahs
quh rhj`gzj h` clierh gdthrjmtöjd ah ijdhrj plsgtgvj l dhkjtgvj hd h` ahsjrrl``l y budmgldjighdtl
ah` hmlsgsthij.
@j hvj`ujmgýd ah `j mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr ah `js tghrrjs j dgvh` igmrl
_hrigth ahthrigdjr `j jptgtua djturj` ah `ls suh`ls, ahthrigdjdal su mjpjmgaja h gahdtgmjdal
sus ̀gigtjmgldhs pjrj prlaumgr hd blrij mldstjdth ejfl trjtjighdtls mldtgduls y usls hsphmémls.H` rhk`jihdtl djmgldj` ah m`jsgmjmgýd ah tghrrjs plr su mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr mldsgahrj
mgdml krupls6 tghrrjs jptjs pjrj mu`tgvl hd `gipgl (J), tghrrjs jptjs pjrj mu`tgvl phrijdhdth (M),
tghrrjs jptjs pjrj pjstl (_), tghrrjs jptjs pjrj prlaummgýd blrhstj` (B), tghrrjs ah prlthmmgýd (S).
Hvj`ujmgýd ah `j agstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js
H` shkudal pjsl hs hvj`ujr sg `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs sh cjd gdstj`jal rhsphtjdal `j
mjpjmgaja ah `ls suh`ls. Hd hstj htjpj hs giplrtjdth h`jelrjr h` ijpj ah `j dmj gdagmjdal `j
m`jsgmjmgýd ah `js tghrrjs, `j agstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls y `js êrhjs ah prlthmmgýd.
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Hvj`ujmgýd ah` sgsthij ah ijdhfl ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs
Hstj hvj`ujmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr sg h` sgsthij ah ijdhfl ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs
rhspldah j `j mj`gaja jkrl`ýkgmj (prlpghajahs ah bhrtg`gaja, mldagmgldhs bésgmjs, rh`jmgldhs
suh`l-jkuj, `js mjrjmthréstgmjs ah rh`ghvh y m`giêtgmjs aligdjdths, y rhprhshdtj h` rhsuihdah `j plthdmgj`gaja ah` suh`l pjrj prlaumgr p`jdtjs hsphmémjs l shmuhdmgjs ah h``js ejfl ud
mldfudtl ah prêmtgmjs ahdgajs).
Hvj`ujmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd, prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja ah `ls prlaumtls
Hstj hvj`ujmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr h` rhdagighdtl prlaumtgvl ah `ls mu`tgvls y `j mj`gaja ah
`ls prlaumtls. Hd h` mjsl ah` mjbç, `j hvj`ujmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd sh rhj`gzj jdths ah` gdgmgl
ah `j mlshmcj (hstgijmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd) y j` dj` ah `j mjipjúj pjrj thdhr ud ajtl
mlipjrjtgvl, ̀ j mj`gaja ah` mjbç (rhdagighdtl bésgml y mj`gaja hd tjzj) sh rhj`gzj hd mjaj mlshmcj
y `j gdblrijmgýd sgrvh mlil chrrjighdtj ah dhklmgjmgýd. Ah ijdhrj pjrj`h`j sh vj hvj`ujdal`j gdbrjhstrumturj ah prlaummgýd, mlshmcj y plsmlshmcj, mld `j dj`gaja ah ahthrigdjr `ls
pudtls mrétgmls hd mjaj htjpj prlaumtgvj.
Hvj`ujmgýd tçmdgmj, mu`turj` y slmgj` ah `j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj
Hstj hvj`ujmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr h` phr` ah `j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj y, j pjrtgr ah h``l, plahr
agshújr `j prlpuhstj, hstrjthkgj y ihtlal`lkéj ah mjpjmgtjmgýd. Hstj gdblrijmgýd sh letghdh
ihagjdth ̀ j jp`gmjmgýd ah udj mcj ah gdblrijmgýd slmglhmldýigmj.
