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Habemus Papam The Papal Conclave
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The Sources1983 Code of Canon Law
Apostolic Constitution of
Pope John Paul II
Universi Dominici Gregis
Ordo Rituum Conclavis
Motu Propio
Pope Benedict XVI
2007, 2013
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Can a Pope Resign His Office?
Pope Celestine V, 1294
Can. 332, 2. If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it isrequired for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly
manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone.
Pope Gregory XII, 1415
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The ProcessIt is in fact an indisputable
principle that the Roman Pontiff
has the right to define and adapt
to changing times the manner of
designating the person called toassume the Petrine succession in
the Roman See.
- Universi Dominici Gregis
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The Process[The Conclave] is not of its
nature necessary for the valid
election of the Roman Pontiff...
[However] I confirm by this
Constitution that the Conclave isto continue in its essential
structure.
- Universi Dominici Gregis
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The Conclave
Conclave = con + clavis = with key
Three types:
1. Quasi ex inspiratione
2. Per compromissum
3. Per scrutinium
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Per compromissumA committee of nine to fifteen
unanimously chosen cardinals
might have been delegated, to
make the choice for all.
Pope John XXII, 1316
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Quasi ex inspirationeRather than formal ballots, the
electors simultaneously shouted
out the name of their preferred
candidate.
Pope Gregory XV, 1621
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The Process
I have thus considered it fitting not
to retain election by acclamation
quasi ex inspiratione ... it is no longer
an apt means of interpreting the
thought of an electoral college so
great in number and so diverse inorigin. It also appeared necessary to
eliminate electionper
compromissum ... because by its
very nature it tends to lessen the
responsibility of the individual
electors... the form of electing theRoman Pontiff shall henceforth be
per scrutinium alone.
- Universi Dominici Gregis
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College of Cardinals
The Players
Full College of
Cardinals
207
Cardinal electors
Younger than 80
Maximum 120
Currently 117
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80 by when?
Conclave Sede vacante
Pope Paul VI
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#117
Cardinal Walter Kasper
(Germany)
President Emeritus of the
Pontifical Council for PromotingChristian Unity
Born 5 March 1933
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#118
Cardinal Lubomyr Husar
Major archbishop emeritus of the
Ukrainian Catholic Church
Born 26 February 1933
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The Three Types of Cardinals
Cardinal Bishop Cardinal Priest Cardinal Deacon
Cardinal Re (Italy) Cardinal Ouellet (Canada) Cardinal Burke (USA)
Can. 350 1. The college of cardinals is divided into three orders: the episcopal order, to which belong cardinals to whom
the Roman Pontiff assigns title of a suburbicarian church and Eastern patriarchs who have been brought into the college
of cardinals; the presbyteral order and the diaconal order.
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Major Players
Cardinal DeanSummons Cardinals to Rome
Camerlengo Cardinal Protodeacon
Cardinal Sodano (Italy) Cardinal Bertone (Italy) Cardinal Tauran (France)
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The Minor Players
Master of Papal
Liturgical
Celebrations
Junior Cardinal
DeaconTwo
Ecclesiastics
Msgr. Guido Marini Cardinal Harvey (USA)
?Known for their sound doctrine,
wisdom and moral authority
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The Places
Domus Sanctae Marthae
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The Places
Basilica of St. Peters
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The Places
Pauline Chapel
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The Places
Sistine Chapel
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The Places
Basilica of St. Peters
Sistine Chapel
Pauline Chapel
Domus Sanctae Marthae
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Before the Conclave
Arrange for the destruction of the
Fishermans Ring and lead seal
and the sealing of the papal
apartments.
Set the day and hour for the
Conclave: 15-20 days after the
See is vacant.
BXVI (2013 Motu propio): 15days can be waived if all
cardinals are present and more
than half vote to proceed
earlier.
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The Morning Mass
Basilica of St. Peters
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The Afternoon Gathering
Pauline Chapel
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From the Pauline Chapel a formal procession begins, with a
processional cross and the Book of the Gospels. First there is a Litany
of Saints from both East and West, followed by the of the Veni Creator
Spiritus, as the solemn processions continues to the Sistine Chapel of
the Apostolic Palace, where the election will be held.
