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The designations employed and the presentation
of mater al in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or
of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission,
with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should
be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100
Rome, Italy.
© F A O 1 9 8 4
of its frontiers or boudaries.
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PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT
This document was prepared under the UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project (PAK/77/033), incollaboration with the FAO Regular Programme.
The author travelled to Pakistan in November 1984 for the purpose of assessing, at landing places and in
markets, present constraints in local routine work involving identification and denomination of commercialmarine and brackish-water species, and to examine, in collaboration with national counterpart personnel, thespecies composition of catches at selected places, for the purpose of collecting data and information by speciesto be used for the preparation of this field guide.
Additional information, especially on local denominations, wasprovided by Dr B.C. Russell, who travelled to Pakistan in September/October 1985.
The basic reference used during the mission was the recently published set of FAO Species IdentificationSheets for Fishery Purposes - Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51) which proved to be invaluable for thispurpose. However, this document is somewhat cumbersome to use for the average data collector since itincludes many species not landed in Pakistan. It also does not provide local species denominations used withinthe country.
The preparation of the actual field guide was carried out by using illustrations and taxonomic data from the
above-mentioned set of Identification Sheets, as well as the notes and local species names collected during thefield mission. The final document was prepared under the FAO Species Identification Programme, and theprinting was funded by the FAO Regular Programme.
The author wishes to express her gratitude to all those who have contributed in one way or another to theimplementation of this project, and particularly to:
Dr W. Brandhorst, Chief Technical Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project
(Pakistan) for his effective support to the field activities in Pakistan and to the elaboration of the finaldocument at FAO/HQ.
Dr Abdul Majid, Director General, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan).
Ms Nadira Mirza, Museum Curator, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan) for her valuable help in thecollection of data by species throughout the mission.
Messrs M. Khalil Uddin, Research Officer and A.H. Zaidi, Senior Statistician, Marine Fisheries
Department (Pakistan), for providing valuable information especially on local species names andstatistical data, respectively.
Messrs M. Moazzam Khan, Senior Research Officer, Directorate of Fisheries Government of Baluchis-
tan and M. Sadic Niazi, Zoologist, Zoological Survey Department (Pakistan), for having providedprecious information on local species denominations and fisheries of the Baluchistan region. Mr Niazi,in particular, made available an unpublished work on "The commercial fishes of Pakistan" (by M. FarooqAhmad and M. Sadiq Niazi).
Mr N.P. van Zalinge, Resources Management Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries DevelopmentProject, Karachi (Pakistan), for the information on the shrimp fisheries of Pakistan.
To the FAO staff in Pakistan and at FAO/HQ for their valuable assistance at the various stages of thework and in particular to Mrs M. Kautenberger-Longo who skillfully assisted with the typing and pagecomposition of the document.
To Dr J.E. Randall, B. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, for kindly providing his valuable colour slides
which were already used in the Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean.
Special thanks are due to:
Dr B.C. Russell, Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia, for his
substantial contribution in the collection of local names and additional information on habitat andbiology of several species.
Dr Mathias Stehmann, Institut für Seefischerei, Zoologisches Institut and Zoologisches Museum derU n i v e r s i t a t H a m b u r g , F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y , f o r h a v i n g p r o v i d e d a l l t h e t a x o n o m i c i n f o r m a t i o n
on the batoid fishes of Pakistan. This section could not have been included without his help.
Dr L.B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Histoire, The Netherlands, for helping in the selection
of species of crabs and for providing information and iconographic sources for this group.
Technical Editor: W. FischerSenior Fishery Resources Officer
Marine Resources Service
Fishery Resources and Environment Division
For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows:
Bianchi, G., FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and
1985 brackish-water species of Pakistan. Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM)
Regular Programme. Rome, FAO, 200 p.
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Summary
This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water
species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters,shrimps, crabs and cephalopods believed to be of interest
to f i s h e r i e s i n Pa ki s t a n . Ea c h m a jo r r e s o u r c e s g r o u p i sintroduced by a general section on technical terms, fol-
lowed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more
important species which includes FAO names, local names
commonly used (Sindhi, Baluchi and English), maximumsize, habitat, fishing gear and interest to fisheries. A
composite index of scientific and vernacular family and
species names is also provided.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION xi
BONY FISHES
TECHNICAL TERMS 1Families
Megalopidae - Tarpons 3Albulidae - Bonefishes 3Elopidae - Tenpounders 3Clupeidae - Sardinellas, sardines, herrings, shads, pellonas 4
Engraulidae - Anchovies, thryssas 11Chirocentridae - Wolf-herrings
14
Muraenidae - Morays 15Muraenesocidae - Pike congers
16
Congridae - Congers
17
Ariidae - Sea catfishes
18
Plotosidae - Eel catfishes 22Chanidae - Milkfishes
23
Synodontidae - Lizardfishes 23Harpadontidae - Bombay ducks 24
Bregmacerotidae - Codlets 25Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes 25
Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks 26
Belonidae - Needlefishes 27Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes 28
Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes 28
Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes, stingfishes, etc
29
Triglidae - Gurnards
29
Platycephalidae - Flatheads
30
Centropomidae - Barramundis
31
Serranidae - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc
31
Teraponidae - Terapon perches, terapons
36
Sillaginidae - Sillagos
37
Lactariidae - False trevallies
38
Rachycentridae - Cobias 38
Echeneididae - Sharksuckers 38
Carangidae - Jacks, trevallies, scads, runners, etc 39
Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes 53
Menidae - Moonfishes 53
Leiognathidae - Ponyfishes, toothponies 54
Gerreidae - Silver-biddies 57
Lutjanidae - Jobfishes, snappers 58
Nemipteridae - Threadfin breams, monocle breams
64
Lobotidae - Tripletails
67
Haemulidae (Pomadasyidae) - Sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips, grunters, piggies
68
Lethrinidae - Emperors, pig-face breams, large-eye breams
73
Sparidae - Seabreams, soldierbreams 74
Sciaenidae - Croakers, drums, etcMullidae - Goatfishes 86Ephippidae - Spadefishes
89
Drepanidae - Sicklefishes 89
Platacidae - Batfishes 89
Scatophagidae - Scats 90
Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes 90
Pomacentridae - Damselfishes 90
Mugilidae - Mullets 91
Sphyraenidae - Barracudas 95
Polynemidae - Threadfins
97
Labridae - Wrasses
98
Scaridae - Parrotfishes
98
Siganidae - Spinefoots, rabbitfishes
99
Scombridae - Albacores, bonitos, kawakawas, mackerels, etc
100
Trichiuridae - Hairtails
104
Istiophoridae - Sailfishes, marlins 105
Xiphiidae - Swordfishes
107
Stromateidae - Silver pomfrets 107
Nomeidae - Driftfishes 10 8
Ariommidae - Ariommas 10 9
Psettodidae - Spiny turbots 10 9
Bothidae - Lefteye flounders 10 9
78
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Page
Soleidae - SolesCynoglossidae - Tonguesoles
112
Balistidae - Triggerfishes 115
Monacanthidae - Leatherjackets 115
Tetraodontidae - Pufferfishes 11 5
Triacanthidae - Tripodfishes 11 6
SHARKSTECHNICAL TERMS
117
FamiliesAlopiidae - Thresher sharks
118
Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks
119
Ginglymostomatidae - Nurse sharks
12 4
Hemigaleidae - Snaggletooth sharks
125
Hemiscylliidae - Carpetsharks 125
Lamnidae - Makos
12 6
Odontaspididae - Tigersharks 12 6
Rhiniodontidae - Whalesharks 12 7
Scyliorhinidae - Catsharks 127
Sphyrnidae - Hammerheads 127
Stegostomatidae - Zebra sharks 12 9
Triakidae - Topes 12 9
BATOID FISHES
TECHNICAL TERMS 131
Families
Dasyatidae - Stingrays, whiprays
13 2
Gymnuridae - Butterfly rays
13 5
Mobulidae - Devilrays, mantas
13 5
Myliobatidae - Eaglerays
136
Narcinidae - Electric rays
138
Narkidae - Numbrays 138
Pristidae - Sawfishes 139
Rajidae - Skates 139
Rhinobatidae - Guitarfishes 140
Rhinopteridae - Cownose rays 141
Rhynchobatidae - Wedgefishes 141
Torpedinidae - Electric rays 142
LOBSTERS
TECHNICAL TERMS 14 3
FamiliesPalinuridae - Spiny lobsters 14 4
Scyllaridae - Locust lobsters
146
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
TECHNICAL TERMS 147
Families
Penaeidae - Penaeid shrimps, penaeid prawns 148
Solenoceridae - Mud shrimps 155
TRUE CRABS
TECHNICAL TERMS157
FamiliesPortunidae - Coral crabs, swimming crabs
158
Calappidae - Box crabs 15 9
CEPHALOPODS
TECHNICAL TERMS 161
Families
Loliginidae - Squids
16 3
Octopodidae - Octopuses 16 4
Sepiidae - Cuttlefishes 16 7
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES 16 9
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COLOUR PLATES
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COLOUR PLATES
PLATE I
MEGALOPIDAE 1 Megalops cyprinoides 58 0 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. BianchiCLUPEIDAE 2 Anodontostoma chacunda 105 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
3 Hilsa kelee 2 28 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi4 Sardinella albella 1 48 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
ENGRAULIDAE 5 Stolephorus commersonii 95 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. RandallSYNODONTIDAE 6 Saurida undosquamis 3 63 m m TL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
HEMIRAMPHIDAE 7
PLATE II