H`jelrjmgýd ah` p`jd ah dmj
H` p`jd ah dmj sh h`jelrj mld pjrtgmgpjmgýd ah ̀ j bjig`gj y h` bjmg`gtjalr> pjrj h``l hs dhmhsjrgl
h`jelrjr h` ijpj jmtuj` ah `j dmj gdmlrplrjdal `j gdblrijmgýd ah` agjkdýstgml (gdblrijmgýd
khdhrj`, ̀j agstrgeumgýd ah ̀ls mu`tgvls, ̀ls pudtls mrétgmls y plthdmgj`gajahs). Mld ̀j gdblrijmgýd
ah` agjkdýstgml rhprhshdtjaj ah ijdhrj krêmj hd ud ijpj, h` sgkughdth pjsl hs h`jelrjr h`
ijpj buturl ah ̀ j dmj, h` muj` aheh mldthdhr ̀ j sgkughdth gdblrijmgýd6 gdblrijmgýd khdhrj`,
vgsgýd, agstrgeumgýd ah ̀ls mu`tgvls y h` p`jd ah ihflrjs.
H`jelrjmgýd h` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah `j pjrmh`j ah mjbç
Hsth p`jd hs hsphmébgml pjrj h` mu`tgvl ah mjbç y blrij pjrth ah` p`jd khdhrj` ah ̀ j bgdmj. @j
rhmldvhrsgýd ah udj p`jdtjmgýd ah mjbç hd ud ]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl mldsgsth hd ̀ j
gip`hihdtjmgýd ah ud mldfudtl ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs, lrghdtjajs j gdmrhihdtjr ̀j prlaumtgvgaja y
mj`gaja ah` mjbç hd blrij slsthdge`h quh phrigtj sjtgsbjmhr ̀j ahijdaj ah ̀ls ihrmjals ah mjbçs
hsphmgj`hs. Hsth p`jd ahehrê mldtjr mld ud mrldlkrjij ah jmtgvgajahs y prhsupuhstl.
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Gip`hihdtjmgýd ah` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd
H` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd sh rhj`gzj jp`gmjdal ̀js thmdl`lkéjs sgkughdths6
:. Mlehrturj ah êrel`hs pjrj mjiegl m`giêtgmlHstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j gdstj`jmgýd ah êrel`hs pjrj ajr slierj j` mjbç, y
j` igsil tghipl, khdhrjr mldagmgldhs igmrlm`giêtgmjs hsphmgj`hs quh phrigtjd
rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs, ihflrjr `j mj`gaja ah` mjbç, rhaumgr
h` gipjmtl ah `js shquéjs prl`ldkjajs y mldtrl`jr `j hrlsgýd. Jsgigsil, `ls êrel`hs
ah slierj sld mjpjmhs ah rhmgm`jr dutrghdths> ihflrjdal ̀ j bhrtg`gaja ah ̀ ls suh`ls,
y kjrjdtgzjdal mlshmcjs slsthdge`hs j `jrkl p`jzl.
5. _laj sgsthiêtgmj ah` mjbç
@j plaj sgsthiêtgmj sh ahdh mlil `j jp`gmjmgýd ah `j plaj j ud krupl ah p`jdtjs
(plr hfhip`l, udj pjrmh`j ah mjbç), `j igsij quh puhah shr rhj`gzjaj plr surmls,
`lths l hd blrij shmuhdmgj` y hd mgm`ls ah rhdlvjmgýd ah =, 1, 8 y 2 júls. @j aurjmgýd
ah` mgm`l ah rhdlvjmgýd hstê hd budmgýd ah ̀ j haja ah` mjbhtj`, ahdsgaja ah sghierjy `j `lmj`gaja.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja j mlrtl p`jzl (: j 5
júls), rhaumghdal `ls mlstls ah prlaummgýd j` bjmg`gtjr `js `jelrhs ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd
y mldtrl` ah p`jkjs.