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The Rules
The Cardinal electors are to refrain from receiving or
sending messages of any kind outside Vatican
City ... It is specifically prohibited to the Cardinal
electors, for the entire duration of the election, to
receive newspapers or periodicals of any sort, to
listen to the radio or to watch television.
- Universi Dominici Gregis
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The Rules
I absolutely forbid the introduction into the place of the
election, under whatsoever pretext, or the use, should they
have been introduced, of technical instruments of any kind
for the recording, reproducing or transmitting of sound,
visual images or writing.
In a special way, careful and stringent checks must be
made, with the help of trustworthy individuals of proven
technical ability, in order to ensure that no audiovisualequipment has been secretly installed in these areas for
recording and transmission to the outside. (UDG)
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The Rules
Those who ... carry out any functions associated
with the election, and who directly or indirectly
could in any way violate secrecy whether by
words or writing, by signs or in any other way
are absolutely obliged to avoid this, lest they incur
the penalty of excommunicationlatae sententiae
reserved to the Apostolic See. (UDG)
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The Conclave
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The Oath
Senior Cardinal: We, the Cardinal electors ...
Individual Oath with hand over Gospels: And I, N. Cardinal N., do so promise, pledge
and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.
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The Oath
We, the Cardinal electors present in this election of the Supreme Pontiff promise,pledge and swear, as individuals and as a group, to observe faithfully and
scrupulously the prescriptions contained in the Apostolic Constitution of theSupreme Pontiff John Paul II, Universi Dominici Gregis,published on 22
February 1996. We likewise promise, pledge and swear that whichever of us bydivine disposition is elected Roman Pontiff will commit himself faithfully to
carrying out the munus Petrinum of Pastor of the Universal Church and will notfail to affirm and defend strenuously the spiritual and temporal rights and the
liberty of the Holy See. In a particular way, we promise and swear to observe withthe greatest fidelity and with all persons, clerical or lay, secrecy regarding
everything that in any way relates to the election of the Roman Pontiff and
regarding what occurs in the place of the election, directly or indirectly related tothe results of the voting; we promise and swear not to break this secret in any way,
either during or after the election of the new Pontiff, unless explicit authorizationis granted by the same Pontiff; and never to lend support or favour to any
interference, opposition or any other form of intervention, whereby secularauthorities of whatever order and degree or any group of people or individuals
might wish to intervene in the election of the Roman Pontiff.
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The Oath
Senior Cardinal: We, the Cardinal electors swear on The Book to do things by the book.
(Jakes paraphrase)
Individual Oath with hand over Gospels: And I, N. Cardinal N., do so promise, pledge
and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.
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Preparatory Acts
Extra omnes!
Address by the ecclesiastic
Prayers from the Ordo
Guido and the ecclesiastic
leave
Senior Cardinal asks if they can
begin
Msgr. Piero Marini
Small little detail: There are others in the room!
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The Voting Begins
117 Eligible Electors
Must in the Vatican, but can
be outside Sistine chapel
due to illness
Two-thirds needed (78 votes)
One ballot on first afternoon
Two morning ballots and twoevening ballots on following
days
Benedict XVI: 4th ballot
John Paul II : 8th ballot
Cardinal Darmaatmadja (Indonesia) not attending.
Cardinal OBrien (UK) not attending.
115 needs 77 votes
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Three Phases
Pre-scrutiny
Scrutiny
Post-Scrutiny
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Pre-scrutiny
Preparation and Distribution of
ballots
Drawing lots for three roles
Scrutineers
Revisers
Infirmarii Junior Cardinal
Deacon
Cardinal Harvey (USA)
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Scrutineers Infirmarii
The Players
Cardinal Canizares
(Spain)
Revisers
Cardinal Scola
(Italy)
Cardinal Dolan
(USA)
Cardinal Turkson
(Ghana)
Cardinal Bagnasco
(Italy)
Cardinal Schnborn
(Austria)
Cardinal Erdo
(Hiungary)
Cardinal Pell
(Australia)
Cardinal Dziwisz
(Poland)
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The Ballots
The ballot paper must be rectangular in
shape and must bear in the upper half, in
print if possible, the words Eligo in
Summum Pontificem; on the lower half
there must be a space left for writing the
name of the person chosen; thus the
ballot is made in such a way that it can befolded in two.