Hemiramphus far 355 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. BianchiBELONIDAE Strongylura strongylura 343 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. RandallSERRANIDAE 9 Epinephelus bleekeri 337 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
10 Epinephelus chlorostigma 327 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall11 Epinephelus diacanthus 329 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
12 Epinephelus fasciatus 153 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall
13
PLATE III
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 90 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall
14 Epinephelus latifasciatus 274 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
15 Epinephelus malabaricus 584 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall16 Epinephelus morrhua 345 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J. E. Randall
17 Epinephelus tauvina 310 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J. E. Randall18 Epinephelus undulosus 158 mm SL, the Philippines Photo: J. E. Randall
TERAPONIDAE 19
PLATE IV
Terapon jarbua 138 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi20 Terapon pota 105 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
SILLAGINIDAE 21 Sillago sihama 1B7 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
CARANGIDAE 22 Alectis i ndicus 265 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
23 Alepes djedaba 185 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
24 Carangoides bajad 430 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
25
PLATE V
Carangoides chrysophrys 262 mm FL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
26 Carangoides
ferdau 243 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall27 Carangoides malabaricus 272 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
28 Caranx ignobilis 215 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
29 Caranx sexfasciatus 705 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
30 Megalaspis cordata 372 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
31
PLATE VI
Scomberoides lysa n 202 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
32 Scomberoides tol 365 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
33 Trachinotus blochii 687 mm TL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
34 Trachinotus mookalee 548 mm FL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
35 Trachurus indicus 189 mm TL, The Gulf Photo: J.E. Randall
MENIDAE 36 Mene maculata 175 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
LEIOGNATHIDAE 37
PLATE VII
Gazza minuta 12 7 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
38 Leiognathus berbis 93 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
39 Leiognathus bindus 12 3 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James
40 Leiognathus blochi 90 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
41 Leiognathus brevirostris 1 04 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James
42 Leiognathus daura 13 1 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James
43
PLATE VIII
Leiognathus dussumieri 131 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
44 Leiognathus equulus 156 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
45 Leiognathus fasciatus 90 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
46 Leiognathus leuciscus 12 5 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James
47 Leiognathus lineolatus 1 03 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James
48 Leiognathus
splendens 12 0
mm TL Drawing prov. by
P.S.B.R. James
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Pinjalo pinjalo
PLATE IX
49 Secutor insidiator 107 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James
LUTJANIDAE 50 Aphareus furcatus Drawing: M. Thompson
51 Aprion virescens Drawing: R. Swainston
52 Etelis carbunculus Drawing: M. Thompson
53 Lipocheilus carnolabrum Drawing: M. Thompson
54 Lutjanus argentimaculatus Drawing: R. Swainston
55
PLATE X
Lutjanus bengalensis Drawing: M. Thompson
56 Lutjanus bohar Drawing: M. Thompson
57 Lutjanus caeruleolineatus Drawing: M. Thompson
58 Lutjanus ehrenbergii Drawing: M. Thompson
59 Lutjanus erythropterus Drawing: R. Swainston
60 Lutjanus fulviflamma Drawing: R. Swainston
61
PLATE XI
Lutjanus fulvus Drawing: M. Thompson
62 Lutjanus g i bbus Drawing: R. Swainston63 Lutjanus j ohnii Drawing: R. Swainston
64 Lutjanus kasmira Drawing: M. Thompson
65 Lutjanus lemniscatus Drawing: R. Swainston66 Lutjanus lunulatus Drawing: M. Thompson
67
PLATE XII
Lutjanus lutjanus Drawing: R. Swainston
68 Lutjanus malabaricus Drawing: R. Swainston
69 Lutjanus rivulatus Drawing: M. Thompson
70 Lutjanus russelli Drawing: R. Swainston
71 Lutjanus sanquineus Drawing: M. Thompson
72 Lutjanus sebae Drawing: R. Swainston
73
PLATE XIII
Lutjanus vitta Drawing: R. Swainston
74 Macolor niger Drawing: R. Swainston
75 Paracaesio xanthurus Drawing: R. Swainston
76 Drawing: P. Lastrico
77 Pristipomoides multidens Drawing: M. Thompson
78 Pristipomoides zonatus Drawing: M. Thompson
NEMIPTERIDAE 79
PLATE X IV
Nemipterus bipunctatus Drawing: D. Eggleston
80 Nemipterus japonicus 186 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall81 Nemipterus metopias Drawing: D. Eggleston
82 Parascolopis eriomma 198 mm SL, Ryukyu Islands Photo: J.E. Randall
83 Scolopsis vosmeri 159 mm SL, Sri Lanka Photo: J.E. Randall
84 Scolopsis bimaculatus 90 mm SL, Mulloor Point, India Photo: J.E. Randall
85
PLATE XV
Scolopsis ghanam 150 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. RandallLOBOTIDAE 86 Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
HAEMULIDAE 87 Diagramma pictum 504 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall88 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 277 mm SL, Seychelles Photo: J.E. Randall89 Plectorhinchus orientalis 216 mm SL, Sri Lanka Photo: J.E. Randall90 Pomadasys furcatus 230 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
91
PLATE XVI
Pomadasys maculatura 122 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall92 Pomadasys kaakan 212 mm TL Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
LETHRINIDAE 93 Lethrinus elongatus 430 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall94 Lethrinus harak 207 mm SL, Sudan Photo: J.E. Randall95 Lethrinus microdon 122 mm SL, New Britain Photo: J.E. Randall96
Lethrinus nebulosus 234 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
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PLATE XVII
97 Lethrinus ramak 295 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall98 Monotaxis grandoculis 220 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall
SPARIDAE 99 Acanthopagrus berda 185 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi100 Acanthopagrus bifasciatus 2 60 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall101 Argyrops sinifer 288 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall1 02 Crenidens crenidens 198 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
SCIAENIDAE 103
PLATE XVIII
Dendrophysa russelli 1 37 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall104 Otolithes ruber 21 7 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
MULLIDAE 105 Mulloides flavolineatus 158 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall106 Mulloides vanicolensis 150 mm SL, Tanzania Photo: J.E. Randall107 Parupeneus barberinus 243 mm SL, Fanning Islands Photo: J.E. Randall108 Parupeneus bifasciatus 198 mm SL, Oaku, Hawaii Photo: J.E. Randall
109
PLATE XIX
Parupeneus cinnabarinus 234 mm SL, Lord Howe Islands Photo: J.E. Randall110 Parupeneus cyclostomus 159 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall11 1 Parupeneus cyclostomus 222 mm SL, Kona, India Photo: J.E. Randall112 Parupeneus indicus 164 mm SL, Tuticorin, India Photo: J.E. Randall
11 3 Parupeneus macronema 151 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall114 Upeneus moluccensis 136 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia Photo: J.E. Randall
11 5
PLATE XX
Upeneus sulphureus 160 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall11 6 Upeneus taeniopterus 120 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall11 7 Upeneus tragula 116 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall11 8 Upeneus vittatus 155 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall
DREPANIDAE 11 9 Drepane punctata 1 59 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. RandallPLATACIDAE 12 0 Platax orbicularis , Maldives Photo: J.E. Randall
SCATOPHAGIDAE 12 1
PLATE XXI
Scatophagus argus , India Photo: J.E. RandallMugilidae 12 2 Liza parsia 217 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
12 3 Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall12 4 Valamugil speigler i 12 2 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall12 5 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 12 5 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
POLYNEMIDAE 12 6 Polynemus sextarius 186 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi
SIGANIDAE 12 7
PLATE XXII
Siganus canaliculatus Drawing: A. Meschini12 8 Siganus ja vus Drawing: A. Meschini12 9 Siganus sinus Drawing: A. Meschini
SCOMBRIDAE 13 0 Auxis thazard 401 mm FL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall13 1 Rastrelliger kanagurta 23 8 mm FL, Cochin, India Photo: J.E. Randall13 2 Scomberomorus commerson 65 8 mm FL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
PSETTODIDAE 13 3
PLATE XXIII
Psettodes erumei Madagascar Photo: G. BianchiSOLEIDAE 134 Euryglossa orientalis 170 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall
BOTHIDAE 13 5 Bothus pantherinus 1 24 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. RandallBALISTIDAE 13 6 Abalistes stellatus 2 80 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall
TRIACANTHIDAE 13 7 Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 75 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall13 8 Triacanthus biaculeatus 17 5 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall
CARCHARHINIDAE 139
PLATE XXIV
Carcharhinus leucas 69 0 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall140 Loxodon macrorhinus 7 23 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall141 Rhizoprionodon acutus 51 5 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
EHINOBATIDAE 142 Rhinobatos granulatus 71 6 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
RHYNCHOBATIDAE 143 Rhynchobatus djeddensis 705 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall
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INTRODUCTION
This guide is designed as a practical tool for all fisheries workers within Pakistan, particularlythose who are confronted with the daily task of collecting fisheries statistics and other data by specieson landing places and in fish markets. It includes those marine and brackish water species of bony
fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods considered as regular componentsof the catches along the Pakistan coast.