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=. _rlaummgýd ah jeldls lrkêdgmls j trjvçs ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths
Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j ahsmliplsgmgýd ah rhsgauls lrkêdgmls prlaumgals
hd `j dmj (pu`pj ah mjbç, hxmrhihdtls ah jdgij`hs, rhsgauls ah mlmgdj, hdtrh
ltrls) j trjvçs ah `j jp`gmjmgýd ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths (HI) quh jmh`hrjd h`
prlmhsl ah ahsmliplsgmgýd, phrigtghdal lethdhr jeldl lrkêdgml tgpl mliplst
y egl` hd ud phrglal ah 58 j 18 aéjs, ahphdaghdal ah` ijdhfl y `js mldagmgldhs
m`giêtgmjs ah mjaj zldj.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `ls mltls ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd ah `j p`jdtjmgýd
ah mjbç hd ud 8?%, `j rhaummgýd ah higsgldhs ah ihtjdl prgdmgpj`ihdth y `j
rhaummgýd ah `ls dgvh`hs ah mldtjigdjmgýd ah `js jkujs.
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1. Jeldjighdtl lrkêdgml ah` mjbç
Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j jp`gmjmgýd ah bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls (mliplst, egl`,
htm.) j` suh`l y clfj ah` mjbhtj`> quh sld prlaumgals plr `ls prlpgls prlaumtlrhs hd
sus dmjs y hd j`kudls mjsls mlip`hihdtjals mld bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls hxthrdls
(kujdl ah gs`js, su`bjtl ah pltjsgl, rlmj blsbýrgmj, htm.), mld h` d ah suigdgstrjr
j` mu`tgvl `ls dutrghdths dhmhsjrgls quh phrigtjd gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja,
ihflrjr `j mj`gaja y rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs.
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8. Qhrrjzjs ah blrijmgýd `hdtj
Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j blrijmgýd ah thrrjp`hdhs ah ijdhrj prlkrhsgvj hd
`ls surmls ah` mjbç plr hbhmtl ah jrrjstrh y jmuiu`jmgýd ah suh`l. Hstjs thrrjzjs
sh puhahd mldstrugr sgd `j dhmhsgaja ah rhilvhr h` suh`l, utg`gzjdal vêstjkls ah
p`êtjdl, tj``ls y rjijs prlvhdghdths ah `j plaj ah` mjbç y êrel`hs ah slierj.Jsgigsil, sh aheh utg`gzjr Hrytrgdj sp mlil ejrrhrj vgvj, mld h` d ah gdmrhihdtjr
`j mjpjmgaja ah rhthdmgýd ah` suh`l mldtrj `j hrlsgýd.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `j hrlsgýd ah` suh`l, gdmrhihdtjr `j mjpjmgaja
ah rhthdmgýd ah `j cuihaja y bjmg`gtjr `j gdmlrplrjmgýd ah dutrghdths j` suh`l.
2. Mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs
@js mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs sld jquh``js p`jdtjs ‑prgdmgpj`ihdth ̀hkuigdlsjs‑
quh sh jslmgjd mld ̀ls mu`tgvls phrijdhdths mlil h` mjbç, mld ̀j dj`gaja ah prlthkhr
`j hrlsgýd y rhmuphrjr `j bhrtg`gaja ah `ls suh`ls, yj quh budmgldjd mlil buhdth
prlvhhalrj ah dutrghdths y ijthrgj lrkêdgmj. Hstjs p`jdtjs tghdhd ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah fjr
h` dgtrýkhdl jtilsbçrgml y trjdsblrijr`l hd dutrghdth jprlvhmcje`h pjrj `j p`jdtj.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `ls mlstls ah flrdj`hs pjrj h` mldtrl` ah
ij`hzjs y `ls mlstls ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd.