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The Ballots
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The Ballots
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Scrutiny Proper
Placing of ballots in receptacle
Mixing and counting
Opening of votes
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The First Urn and Plate
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Votes are Cast
Each Cardinal elector, in order of precedence, having
completed and folded his ballot, holds it up so that it can
be seen and carries it to the altar, at which the Scrutineers
stand and upon which there is placed a receptacle,
covered by a plate, for receiving the ballots. Having
reached the altar, the Cardinal elector says aloud the
words of the following oath:I call as my witness Christ
the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given
to the one who before God I think should beelected. He then places the ballot on the plate, with
which he drops it into the [first] receptacle. Having done
this, he bows to the altar and returns to his place.
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Those Who are Sick (Absentee Ballots?)
Scrutineers Infirmarii
Before giving the box to the Infirmarii, theScrutineers open it publicly, so that the other
electors can see that it is empty; they are
then to lock it and place the key on the altar.
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Those Who are Sick (Absentee Ballots?)
Junior Cardinal Deacon(Porter)The Infirmariithen take the box
back into the Chapel, where it
shall be opened by the
Scrutineers after the Cardinals
present have cast their votes.The Scrutineers then count the
ballots in the box and, having
ascertained that their number
corresponds to the number ofthose who are sick, place
them one by one on the plate
and then drop them all
together into the receptacle.
Infirmarii
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Counting of the Votes
Scrutineers After all the ballots of the Cardinal electors
have been placed in the receptacle, the
first Scrutineer shakes it several times in
order to mix them, and immediately
afterwards the last Scrutineer proceeds to
count them, picking them out of the urn in
full view and placing them in another
empty receptacle previously prepared for
this purpose. If the number of ballotsdoes not correspond to the number of
electors, the ballots must all be burned
and a second vote taken at once.
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Election of Pope Urban VIII (1623)
Vatican Museum
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Election of Pope Urban VIII (1623)
Vatican Museum
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Tallying of the Votes
ScrutineersThe first Scrutineer takes a ballot, unfolds
it, notes the name of the person chosen
and passes the ballot to the second
Scrutineer, who in his turn notes the
name of the person chosen and passesthe ballot to the third, who reads it out in
a loud and clear voice, so that all the
electors present can record the vote on a
sheet of paper prepared for that purpose.
When all the ballots have been opened,the Scrutineers add up the sum of the
votes obtained by the different names
and write them down on a separate sheet
of paper.
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Tallying of the Votes
The last Scrutineer, as he reads out the
individual ballots, pierces each one with a
needle through the word Eligo and places it on a
thread, so that the ballots can be more securely
preserved. After the names have been read out,the ends of the thread are tied in a knot, and the
ballots thus joined together are placed in a
receptacle or on one side of the table.
Scrutineers
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Post Scrutiny
Checking of the work of the
Scrutineers
Burning of the Ballots
Revisers
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Burning of the Ballots
Immediately after the checking has taken place,
and before the Cardinal electors leave the Sistine
Chapel, all the ballots are to be burnt by the
Scrutineers... If however a second vote is to takeplace immediately, the ballots from the first vote
will be burned only at the end, together with
those from the second vote... [Each Cardinal
electors] notes are to be burnt together with the
ballots.
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Burning of the Ballots
White = Habemus Papam!
Black = Habemus non Papam.
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Burning of the Ballots
White = Just Ballots
Black = Ballots + Wet Straw
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Burning of the Ballots
White = Coloring Chemical + Bells
Black = Coloring Chemical
(+ wet straw?)
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Repeat, Repeat, Repeat
In [the] second ballot all the
formalities of the previous
one are to be observed, with
the difference that the
electors are not bound to
take a new oath or to choose
new Scrutineers, Infirmarii
and Revisers. Everything
done in this regard for thefirst ballot will be valid for the
second one, without the
need for any repetition.