Correct identification of species entering the catches is of significant importance for the
i mprovement of the quality of statistical data utilized by the Fisheries Division and other relevant unitsi n the Pakistan administration, in order to facilitate an adequate planning of fisheries development andmanagement of the country's living marine and brackish-water resources.. Because of the great species
diversity characteristic of this area, the considerable difficulties in separating similar species, in
establishing meaningful groupings of species, and the unavailability of proper taxonomic literature, it isessential to provide national fishery workers with practical and reliable guidance in this field. Ourleading idea was to achieve a compact and easily manageable booklet that would be at the reach of fishery workers at all levels. Consequently, the guide had to be based largely an illustrations, while thetext was kept as succint as possible. This obviously implies certain limitations of the guide as a means
of scientific identification of all species. It is therefore strongly recommended, in case of doubt, toconsult the regional set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean, which is
more comprehensive in species coverage and gives a much more detailed account of the diagnosticcharacters of each species.
Pakistan has a coastline of 527 nautical miles and has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)extending offshore to 200 nautical miles. There are two main fishing areas: Karachi-Sind, extendingsoutheast from Karachi to the Indian border (about 180 miles) and the Mekran coast, west of Karachiand along the coast of Baluchistan to the Iranian border (about 350 miles). The former area, withKarachi harbour as its main base, is characterized by a broad continental shelf (extending about 60
nautical miles out from the coast to a depth of 200 m), a coastline marked by innumerable small creeks
and the Delta of the Indus River, and by a muddy, easily trawlable bottom. The sparsely populated
Mekran coastline is formed by large bays and has a narrow (25 to 30 miles wide), abruptly descendingshelf (to 1 500 to 3 000 m), and many widely despersed landing places. The bottom is mostly rocky and
the fishing is only possible within the narrow plain ground of the shelf which varies in its width from 10
to 30 miles. Thl entire shelf areas are estimated to be about 35 740 km in the Karachi/Sind area and
about 14 530 km in the Mekran area. The climate and oceanographic conditions are generally tropical
and subject to monsoons during the summer to autumn. Upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich, low-oxygen
waters occur all year round but is stronger during the southwest monsoon period and greatly affects the
distribution and migration of fish in the region.
The total annual fish production of Pakistan is in the order of 300 000 t of which about 260 000 t
is marine fish. Of this total, about 20 000 t are shrimp. At present, fishermen using traditional fishing
craft and gear, exploit coastal waters to a depth of about 10 to 15 m. Apart from the foreign joint
venture trawlers operating in the EEZ, there is little or no local fishing in deeper waters. The major
groups taken are rays, sharks, sardines, catfish, jewfish and croakers, mackerels, tuna and Indian Shad.Most of the shrimp is frozen and exported to Japan, USA, UK, Singapore, Belgium, France, etc. Finfish
is dried or dried-salted and exported mainly to Sri Lanka.
Presentation and Format
Each one of the major commercial groups is introduced by a schematic illustration showing the
main parts of a typical representative and some measurements and technical terms of general use to
fishery workers.
Families (block letters in boxes at upper right corner of the sheets) are arranged by similarity for
the bony fishes and in alphabetical order for the other groups. Species are arranged in alphabetical
order (by scientific names) within each family.
Texts for each species are restricted to information on names (scientific, regional and local) size,
fishing gear and habitat. Families including several species are introduced by a general section where
information on interest to fisheries of that group is also given. The words in brackets following local
names indicate the language to which the name belongs: Sindhi (Sin), Baluchi (Bat) or English (En). All
information on species identification is presented in the form of captions and arrows directly on the
species illustrations.
- xi -
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opercle
opercular
membrane
depth of body
caudal pedunclelenght of
postorbital
eye
lenghtorbitalpre-
lenght
branchio-stegal
rays
nape
2nd dorsal
fin origin
caudal fin(upper lobe)
caudal fin(lower lobe)
caudal peduncle
anal fin
anus
lateral line
pectoral fin
suborbitalplate
chin
nos-trils
pre-
head length
upper jaw
premaxilla maxilla
standard length
opercle
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS
total length
interdorsal space1st dorsal
fin base
2nd dorsal fin base
length of pectoral fin
General Nomenclature of the External Morphology
1st dorsal fin
pelvic fin
- 1 -
BONY FISHES
2nd dorsal fin
fork length
anal fin base
l o w e r j a w
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terminal
spines
(unsegmented,
alwaysunbranched)
example of a continuous dorsal fin
of a spiny-rayed fish
posteriormargin
smooth
subterminal
cycloid ctenoid
schematic examples of "normal" scales
- 2 -
BONY FISHES
Details
(all schematic examples)
inferior superior protrusible
types of mouth
adipose fin
most common types of caudal fin
molar-like
most common types of teeth
gill arch
(lower part)
first left gill arch
finlets
gill arch
(upper part)
canine-like
villiformprotractedretracted
incisor like
posterior
margin
spiny
gill rake
s o f t r a y s ( s e g m e n t e d ,
u s u a l l y b r a n c h e d )
gill
filaments
rounded truncate emarginate lunate forked pointed
pointed and
separated from the
dorsal and anal fins
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Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Mota (Bal)Tarpon (En)
FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific tarponFr - Tarpon indo-pacifiqueSp - Tarpon indo-pacifico
Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 30 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines and trawls
Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, usually found in coastal waters,
including lagoons and estuaries. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans
Interest to fisheries : Present all along the coast, but caught only in smallquantities
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Elops machnata (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms Elops saurus ( misidentification)
Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Nar, Bagga (Bal)Tenpounder (En)
FAO names : En - TenpounderFr - Guinée saumonSp - Malacho salmòn
Size : Max.: 90 cm; common to 50 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and handlines
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, i n coastal waters, sometimes enteringlagoons and estuaries. Spawning probably takes place at sea and thelarvae migrate to inshore nursery areas. Feeds on small fishes and
crustaceans
Interest to fisheries : Caught occasionally, no special fishery for this
species
underside of head
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Viat (Sin); Mushk (Bal)Lady fish (En)
FAO names : En - Roundjaw bonefishFr - Banane lèvre rondeSp - Macabi boca redonda
Size : Max.: to at least 50 cm
Fishing gear : Taken mainly with gillnets, on hook and line and by castnets
Habitat and biology : Usually found over sand and mud bottoms, in shallow coastal waters. Feeds on the bottom,using the snout for grubbing
Interest to fisheries : Caught only occasionally, no special fishery for this species. The flesh is said to be rather
good.