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;. Mldtrl` lrkêdgml y egl`ýkgml ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs
H` mldtrl` lrkêdgml hstê rhbhrgal j` usl ah gdsuils quéigmls prlvhdghdths ah
buhdths djturj`hs (mj` jkréml`j, su`bjtl ah mlerh, jzubrh, htm.) y ah j`kudjs p`jdtjs
quh tghdhd prlpghajahs gdshmtgmgajs, budkgmgajs y dhijtgmgajs mlil lrtgkj, jfl,
jfé, pjpjyj, tlijth, htm.
H` mldtrl` egl`ýkgml hs ud içtlal ah mldtrl` ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs mlil `j
rlyj jijrg``j y erlmj ah` mjbç> utg`gzjdal ahprhajalrhs (lrkjdgsils vgvls) mlilEhjuvhrgj ejssgjdj, @hmjdgmg``gui ̀ hmjddg , hdtrh ltrls.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs sgd
j`thrjr h` jkrlhmlsgsthij, ahegal j su ejfl dgvh` ah tlxgmgaja.
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:?
3. Mlshmcj sh`hmtgvj ah mjbç
Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd rhml`hmtjr sl`jihdth `ls krjdls l mhrhzls quh cjd
j`mjdzjal su p`hdj ijaurjmgýd, ahsmjrtjdal `ls krjdls vhrahs, pgdtldhs, shmls
y ‐slerhijaurls’.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` krjdl y `j mj`gaja hd tjzj
ah` mjbç, `l muj` gdstuyh agrhmtjihdth hd su prhmgl j` ilihdtl ah `j dhklmgjmgýd
y mlihrmgj`gzjmgýd.
7. ]gsthij ah ehdhmgl cöihal ah mjbç
]h ahdh mlil `j gdbrjhstrumturj eêsgmj quh mjaj prlaumtlr aheh gip`hihdtjr
hd su dmj pjrj lethdhr ud ehdhmgl hd `j htjpj ah plsmlshmcj ah` mjbç. Hstj
gdbrjhstrumturj hstê mlipuhstj plr udj ahspu`pjalrj, tjdquh-tgdj y shmjalr
sl`jr. Hsth sgsthij phrigth trjdsblrijr h` mjbç mhrhzl hd mjbç phrkjigdl shml j`
:5% ah cuihaja, `gstl pjrj su mlihrmgj`gzjmgýd.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj y hd tjzj ah` mjbç, bjmg`gtjdal`j jrtgmu`jmgýd j `ls ihrmjals ah mjbçs hsphmgj`hs. Jsgigsil, phrigth rhaumgr h`
mldsuil ah jkuj ah 58 j 8 `gtrls plr ng`lkrjil ah mjbç y `j rhaummgýd ah `ls
mlstls hd ud =?% aurjdth `j htjpj ah plsmlshmcj.
Hd h` mjsl ah` prlyhmtl gip`hihdtjal plr ]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs, `uhkl ah =2
ihshs ah gdthrvhdmgýd sh `lkrý ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` mjbç ah 88% j ;=%
y `j mj`gaja hd tjzj ah ;2 j 35 pudtls, `l muj` khdhrý iumcl gdthrçs ah `js
prgdmgpj`hs hiprhsjs y mllphrjtgvjs hxplrtjalrjs j dgvh` rhkgldj` y djmgldj`.
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::
:?. Qrjtjighdtl ah jkujs pjrj rhaumgr higsgldhs
H` trjtjighdtl ah jkujs sh rhj`gzj hd als htjpjs utg`gzjdal als plzjs l `jkudjs
ah trjtjighdtl.
@j prgihrj htjpj sh gdgmgj hd `j prgihrj plzj mld `j alsgmjmgýd ah mhpjs
jmtgvjajs ah igmrllrkjdgsils quh ahkrjajd `j ijthrgj lrkêdgmj hxgsthdth hd h`
jkuj. _jrj h``l sh jkrhkj ud `gtrl ah mhpj ah HI jmtgvjal plr mjaj 5.??? `gtrls
ah jkuj igh`, sghdal dhmhsjrgl ijdthdhr h` jkuj hd hstj htjpj plr ud tghipl
iédgil ah = aéjs.