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The Case of Deadlock
Three days of voting
(1 + 3*4 = 13 ballots)
Speech! (And a day off)
7 more ballots (13 + 7 = 20)
Speech! (And a day off)
7 more ballots (20 + 7 = 27)
Speech! (And a day off)
7 more ballots (27 + 7 = 34)
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The Preachers
Senior Cardinal
Bishop
Senior Cardinal
Priest
Senior Cardinal
Deacon
Cardinal Re (Italy)Cardinal Danneels (Belgium)Cardinal Tauran (France)
What about Cardinal Sodano?
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The Case of
Serious Deadlock
One more day of
reflection occurs.
Then there is a runoff
between the top two
candidates.
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Runoff with 50% Runoff with 2/3
Two candidates dont get a vote!
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An Interesting Record is Kept
Camerlengo
Cardinal Bertone (Italy)The Cardinal Camerlengo of Holy
Roman Church shall draw up a
document, to be approved also by
the three Cardinal Assistants,
declaring the result of the voting at
each session. This document is to
be given to the Pope and will
thereafter be kept in a designated
archive, enclosed in a sealedenvelope, which may be opened
by no one unless the Supreme
Pontiff gives explicit permission.
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The Acceptance
Cardinal Re Msgr. Guido Marini
Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?
By what name do you wish to be called?
Makes a record
of acceptance
Says this
(In Latin)
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When Does the Pope Become Pope?
After his acceptance, the person elected, if he
has already received episcopal ordination, is
immediately Bishop of the Church of Rome, true
Pope and Head of the College of Bishops. He
thus acquires and can exercise full and supremepower over the universal Church. If the person
elected is not already a Bishop, he shall
immediately be ordained Bishop.
So who can be elected?
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Non Cardinal Popes
Was not a cardinal
Pope Urban VI, 1378
Was not a priest
Pope Leo X, 1513
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The Acceptance
Most Holy Father, in this solemn and mysterious plan of
divine Providence, you have been elected to the Chair of
Peter. Before raising our voice to God in thanksgiving for
your election, together with the Blessed Mary Mother of
God, ever Virgin, and all the saints, it is well that weremember the words with which our Lord Jesus Christ
promised to Peter and his successors the primacy of the
apostolic ministry and love. (Jakes translation of the Latin)
- Senior Cardinal BishopCardinal Re (Italy)
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The Acceptance
The new pope rises, and all stand
as the senior Cardinal Deacon
proclaims the Gospel text. There
are two choices. The first is Matt.16:13-19 (You are Peter, and upon
this rock I will build my church.)
The second is John 21:15-17
(Simon, son of John, do you loveme? Feed my sheep.)
Cardinal Protodeacon
Cardinal Tauran (France)
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The Acceptance
O God, who in the design of your
wisdom have built your Church on
the rock of Peter, head of the
apostolic college, watch and
support our Pope N., whom youhave chosen the successor of Peter
as a visible source and foundation of
unity in faith and communion in
charity. Through Christ our Lord.Amen. (Jakes translation of the Latin)
Senior Cardinal
Priest
Cardinal Danneels (Belgium)
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The Acceptance
Each cardinal elector,
according to rank,
approaches the newly
elected Pope and offers an
act of homage and
obedience.
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The Acceptance
The new Pope begins theGregorian Chant Te Deum.
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The new pope goes to the "Room of Tears", a small red room next to the Sistine Chapel. The
pope dresses by himself, choosing a set of pontifical choir robes (white cassock, rochet and
red mozzetta) from three sizes provided. Then, he vests in a gold corded pectoral cross and a
red embroidered stole. He wears a white zucchetto on his head.
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Habemus Papam!
The Protodeacon, from
the Papal balcony,
announces the election.
Cardinal Tauran (France)
Cardinal Medina (Chile)
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Habemus Papam!
Annuntio vobis gaudium
magnum:
Habemus Papam!
Eminentissimum acreverendissimum Dominum,
DominumRaymondum
Sanct Roman Ecclesi
CardinalemBurke,
Qui sibi nomen imposuitPii
Decimitertii.
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Habemus Papam!
I announce to you a great joy:
We have a Pope!
The most eminent and most
reverend Lord,
Lord Raymond Cardinal of
the Holy Roman Church
Burke,Who takes for himself the
name of Pius XIII.
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