NOTE: The species Albula vulpes has recently been separated into two new species, A. glossodonta and A.neoguinaica because of differences in the shape of the mouth and of the parasphenoid and basibranchial toothpatches. For questions of simplicity, and since more research is still needed, we use here the old name A. vulpesfor both forms
ELOPIDAE
underside of head
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B O N Y F I S H E S
P L A T E I , 1 M E G A L O P I D A E
ALBULIDAE
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Loc. names : Palli, Palla, Goi, Mittoo, etc.
FAO names : En - Herrings, shads, sardinellas, sprats, sardines, etc.Fr - Sardinelles, aloses, shadines, harengs, chardins, etc.Sp - Sardinelas, sábalos, sardines, sardine's , arenques, etc.
Size : Most species are rather small (between 15 and 20 cm) except for Tenualosa species which may reach 60 cm
Fishing gear : Seines, trawls, gillnets, castnets, beach seines and stakenets
Habitat and biology : Most species are marine but several ( Dussumieria, Thrissocles and Ilisha species) can standlow salinities and are often caught in estuaries. Tenualosa ilisha ascends rivers for breeding. Most species form
large schools
Interest to fisheries : The combined annual catches of clupeid fishes (from 1972 to 1983) averaged 32 533 t andwere represented mainly by Tenualosa ilisha and Sardinella longiceps ( Marine Fisheries Department, Governmentof Pakistan, 1984). However, these figures probably include many other clupeid species. Most of these smallpelagic fishes are caught together in mixed catches and are used for fishmeal
Anodontostoma chacunda ( Ham.Buch., 1822)
Synonyms None
Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal)Shortnose gizzard shad (En)
FAO names : En - Chacunda gizzard-shadFr - Alose chacondeSp - Sábalo chacunda
Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 14 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, shallow trawls,
castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine)
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters.Feeds upon detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton(predominantly small copepods and larval fishes).Sexually ripe from November to January
Interest to fisheries : Caught mainly in November and December on the Baluchistan coast. Dried and used forthe production of fishmeal
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BONY FISHES
CLUPEIDAE
PLATE I, 2
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Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847
Synonyms None
Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin)Common sprat (En)
FAO names : En - Rainbow sardineFr - Sardine arc-en-cielSp - Sardina arco iris
Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with setnets, beach and purse seines and shallow water trawls
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters
Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847)
Synonyms : Kowala thoracata Fowler, 1941Kowala coval auct.
Loc. names : Mithoo (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal)White sardine, Transparent herring (En)
FAO names : En - White sardineFr - Alose biancheSp - Sardina bianca
Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 8 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and shal-low trawls
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters.Feeds on zooplankton (copepods, crab and bivalvelarvae, fish eggs) and on phytoplankton
Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829)
Synonyms : Macrura kelee Fowler, 1941
Hilsa kanaqurta (Bleeker, 1852)
Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Kolgar, Barrag (juv.)(Bal)Fivespot herring (En)
FAO names : En - Kelee shadFr - Alose palliSp - Sábalo chandano
Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 20 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets andtrawls. Consumed fresh but also processed to fish-meal
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters
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BONY FISHES
CLUPEIDAE
P L A T E I , 3
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Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal)
FAO names : En - Bigeye ilishaFr - Alosa à gros yeuxSp - Sardineta ojigrande
Max.: 28 cm; common to 20 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters
Ilisha melastoma (Schneider, 1801)
Ilisha indica (Swainson, 1839)Ilisha brachysoma (Bleeker, 1852)Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes) (mis.)
Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal)Jewelled shad (En)
FAO names : En - Indian ilishaFr - Alose indienne
Sp - Sardineta indica
Size : Max.: 13 cm; common to 12 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets andtrawls in shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters
Synonyms
Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)
Synonyms None
Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal)Long-ray bony bream (En)
FAO names : En - Bloch's gizzard-shadFr - Chardin gros nezSp - Machuelo narigón
Size : Max.: 22 cm; common to 20 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters,also entering estuaries. Found in large numbers increeks
- 6 -
BONY FISHES
CLUPEIDAE
Size :
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S a r d i n e l l a l o n g i c e p s V a l e n c i e n n e s , 1 8 4 7
Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)
Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal)
FAO names : En - Goldstripe sardinellaFr - Sardinelle doréeSp - Sardinela dorada
Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls
Habitat and biology : Coastal, pelagic, schooling.The possible confusion with other Sardinella species,especially S . fimbriata, makes published biologicaldata not fully reliable
Synonyms : None
FAO names : En - Indian oil-sardineFr - Sardinelle indienneSp - Sardinela aceitera
Size : Max.: 23 cm; common to 16 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls,castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine)
Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, mainly coas-tal. Forms large schools and is highly migratory.Feeds mainly on phytoplankton and detritus. Espe-cially abundant along the Baluchistan coast. Sexuallyripe from July to December
Interest to fisheries : Caught throughout the year,
but in the Gwader area on the Baluchistan coastoccurs in abundance during May and September.
Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbookof Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) rangefrom 4 008 t (1974) to 56 346 t (1981) with an averageof 25 059 t. However, these figures probably also
include other species of Sardinella
- 8 -
BONY FISHES
Synonyms : Sardinella jussieu (Lacepède 1803) (noSardinella tembang (Bleeker, 1851)Sardinella taiwanensis Raja & Hiyama, 1969
Oil sardine (En)
CLUPEIDAE
Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal)
scale
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Spratelloides gracilis (Schlegel, 1846)
Synonyms : Stolephorus japonicus :
Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin); Basali (Bal)Blue sprat ? (En)
FAO names : En - Striped round herringFr - Hareng gracileSp - Arenquillo de banda
Size : Max.: 9.5 cm; common to 7 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters
Tenualosa ilisha (Ham.Buch., 1822)
Synonyms : Hilsa ilisha : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973
Loc. names : Palla (Sin); Palwar, Tikki palwar (Bal)River shad, Indian shad (En)
FAO names : En - Hilsa shadFr - Alose paluvaSp - Sábalo de la India
Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 36 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with fishing weirs anddrift gillnets during the upstream migration inrivers, with gillnets and seines in the sea
Habitat and biology :
A pelagic species, found in estuarine areas and in rivers.This species breeds in the upper reaches of rivers, where eggs, larvae and juveniles are found during the southwest monsoon season (main breeding season).The young and juveniles migrate to the lower reaches of estuarine areas and tothe sea from about November onwards. The variation of the intensity of themonsoon during the breeding season seems to be responsible for the considerablefluctuations in the abundance of this fish. This species is heterosexual but casesof hermaphroditism have been observed. Feeds on both zoo- and phytoplankton,filtered with the closely-set, sieve-like gillrakers. (For further information seeFAO Synopsis FB/S25, 1963)
Interest to fisheries : Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan
(1973-83) range from 1 592 t (1983) to 11 795 t (1973) with an average of 7 474 t. However, these figuresprobably also include T. toli
BONY FISHES
CLUPEIDAE
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Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847)
Synonyms : Hilsa toli : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973
Loc. names : Nur-palla (Sin); Palwar (Bal)Tali shad (En)
FAO names : En - Toli shadFr - Alose tollSp - Sábalo toli
Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 40 cm
Fishing gear : Mainly caught with gillnets and
seines
Habitat and biology : It occurs in coastal waters, and forms largeconcentrations in bays and creeks. Unlike T. ilisha , it is said not toascend rivers to breed. Feeds on detritus, phytoplankton and
zooplankton
Interest to fisheries : Mainly caught along the Baluchistan coast.Separate statistics are not officially reported for this fish, although
Burney et al . (1985) report about 1 450 t caught from the Baluchistancoast in 1983
Loc. names : Patia, Phyasa, Kagaya, etc.