@j shkudaj htjpj mlrrhspldah j ̀j hstjeg`gzjmgýd ah ̀lal ihagjdth ̀j gdtrlaummgýd
ah p`jdtjs jmuêtgmjs. Hsth prlmhsl sh rhj`gzj hd `j shkudaj plzj.
Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `js higsgldhs aurjdth h` prlmhsl ah
plsmlshmcj y, j` igsil tghipl, agsigdugr `ls dgvh`hs ah mldtjigdjmgýd ah `js
buhdths jmuébhrjs.
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:5
::. Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth sghierjs duhvjs
Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j rhgdstj`jmgýd ah p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç ahegal j
bjmtlrhs prgdmgpj`ihdth ah ejfj prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja, j`tl dgvh` ah gdmgahdmgj
ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs.
@j rhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ̀ h phrigth j` prlaumtlr udj ihflr p`jdgmjmgýd y agshúl
ah su p`jdtjmgýd, lrghdtjaj j gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja y ihflrj ah `j mj`gaja
ah blrij slsthdge`h.
:5. Jeldjighdtl ah pjrmh`js rhdlvjajs
H` jeldjighdtl ah pjrmh`js rhdlvjajs sh rhj`gzj hd budmgýd ah` jdê`gsgs ah suh`ls.
Hd `js prgihrjs htjpjs ah mrhmgighdtl ah `j p`jdtjmgýd hs giplrtjdth jp`gmjr j`
suh`l bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls mld ijylr mldmhdtrjmgýd ah býsblrl, dgtrýkhdl y
pltjsgl> mlil plr hfhip`l mliplst, kujdl ah gs`js y rlmj blsbýrgmj> jahiês ah
igmrldutrghdths hd blrij bl`gjr (su`bjtl ah mlerh, zgdm, elrl, ijdkjdhsl, jzubrh,hrrl, htm.). Aurjdth `j htjpj ah gdgmgl ah `j prlaummgýd (j pjrtgr ah `ls trhs júls
ah haja) sh aheh mlip`hihdtjr `j bhrtg`gzjmgýd shköd `ls rhsu`tjals ah` jdê`gsgs ah
suh`l y h` plthdmgj` prlaumtgvl.
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:=
Mlstl ah` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah mjbhtj`hs
J mldtgdujmgýd prhshdtjils ̀ ls mlstls ah gip`hihdtjmgýd ah ̀ js thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl ah`
]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl ejfl ̀ ls sgkughdths supuhstls6
• Hxgsth ud mjbhtj` quh dhmhsgtj rhcjeg`gtjrsh.
• @ls prlaumtlrhs jsuihd h` :??% ah ̀j ijdl ah lerj.
• Hxgsthd gdvhrsgldhs (prlaummgýd ah jeldls) quh sld krupj`hs y muyl mlstl ah
prlaummgýd dl sh rhsthfj hd ̀ls mlstls ah` mjbhtj`.
• Hxgsth ud mlstl ah mjpjmgtjmgýd ah prliltlrhs (yjmcjmcgqs) quh aheh
rhj`gzjrsh prhvgjihdth.
• @ls mlstls dl gdm`uyhd ̀j jsgsthdmgj tçmdgmj, dg ildgtlrhl, dg kjstls jaigdgstrjtgvls>
mldthip`jd sl`l ̀j gip`hihdtjmgýd agrhmtj.
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:1
Qje`j :6 Mlstls ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah : cj ah mjbç
Qje`j 56 Iýau`l6 Ijdhfl ah` mu`tgvl ah mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs
Htjpjs ah` tj``hr ah _II Xdgaja Mlstl tltj`
Bgdjdmgjighdtl
_rlyhmtl _rlaumtlrhs
Qltj` Qltj`
Mlehrturj ah êrel`hs pjrj mjiegl m`giêtgml cj =1?,?? 13,?? 575,??Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hrjs ihagjdth plaj sgsthiêtgmj cj 13?,?? ?,?? 13?,??