FAO names : En - Anchovies, thryssasFr - Anchois, alices, anchois-moustacheSp - Anchoas, boquerones, bocartes
Max.: about 20 cm, but most commonbetween 7 and 15 cm
Fishing gear : Seines, bagnets, stakenets, gill-nets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Found mainly in coastal
waters, including creeks and estuaries. Somespecies form large schools
Interest to fisheries : Some species (Coilia dussumieri and Thryssa species) concentrate in large numbers in
creeks along the Sind coast, especially during the cold season. Most species are caught in mixed catches and aremainly used for fishmeal. No separate statistics are reported
Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal)Dussumier's flag-tail anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Gold-spotted grenadier anchovyFr - Alice taches d'orSp - Anchoa granadera dorada
Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, bagnets and trawlsin shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and eastuaries
BONY FISHES
CLUPEIDAE
ENGRAULIDAE
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Size :
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Coilia neglecta Whitehead, 1968
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal)Flag-tail anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Neglected grenadier anchovyFr - Alice francheSp - Anchoa granadera plebeya
Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls in shal-low waters
Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters andestuaries
Stolephorus commersonii Lacepède, 1803
Synonyms : Anchoviella commersonii : Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal)Commerson's anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Commerson's anchovyFr - Anchois bombraSp - Boquerón bombra
Size : Max.: 10 cm; common of 8 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters
Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823)
Synonyms : Anchoviella indica : Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal)Indian anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Indian anchovyFr - Anchois indienSp - Boquerón indio
Size : Max.: 15.5 cm; common to 12 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, trawls and
stakenets in shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters
- 12 -
BONY FISHES
PLATE I, 5
ENGRAULIDAE
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Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray, 1835)
Synonyms : Thrissocles hamiltonii : Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin);
Padni (Bal)FAO names : En - Hamilton's thryssa
Fr - Anchois-moustache mamataSp - Bocarte bolinado
Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 17 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawlsin shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, per-haps alto in estuaries
Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795)
Synonyms : Thrissocles malabarica: Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin);Padni (Bal)Malabar anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Malabar thryssaFr - Anchois-moustache malabarSp - Bocarte malabarico
Size : Max.: 18 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with boat seines, gillnets and
trawls, in shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters,maybe also in estuaries
Thryssa mystax (Schneider, 1801)
Synonyms : Thrissocles mystax : Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin)Padni (Bal)Moustached anchovy (En)
En - Moustached thryssaFr - Anchois-moustache sardelleSp - Bocarte dompilón
Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 14 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and
trawls in shallow waters
BONY FISHES
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries
ENGRAULIDAE
- 13 -
F A O n a m e s :
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Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)
Synonyms
Loc. names : Phyasa (small); Paddan (large) (Sin);Gore padni (Bal)Long-jaw anchovy (En)
FAO names : En - Longjaw thryssaFr - Anchois-moustache cornuSp - Bocarte de cuernos
Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets andtrawls in shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries
Thryssa vitrirostris ( Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)
Synonyms
Thrissocles setirostris : Fowler, 1941
Thrissocles vitrirostris : Fowler, 1941
Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin);Padni (Bal)
FAO names : En - Orangemouth anchovyFr - Anchois-moustache cristalSp - Bocarte cristal
Size : Max.:
Fishing gear : Boat seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, also in estuaries
Loc. names : Kerli, Gairi (Sin); Pashant (Bal)
FAO names : En - Wolf-herringsFr - ChirocentresSp - Arencones
Max.: 100 cm; common to 60 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, shallow trawls and traps
Habitat and biology : Pelagic, inshore species, feeding mainly on small fishes, crustaceans and other inverte-brates. Sexually ripe specimens of C. dorab are found in August and December on the Baluchistan coast, butdetailed information about breeding season lacking. C . nudus and C. dorab are often confused sand the informationon the biology of the two species can hardly be used
Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are given for Chirocentrus dorab , but they probably also representcatches of C. nudus. Catches reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from3 5 3 t ( 1 9 8 3 ) t o 10 5 7 4 t ( 19 8 2 ) , w i t h a n a v e r a g e o f 4 2 17 t . M a r k e t e d f r e s h o r s a l t e d -d r i e d . E x p o r t e d t o S r i L a n k a
- 1 4 -
BONY FISHESENGRAULIDAE
CHIROCENTRIDAE
Size :
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Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Riami slang (Bal)
FAO names : En - MoraysF r - M ourns
Sp - A renas
Size : Max.: to over 400 cm total length
Fishing gear : Caught mainly with loneliness ,trawls, traps and on hook and line
Habitat and biology : Mostly found in rocky areas of shallow waters where they inhabit holes and crevices. Somespecies are found in turbid waters and estuaries. Active at night, they feed on bottom-dwelling fishes andcrustaceans. Their powerful jaws and teeth can inflict deep and painful wounds.
Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for members of this family. Only occasionally caught and con-sumed fresh.
Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789)Starry moraysize: to 80 cm
- 15 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Chirocentridae CHIROCENTRIDAE
Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål , 1775)Dorab wolf-herringsize: to 100 cm
Species of Muraenidae
Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839Whiten wolf-herring
size: to 100 cm
Thyroidea mercer ( Bleeker, 1854)Giant slender moray
size: to 400 cm
MURAENIDAE
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Loc. names : Barn, Sankh (Sin); Saang, etc.(Bal)
FAO names : En - Pike congersF r - M o r é n é s o c e sSp - Morenocios
Size : Max.: to 250 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with longlines , draftiestand trawls
Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853)
Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms Muraenesox arabicus (Schneider, 1801)
Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin);Bar n , Saan g, Tayabi s aan g (Bal)Silver conger eel (En)
FAO names : En - Daggertooth pike congerFr - Morenesoce dagueSp - Morenocio dentón
Size : Max.: 200 c m; c o mmo n to 150 c m
Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and handlines,driftnets, bottom set gillnets and trawls.
BONY FISHES
Synonyms : Muraenesox talabonoides (Ble e ke r , 1853)
Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Saang, Tayabi saang, Barn (Bal)Pike eel (En)
FAO names : En - Indian pike congerFr - Morénésoce indienSp -Morenocio i ndio
Size : Max.: 250 cm; common to 180 cm
Fishing gear : Caught mainly by lobeline ,driftnets and trawls at night
Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms incoastal waters to about 100 m depth; also ine s tuar ie s . Feeds mainly on bottom-dwellingfishes and on crustaceans
Habitat and biology . Found on the continentalshelf and slope. Species inhabiting shallowwaters are known to be nocturnal and to feedon bottom-living fishes and crustaceans
Interest to fisheries : Muraenesox species constitute the bulk of eels caught in Pakistan, but catch statisticsreported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) include Conger species as well. Annualcatch figures range from 350 t (1980) to 3 921 t (1982). They are good food fishes and sold mostly fresh, dry-salted or used as bait for shark fishing
Habitat and biology: Found on the continental shelf and slope. In shallowwaters, known to be nocturnal. Feeds on bottom-living fishes andcrustaceans. Sexually ripe specimens found in November to January on theBaluchistan coast.
Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are not officially reported for thisspecies. However, Burney et al . (1985) report total landings of about746 000 t for the Baluchistan coast in 1983. Dry-salted for export to SriLanka. Also used as bait for shark fishing
MURAENESOCIDAE
dorsal view of head
- 16 -
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Size :
Muraenesox bagio ( Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
Synonyms Muraenesox yamaguchiensis Katayama & Takai, 1954
Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin);Bam, Tayabi saang (Bal)
FAO names : En - Common pike congerFr - Morénésoce communSp - Morenocio común
Max.: 180 cm; common to 150 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with driftnets, long-lines and trawls
Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms, down to 100 m depth. Anocturnal species feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling fish and on crustaceans
Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)
FAO names : En - Conger eelsFr - CongresSp - Congrios
Size : Max.: to 80 cm
Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line and intrawls
Habitat and biology : Conger eels occur from
the coast to deep waters of the shelf and
slope. They are mostly active at night, hidingin burrows during daytime. They feed onbottom-dwelling organisms
Interest to fisheries : These fishes are valued as food and are sold mostly fresh.
Conger cinereus cinereus Rüppell, 1828
Synonyms Conger cinereus Rüppell, 1828
Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)
FAO names : En - Longfin African congerFr Congre oiroSp - Congrio de aleta larga ( Africa)
BONY FISHES
Size : Max.: 80 cm; common to 50 cm
Fishing gear : Caught mainly by hook and line
Habitat and biology : A common reef species, mostly active at
night. Feeds on small reef organisms
dorsal view of head
MURAENESOCIDAE
CONGRIDAE
- 17 -
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Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1848)
Synonyms : No n e
Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)
FAO names : En - Slender congerFr - Congre gracileSp - Congrio coludo
Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with fine-meshed trawls
Habitat and biology : Lives offshore on sandy and muddy bottoms.Feeds on bottom-dwelling crustaceans
Interest to fisheries : No special fishery but appears regularly in thecatches. Marketed mostly fresh.
Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)
FAO names : En - Sea catfishesFr - Mâ choironsSp - Bagres
Max.: to over 100 cm total length
Fishing gear : Bottom trawls, bagnets, dipnets.stake traps, shore seines and on hook. and
Habitat and biology : Sea catfishes are mostly marine but occur also in brackish and fresh waters. They are
usually confined to muddy coastal waters to 50 m depth, but a few species are caught at greater depths. Thesharp pectoral and dorsal fin spines can inflict painful wounds
Interest to fisheries : The sea catfishes may occur in large quantities and their flesh is said to be good. They areusually marketed fresh, but also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka, and used for the production of fishmeal. Thecombined catches of ariid catfishes reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) rangefrom 7 382 t (1983) to 28 642 t (1978) with an average of 16 952 t
Arius maculatus (Thun be r g, 1792)
- 18 -
BONY FISHES
Synonyms : Arius falcarius Richardson, 1844Tachysurus maculatus (Thun be r g, 1792)
Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Aasi, RaingiSpotted catfish (En)
FAO names : En - Spotted catfishFr - Machoiron tachetéSp - Bagre manchado
Size : Max.: 61 cm; common to 40 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets, dipnets, bamboo-stake traps and with line gear
Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters and estuaries. Feeds on inverte-brates and small fishes. Full maturity is attained by males and females at about16 cm length
roof of mouth
CONGRIDAE
ARIIDAE
Size :
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Arius platystomus Day, 1877
Synonyms : Tachysurus platystomus ( Day, 1877)
Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Khaggi (Bal)Flat-mouth catfish (En)
FAO names : En - Flatmouth sea catfishFr - Mâ choiron canardSp - Bagre pato
Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 10 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, stake traps, shore seines, setbagnets and on hook and line
Habitat and biology : Lives close to the coast, in marine waters as well asin estuaries
Arius tenuispinis Day, 1877
Synonyms Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis Misra, 1976Tachysurus tenuispinis (Day, 1877)
Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)
FAO names : En - Thinspine catfishFr - Mâ choiron aiguilletteSp - Bagre aqujilla
Size : Max.: 36 cm; common to 25 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bagn e ts , dipnets,bamboo-stake traps and on hook and line
Habitat and biology : Common in marine coastal waters, to about 50 m depth
Arius thalassinus (R üppell, 1837)
Arius serratus Day, 1877Tachysurus serratus (Day, 1877)Tachysurus thalassinus (Rüppell , 1837)Netuma thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837)
Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (large),Kup-a-go (Bal)Giant catfish (En)
FAO names : En - Giant catfishFr - Mâ choiron titanSp - Bagre titan
Size : Max.: 185 cm; common to 70 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls,
gillnets, bamboo-stake traps, with hand-lines, longlines and on hook and line
Habitat and biology : A marine species, often found in estuaries and
brackish water, but never entering freshwater. Feeds on crabs, prawnsand other crustaceans, but also on fishes and molluscs. Sexually ripe
specimens found in January and April. Mass spawning occurs in the lastweek of March and first week of April along the Baluchistan coast
Synonyms
- 1 9 -
BONY FISHES
ARIIDAE
juvenileadult
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teeth on roof
of mouth
Arius arius Hamilton, 1822Threadfin sea catfishBagga, Singhara (Sin)
Bargai (Bal)size: to 20 cm
Arius crossocheilus Bleeker, 1846Roughback sea catfishBagga, Singhara (Sin)
Bargai (Bal)size: to 40 cm
BONY FISHES
Other species of Ariidae
- 20 -
Arius caelatus Valenciennes, 1840Engraved catfish
Bagga, Singhara (Sin)Shazada, Siah-gosh khaggi (Bal)
size: to 45 cm
Arius dussumieri Valenciennes, 1840Blacktip sea catfish
Bagga, Singhara (Sin)Gallo (Bal)
size: to 30 cm
ARIIDAE
dorsal view of head
of head
dorsal view of head
teeth on roof of mouth
dorsal view
teeth on roof
of mouth
dorsal view of head
teeth on roof
of mouth
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teeth on roof of mouth
dorsal view of head
of mouth
teeth on roof
teeth on roof
of mouth dorsal view of head
teeth on roof
of mouth
- 21-
Arius sagor (Hamilton, 1822)
Sagor catfishKhagga, Singhara (Sin)
Bargai (Bal)size: to 45 cm
Arius subrostratus Valenciennes, 1840Shovelnose sea catfishBagga, Singhara (Sin)
Kun (Bal)size: to 30 cm
BONY FISHES
Other species of Ariidae
Arius sona (Hamilton, 1822)Sona sea catfish
Khagga, Singhara (Sin)Torro gallo (Bal)size: to 90 cm
ARIIDAE
Arius sumatranus Bennett, 1830Goat catfish
Bagga, Singhara (Sin)Matar (Bal)
size: to 30 cm
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Batrachocephalus mino (Hamilton, 1822)
Synonyms : No n e
Loc. names : khagga (Sin); Chonaro (Bal)Beardless sea catfish (En)
FAO names : En - Beardless sea catfishFr - Mâ choiron i mberbeSp - Barge lampiño
Size : Max.: 25 cm; common from 8 to 10 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets,bamboo-stake traps, hook and line and lobeline
Habitat and biology : A marine species, occurring inshallow coastal waters, estuaries and tidal rivers
Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Osteogeneiosus sthenocephalus Day, 1877
Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)
FAO names : En - Soldier catfishFr - Mâ choiron soldat
Sp - Bagre soldado
Size : Max.: 35 cm; common from 20 to 26 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, dipnets, bamboostake traps and on hook and line
Habitat and biology : A marine coastal species, occur-ring also in estuaries and river mouths, mostly in turbidwaters. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes
Loc. names : Bam-khagga (Sin);
Robila (Bal)
FAO names : En - Eel catfishesFr - BalibotsSp - Patunas
Size : Max.: to over 40 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom
seines, traps and on hook and lineHabitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, including reef areas, estuaries and tidal pools. Feed oncrustaceans, molluscs and fishes. The dorsal and pectoral spines are venomous and may inflict painful wounds.Gregarious in habits, the juveniles of P. limbatus form large aggregations
Interest to fisheries : Species of this family do not form the object of a special fishery and some fishermen dreadhandling them. The flesh is said to be delicate in taste
trawls,
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BONY FISHES
ARIIDAE
P LOTOS IDAE
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Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes , 1840Darkfin eel catfish
size: to 41 cm
Chanos c han o s (Forsskål , 1775)
Synonyms None
Loc. names : Ghonshi (Sin); Murro, Murra (Bal)
FAO names : En - MilkfishFr - ChanosSp - Chano
Size : Max.: 180 cm; common to 100 cm
Loc. names : Koniari (Sin); Bombala (Bal)
FAO names : En - LizardfishesFr - Anolis
Sp - Lagartos
Size : Max.: Some species may exceed 45 cm
- 2 3 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Plotosidae
*This species has been often misidentified as P. canius which maymaxillary barbels extend to the pectoral fin base
PLOTOSIDAE
Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787)Striped eel catfish
size: to 30 cm
also occur in the area. In P. canius the
CHANIDAE
Fishing gear : Caught with scoopnets, dragnets, setnets and traps
Habitat and biology : This is a coastal species, entering estuaries, fresh waters and lakes. The eggs are found atsea. The larval stages shift slowly toward the coast.areas of the Indo-Pacific region ( i .e. ., southern India and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc.). The distribution of the
The occurrence of fry seems to be restricted to specific