_rlaummgýd ah jeldl lrkêdgml j trjvçs ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths cj 33=,58 582,?? 25;,58
Jeldjighdtl lrkêdgml ah mjbç cj 5.5=2,?? 18?,?? :.;32,??
Qhrrjzjs ah blrijmgýd `hdtj cj 27:,?? ?,?? 27:,??
Mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs cj =5?,?? ?,?? =5?,??
Mldtrl` lrkêdgml y egl`ýkgml hd p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs ah` mjbç cj 727,?? 5==,8? ;=8,8?
Mlshmcj sh`hmtgvj ah mjbç cj 1?3,?? ?,?? 1?3,??
]gsthij ah ehdhmgl cöihal ah mjbç ]gsthij =.:8;,?? 2;;,?? 5.13?,??
Qrjtjighdtl ah jkujs pjrj rhaumgr higsgldhs ]gsthij 581,8? :=3,8? ::2,??
_rhsupuhstl tltj` (]/.) 7.;=3,;8 :.3?=,?? ;.7=8,;8
_lrmhdtjfh (%) :??,??% :3,8:% 3:,17%
Mlipldhdths D¿ Xdgajahs agaêmtgmjs Clrjs
Blrijmgýd hsphmémj (;?%)
: Jdê`gsgs ah` jkrlhmlsgsthij 5?
5 Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth plaj 5?
= Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth sghierjs duhvjs 5?
1 Dutrgmgýd y bhrtg`gzjmgýd ah` mu`tgvl ah mjbç 5?
8 Ijdhfl ah vgvhrls y khrigdjalrhs 5?
2 Ijdhfl gdthkrjal ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs ah` mjbç 5?
; ]uh`ls, ijdhfl y mldshrvjmgýd 5?
3 Mjiegl m`giêtgml y su gipjmtl hd h` mu`tgvl ah mjbç 5?
7 Jeldls lrkêdgmls, prhpjrjmgýd y blrijs ah usjr`js 5?
:? Jkrlblrhsthréj iu`tghstrjtl mlil hstrjthkgj ah jajptjmgýd j`mjiegl m`giêtgml 5?
:: Ijdhfl ah mlshmcj, plsmlshmcj y jdê g̀sgs ah mj`gaja ah` mjbç 5?
:5 Ihtlal`lkéjs ah hxthdsgýd y bjmg`gtjmgýd 5?
_rêmtgmj prh prlbhsgldj` (=?%) ;5
Qltj` ah clrjs ah` iýau`l =:5
Hstrjthkgj ah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs pjrj `j gip`hihdtjmgýd ah` p`jd
:. Blrijmgýd ah prliltlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs
@ls prliltlrhs muip`hd udj budmgýd hstrjtçkgmj ahdtrl ah` sgsthij ah hxthdsgýd
rurj`, lrkjdgzjtgvj y mlihrmgj`. _lr `l khdhrj`, sld prlaumtlrhs fývhdhs ah hdtrh
:3 y =8 júls ah haja mld mghrtl krjal ah `gahrjzkl y quh jahiês muhdtjd mld h`
rhspj`al ah `j mliudgaja pjrj ahshiphújr h` mjrkl ah jshslrhs tçmdgmls.
Hd h` prlyhmtl ‐Gdmrhihdtl ah `j mliphtgtgvgaja prlaumtgvj-mlihrmgj` ah mjbhtj`hrls ahJ`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd’ (prlyhmtl Mjbç) ah ]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs sh
blrijrld := prliltlrhs jkrlblrhstj̀hs j dgvh` thýrgml y prêmtgml (=:5 clrjs ̀hmtgvjs). Hstls
prliltlrhs sh hdmjrkjd ah jshslrjr j `ls prlaumtlrhs hd sus rhsphmtgvjs mliudgajahs.
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:2
Krêml :6 Ijpj ah` sgsthij ah ihrmjal ah mjbç ah` agstrgtl ah
J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, prlvgdmgj ah @jijs, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd - 5?:8
Lrkjdgzjals hdMligtçs6 :?%Rl`uihd6 5?%
Lrkjdgzjals hdMllphrjtgvjs6 8%
Rl`uihd6 8%
Gdagvgauj`hs6 38%Rl`uihd6 ;8%
IHUMJAL BGDJ@ HS_LUQJALUH]_rlmhsjalrhs _ULAXMQLUH]GDQHUIHAGJUGL]
Jmlpgjalrhs
]uphrihrmjals
Igdlrgstjs
Mjbhthréjs
Mldsuigalrbgdj`
GI_LUQJALUH]6]usthgdje`h Cjrvhst,Ulyj` Mlbbhh, L`ji,
Ehdhmnh Mlbbhh, J`hkrl,_jdjihrgmjd Mlbbh
QL]QJALUH]6Ulyj` Mlbbhh, Dhst`ç,]jrj @hh, Nrjbt Blla
_l`étgmjs ah ahsjrrl``l ah ̀ j mjahdj ahsjrtgmu`jajs hdtrh ̀ js Gdstgtumgldhs KU ]I y `js gdstgtumgldhssusmrgtjs j` IGDJKUG (]HDJ]J, GDGJ) trjejfjd hd muip`gighdtl ah lefhtgvls y ihtjs gdstgtumgldj`hs
JIEGHDQH
AH DHKLMGL
MJAHDJ AH
RJ@LU
@HWHDAJ
Uh`jmgýd açeg`6
Uh`jmgýd ihagj6
Uh`jmgýd buhrth6
Aheg` mllragdjmgýd hdtrh ̀ ls jmtlrhs ah `j mjahdj ah` mjbç, KU]I, AUJ]JI, IGDJKUG, ]HDJ]J,GDGJ, ``hkjd ah ijdhrj hsmjsj j `js zldjs rurj`hs plr bj`tj ah prhsupuhstl
Dgvh`hs ah jsgsthdmgj tçmdgmj hsmjsj mld mlehrturj ihdls j` :%
Hxplrtjd plml vl`uihd (:?% j 5?% prlaummgýd/ jslmgjals)Mjpgtj` ah trjejfl g̀igtjal (gdt. 7-:5% jduj` $.)
J`tls mlstls lphrjtgvls y ejfj lbhrtj ah mjbç ah mj`gaja
_rlaummgýd djmgldj 6̀ 152.??? cj, Uhda. 2:5 nk/cj._rlaummgýd rhkgldj 6̀ 73.??? cj, Uhda. ;1? nk/cj, rhp. 5=%_rlaummgýd @jijs6 :5.15: cj, Uhda. 3:2 nk/cj, rhp. 5,37%_rlaummgýd J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal6 5.?31 prlaumtlrhs, 3.==8 cj, Uhda.3:2 nk/cj, rhp. :,32 %
Buhdth AUJ]JI 5?:2_rlyhmtl Mjbç6 :3? prlaumtlrhs, 153,1 cj, Uhda. :.??3 nk/cj, rhp. ?,:%
_ULRHHALUH]
AH ]HURGMGL]
MLL_HUJQGRJ]MHDQULBJBÇ,
JAG]J, BUXQL] AH]H@RJ, J_ULHML,
MJBÇ ALDMH@,MJ_HRJ
Rl`uihd :3%
HI_UH]J] JI]J, _HUCX]JM,
_ULAH@]XU,MJBHDLU, MLGDMJ,
@LXG] AUHWBX],LXQ]_JI
Rl`uihd 35%
IlylejiejRl`öihd 3%
Khrjral J`vjrjal,
jmlpgjalrhs
Ihrmjal Jyjydjd
Mjshrélsvl`öihd 57%
Uhdj`alKjrméj, Cg`jrglcujiêd, _harl
Fu`gl Kjrméj,
Ijrgl Ah`kjalUlfjs, JaêdRêsquhz
Uhqugs6vl`öihd 3=%
Khrjral J`vjrjal,
Uýiu`l @lmjdl,[g̀ g̀ji
Ulargkuhz
@hýd, Ijrmgj`Mlrldh`, Cg̀ jrgl@lzjdl, Jkdj`
Rêsquhz
BGDJDMGHUJ]6 Jkrlejdml,MIJM _gurj,MJM ]jdtlMrgstl ahEjkjrjd,Mllpjm
Dlrjdagdl
@HWH]6@hy
Blrtj`hmgighdtlah `j mjahdj.@hy blrhstj`hs y
jieghdtj`hs.LrahdjdzjsUhkgldj`hs.
_L@GQGMJ AHH]QJAL6
_`jd Djm.Mliphtgtgvgaja_rlkrjij Ahs.
Jkrjrgl_`jd Djm.
Uhdlv.Mjbhtj`hs
]XDJQ. Bldalsmldmursje`hs
GDBLUIJ@GAJAMllphrjalrhs y
vhdahalrhsgdblrij`hs.Qhdhdmgj ah
prhagls sgd tgtu`l.
MJIEGLM@GIÊQGML6
Jpjrgmgýd ahp`jkjs,hdbhrihajahs(Ulyj, lfl ahpl`l, erlmj`,cujymls yshqugjs)
_L@ÉQGMJ]BGDJDMGHUJ]6
J`tjs tjzjs ahgdthrçs. _lr h``lsmjiegjrgjgdhstje`h.
Gdvhrsgldhs hdshmtlr
mldstrummgýd yvgvghdaj
_L@ÉQGMJ]BGDJDMGHUJ]6
J`tjs tjzjs ahgdthrçs. _lr h``lsmjiegjrgjgdhstje`h.
Gdvhrsgldhs hdshmtlr
mldstrummgýd yvgvghdaj
L_LUQXDGAJAH]MLIHUMGJ@H]6
Ahijdaj ahmjbçs ah j`tjmj`gaja (tjzj 38)
]ustjgdje`hcjrvhst.
GDth`gkhdmgjmlbbhh.
MLL_HUJMGÝDGDQHUDJMGLDJ@6
Lplrtudgajahsah bgdjdmgjighd-tl ah prlyhmtl
J]G]QHDMGJQÇMDGMJ6
]l`gajrgaja,Qhmcdlshrvh,
_HCMEI,AUJ]JI,]l`umgldhs_rêmtgmjs
GDRH]QGKJ-MGÝD WQUJD].QHDL@.6GDGJ, GGJ_
(hsmjsj plrbj`tj ah
prhsupuhstl)
MHUQGBGMJ-MGÝD BQL6
Mldtrl`Xdgýd
Egl`jtgdjGil Mldtrl`
MhrhsB@L-MHUQ
]HDJ]J6(Jushdth plr
bj`tj ahprhsupuhstl)
GD]XIL]6 JKULUX-UJ@ BJ]H
_hröWjrj _huMli. y
MlipjúgjQKM
CHUUJIGHD-QJ] W
HZXG_L]6AGDJMLD
HGU@ @JI_HU,QHMDLQUL_,
GI]J J.M.Gdaustrgj`,Ulthrijr
_ULMH]J-IGHDQL6
AUHWBX],MLGDMJ,
_HUXRGJDMLBBHH,
UJGDBLUH]-QUJAGDL
BULDQHUJ WDLUJDAGDL
QUJD]_LUQH6IJMLI]J
GDAXJIHUGMJQUXM ]D JDMILQLU QUJD]MLUMJUAL
WL@HVW,DXÚH]
]HURGMGL]AH
HS_LUQJ-MGÝD6
_HUXRGJDMLBBHH,
UJGDBLUH]-QUJAGDL, WDLUJDAGDL