species seems to depend on the temperature and on predators. Feeds on bottom invertebrates. Muchexperimental data are available on this species but very little is known of its biology and life cycle in its naturalhabitat (see FAO Synopsis No. 4 (1960) for further information)
Interest to fisheries This species is very important in many countries of the Indo-Pacific region where it iscultured in ponds and tanks. In Pakistan it is occasionally caught and sold fresh
SYNODONTIDAE
Fishing gear : It is accidentally caught with bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : They are bottom-dwelling fishes, found around coral reefs and on open flats to about 500 m
depth. Most species are fish eaters and they usually wait motionless to seize the prey with a rapid motion
Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for any of the species of this family and there are no separatestatistics reported. If caught it is marketed fresh or used for fishmeal. The flesh is said to be of good qualityand flavour although quite bony. Saurida undosquamis and S. tumbil are the most widespread and abundant, aswell as the largest, members of the family
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Synonyms
Saurida longimanus Norman, 1939Longfin lizardfish
size: to 25 cm
None
Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848)Brushtooth lizardfish
size: to 45 cm or, more
PLATE I, 6
Synodus macrops Tanaka, 1917Triplecross lizardfish
size: to 18 cm
Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
Loc. names : Bombil (Sin); Bombala (Bal)Bombay duck (En)
FAO names : En - Bombay duckFr - BumaloSp - Bumalo
- 24 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Synodontidae
Size :
Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries
SYNODONTIDAE
Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795)Greater lizardfish
size: exceeds 40 cm
Synodus indicus (Day, 1873)Indian lizardfishsize: to 20 cm
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801)Bluntnose lizardfish
size: to 40 cm
HARPADONTIDAE
Interest to fisheries : This species is not as important in Pakistan as in India and no separate statistics are
reported from this country in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan. It is usually marketed dried-salted
ck for previous page
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L o c . name s :
Size :
Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, 1840
Synonyms None
FAO names :
En - Spotted codletFr - Varlet de l'Océan IndienSp - Bregmacero manchado
Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 7 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Over the continental shelf but possibly also oceanic, sometimes foundmainly on planktonic crustaceans
Interest to fisheries : No special fishery for this species which is only accidentally caught
Loc. names : Thuri (Sin); Jirri (Bal)
FAO names : En - FlyingfishesFr - ExocoetsSp - Voladores
Some species reach to 25 cm
Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett, 1840)African flyingfish
size: to 24 cm
- 25 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Exocoetidae
BREGMACEROTIDAE
in estuaries. Feeds
EXOCOETIDAE
Fishing gear : No special fishing gear has been
developed for these particular fishes in Pakistan
Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabit surface waters of open oceans. They are well known forleeping out of the water and gliding over a long distance with open pectoral and sometimes pelvic fins. Young (upto 10 cm) are quite different from adults, with different shape of fins and often with conspicuous barbels at chin
Interest to fisheries : An important fisheries for flying fishes has developed in India but they are not known of
being of commercial value in Pakistan where they are not yet exploited. The flesh is said to be of excellentquality
Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846Barbel flyingfishsize: to 20 cm
Mac Lelland's Unicorn-codfish (En)
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FAO names : En - HalfbeaksFr - Demi-becsSp - Agujetas
Size : Max.: to 20 cm
Exocoetus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)Tropical two-wing flyingfish
size: to 18 cm
Hirundichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1852)Bony flyingfishsize: to 20 cm
Loc. names : Thute (Sin); Murrant (Bal)
Fishing gear : Caught with seines, pelagictrawls, and dipnets
Habitat and biology : Mainly marine, but some species are found in brackish as well as fresh waters. They areepipelagic, sometimes leaping out of the water and gliding on the surface by vibrating the lower lobe of caudalfin. They are omnivorous, feeding on floating sea grass, crustaceans and small fishes
Interest to fisheries : These species are not of great commercial value but they are regularly found in localmarkets. The flesh is said to be of excellent quality
- 26 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Exocoetidae EXOCOETIDAE
Hirundichthys coromandelensis ( Hornell, 1923)Coromandel flyingfish
size: to 19 cm
HEMIRAMPHIDAE
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Size :
Loc. names : Kango, Kungi (Sin);Aabre (Bal)
FAOnames :
En - NeedlefishesFr - AiguillettesSp - Agujones
Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846)Flat needlefishsize: to 120 cm
BONY FISHES
Species of Hemiramphidae
Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775)Blackbarred halfbeak
size: to 44 cm
PLATE II, 7
- 27 -
Hyporhamphus ( Hyporhamphus) limbatus (Valenciennes, 1846)Congaturi halfbeak
size: to 22 cm
May attain a very large size (to 200 cm)
Fishing gear : Caught with lines and by trolling
Habitat and biology : They occur in marine as well as brackish and fresh waters. They are pelagic and able toleap out of the water and skitter on the surface. They feed mainly on small fishes
Interest to fisheries : Most species are found frequently in markets. The flesh is said to be excellent but somepeople have misgivings about consuming this fish because of the green colour of the bones
Species of Belonidae
.
Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850)Banded needlefish
size: to about 80 cm
Hyporhamphus (Reporhamphus) dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846)
Dussumier's halfbeaksize: to 30 cm
HEMIRAMPHIDAE
BELONIDAE
Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett, 1837)Keeltail needlefish
size: to 40 cm
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Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823)Spottail needlefish
size: to 40 cmPLATEII , 8
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & LeSueur, 1821)Hound needlefishsize: to 125 cm
Loc. names : Gilhari (Sin); Koh mitar (Bal)
FAO names : En - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishesFr - Marignans
Sp - Candiles
Size : Max.: to about 45 cm
Fishing gear : Probably taken in gillnets, trapsand on hook and line
Habitat and biology : Usually found in shallow waters and
coral reef areas or on rocky bottoms. Feed on invertebrates.The preopercular spine of Sargocentron is venomous
Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught in artisanal fisheries
Loc. names : Bangri (Sin); Moorat (Bal)
FAO names : En - Cornetfishes, FlutemouthsFr - CornettesSp - Cornetas
Size : Max.: 200 cm
Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom
trawls and in artisanal fisheries
Habitat and biology : Two species occur: Fistulariapetimba generally occurs in deeper waters offshorewhile F. commersonii usually occurs in shallow inshorewaters, often associated with reefs. Feed on smallfishes and shrimps
Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught
- 28 -
BONY FISHES
Species of Belonidae
BELONIDAE
Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850)Agujon needlefish
size: to 90 cm
HOLOCENTRIDAE
FISTULARIIDAE
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Loc. names Serin (Sin); Bheel-alari (Bal)
FAO names : En Scorpionfishes, Stingfihes, etc .Fr - RascassesSp - Rascacios
Size : Max.: to 40 cm
Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom
trawls
Habitat and biology : Mostly found in inshore waters on rocky bottoms and coral reefs, but also occurring on sandyor muddy bottoms further offshore. Scorpionfishes have venomous spines and should be handled with extremecare. Wounds can cause intense pain, respiratory distress and, in some cases, death. Immerse wound in hot waterto relieve pain.
Interest to fisheries : The flesh is white and good eating but these fishes are not valued as food in Pakistan
Loc. names : Bheel-alari (Bal)Sea robin (En)
FAO names : En - GurnardsFr - GrondinsSp - Cabetes
Size : Max.: to about 16 cm
Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Bottom-living species, found between 50 and about 250 m depth, usually in deeper watersof their range. They occur on sandy and muddy substrates, rubble or reef-type bottoms, using the free rays of their pectoral fins to search for food.
Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery and if caught they are used for fishmeal
(dorsal view)rostral process
Lepidotrigla bispinosa (Steindachner, 1898)Bullhorn gurnardsize: to 16 cm
(dorsal view)
rostral process
Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905Oman gurnard
size: to 12.5 cm
- 29 -
BONY FISHES
SCORPAENIDAE
TRIGLIDAE
Species of Triglidae
Lepidotrigla spiloptera Günther, 1880Spottedwing gurnard
size: to 10 cm
( d o r s a l v ie w )
r o s t r a l p r o c e s s
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P L A T Y C E P H A L I D A E
Loc. names : Khuker (Sin); Khuker (Bal)
FAO names : En - FlatheadsFr - PlatycéphalesSp - Chatos
Size : Max.: 100 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Bottom-living fishes, found on mudor sand, to about 75 m depth. Some species are asso-ciated with rocky shores and coral reefs
Interest to fisheries : These species are only accidentally
caught. Although quite frequent in the catches, they arenever in large quantities. Most species are good food-fishes
Cociella crocodila (Tilesius, 1812)Crocodile flathead
size: to 50 cm
Species of Platycephalidae
- 30 -
BONY FISHES
Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)Bartail flatheadsize: to 100 cm
Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel, 1840)Spotfin flatheadsize: to 25 cm
dorsal view
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Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dangri (Sin); Dangri (Bal)Cock-up, Giant perch (En)
FAO names : En - BarramundiFr - BarramundiSp - Barramundi
Size : Max.: 200 cm; common between 25 and100 cm
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin);Nambo, Chanco, Klancho (Bal)
Size : May exceed 200 cm
Fishing gear : They are usually taken in traps,
on hook and line, on longlines and in bottom
trawls
Habitat and biology : These are mostly demersal fishes, ranging from shallow coastal waters to moderate depths,rarely beyond 200 m. Most occur in rocky or reef areas, but some species show preference for sandy or muddyareas or seagrass beds. They are mostly solitary species and they only form breeding aggregations. Juveniles areoften found in estuaries.They feed on fish and invertebrates (including crabs and spiny lobsters). Most are
hermaphrodites, beginning life as females and then becoming males, or are synchronous hermaphrodites
Interest to fisheries : Many are excellent foodfishes, fetching high prices in local markets and thus sought in
commercial fisheries. Usually marketed fresh for local consumption and exported to Arabian Gulf countries.
Also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Catch of Epinephelus species reported in the Handbook of FisheriesStatistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from410 t (1974) to 5 463 t (1982), with an average of 1 784 t. More than
30 species belonging to this family have been reported from Pakistan. Separate information will be given onlyfor the most important species. The remaining ones are only illustrated in plates
Epinephelns bleekeri (Vaillant, 1877)
Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, hand-lines, bottom gillnets and traps; also in sport
fishing
Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters,Feeds on fishes and crustaceans
FAO names : En - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc.Fr - Vielles, mérous, serrans, etc.
Sp - Chernas, meros, serranos, etc.
- 3 1 -
estuaries and lagoons, usually at depths between
Interest to fisheries : Catches of this species reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 457 t (1980) to 3 018 t (1982), with an average of 936 t. Marketed fresh
10 and 40 m.
SERRANIDAE
PLATE II, 9
Synonyms : Epinephelus coromandelicus Day, 1878
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Golori (Jiwani area)Klancho (Bal)B l e e k e r ' s r e e f c o d ( E n )
FAO names : En - Duskytail grouperFr - Mérou demideuil
Sp - Mero medioluto
Size : Max.: 70 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets and traps
Habitat and biology : On rocky bottoms and reef areas
C E N T R O P O M I D A E
B O N Y F I S H E S
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Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Lacepède, 1802)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)
Blue and yellow reef cod (En)FAO names : En - Blue and yellow grouper
Fr - Mérou faraudSp - Mero azul y amarillo
Size : Max.: 90 cm
Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in trapsand gillnets
Habitat and biology : Occurs in coral reef areas and
rocky bottoms, from the shore to 160 m depth
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE III, 13
Synonyms : Epinephelus horridus (Valenciennes, 1828)
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)
FAO names : En - Brown-marbled grouperFr - Mérou marbréSp - Mero manchado
Size : Max.: 90 cm; 11 kg
Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and
gillnets as well as in traps
Habitat and biology : Mainly in reef 30 m depth
FAO names : En - Banded grouperFr - Mérou à bandesSp - Mero abanderado
Size : Max.: 70 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, in
traps, gillnets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Occurs between 20 and 200 m depth, juveniles over muddy or sandy bottoms, adults in rocky
areas
areas, to
BONY FISHES
at
- 33 -
on
least
Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)
PLATE III, 14
SERRANIDAE
juvenile
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Epinephelus malabaricus (Schneider, 1801)
Synonyms
Loc. names
FAO names
Often misidentification as " Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775)", which is a different species
Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)
En - Malabar grouperFr - Mérou malabareSp - Mero malabarico
Size : Max.: 100 cm (perhaps 200 cm)
Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in traps,
gillnets and trawls
Habitat and biology : Occurring in turbid waters,
i.e., estuarine areas, harbours, as well as in reef areas, to about 30 m depth. This is the most com-mon inshore species of grouper of the Western
Indian Ocean
Epinephelusmorrhua (Valenciennes, 1833)
Synonyms : Epinephelus cometae Tanaka, 1927
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)Banded-cheek reefcod (En)
FAO names : En - Comet grouperFr - Mérou comèteSp - Mero cometa
Max.: 90 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and in trawls
Habitat and biology : Found from about 100 to more than350 m depth
Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms : Epinephelus elongatus Schultz, 1953Epinephelus chewa Morgans, 1965
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari, Mait (large)(Bal)Greasy reefcod (En)
FAO names : En - Greasy grouperFr - Mérou loutreSp - Mero lutra
Size : Max.: 65 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and long-
lines (using shrimp bait), traps and gillnets. Mainfishery season is from November to April.
- 34 -
BONY FISHES
PLATE III, 15
PLATE III, 16
PLATE III, 17
Habitat and biology : Mainly found in coral reef areas from 1 to50 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living crustaceans, especiallyshrimp and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens are found inDecember and March along the Baluchistan coast
SERRANIDAE
Size :
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Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)
FAO names : En - Potato grouperFr - Mérou patateSp - Mero patata
Size : Max.: 200 cm
Fishing gear : Caught mainly with hook and line
Habitat and biology : Occurs on rocky bottoms, from10 to 150 m depth
Epinephelus undulosus ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotinri (Bal)
FAO names : En - Midwater grouperFr - Mérou noduléSp - Mero ondulado
Size : Max.: 75 cm; 7 kg
Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and on hookand line
Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790)
BONY FISHES
Habitat and biology : Over sandy banks, from 20 to 90 mdepth. Feeds on fishes, small crustaceans and tunicates
PLATE III, 18
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Mait (large)(Bal)Grouper (En)
FAO names : En - Brindle grouperFr - Mérou lancéoléSp - Mero lanceolado
Size : Max.: 270 cm (over 400 kg)
Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and spears
Habitat and biology :Common in harbours, estuaries
and around wrecks, from 5 to 100 m depth
SERRANIDAE
- 35 -
juvenile
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Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal)
FAO names : En - Terapon-perches, teraponsFr - Violons
Sp - Baraongas
Max.: usually not exceeding 30 cm
Fishing gear : They are likely to be caught
with many types of inshore artisanal fishinggear, including: gillnets, traps, hook and
line, handlines and bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabitinshore waters and some are common in estuaries andin fresh water
Interest to fisheries : They are good foodfishes and they are rather
species, however, is important enough to support a special fishery
Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790)
Synonyms : None
Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal)Trumpeter perch (En)
FAO names : En - Fourlined teraponFr - Violon crépusculeSp - Baraonga aurora
Size : Max.: 30 cm, common to 20 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlinesand in bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Occurs in inshore waters, oftenin estuaries. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates
Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms : Holocentrus servus Bloch, 1790
Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal)Crescentperch (En)
FAO names : En - Jarbua teraponFr - Violon jarbuaSp - Baraonga jarbua
Size : Max.. 30 cm; common to 25 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fish-ing gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and
bottom trawls
PLATE IV, 19
- 36 -
BONY FISHES
Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters, sometimesinvertebrates, also a scale-eater
common in the catches.
TERAPONIDAE
None of these
in estuaries and fresh waters. Feeds on fishes and
Size :
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Terapon puta ( Cuvier, 1829)
Habitat and biology : Found mainly in inshore waters, also in estuaries and in fresh waters. Feeds on fishes andinvertebrates
Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829)
Synonyms Eutherapon theraps: Whitley, 1943
Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal)Large-scaled banded grunt (En)
FAO names : En - Largescaled teraponFr - Violon tigre
Sp - Baraongatigre
Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore
fishing gear including gillnets, traps, handlinesand bottom trawls
Habitat and biology : Found in inshore areas, sometimes in brackish waters. Feeds on invertebrates and fish
Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms None
PLATE IV, 20
Synonyms : Authistes puts Whitley, 1943
Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Gwarak (large), Kabloosh (Bal)
Small-scaled banded grunt (En)
FAO names : En - Smallscaled teraponFr - Violon grogneurSp - Baraonga ronco
Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fish-
ing gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and inbottom trawls
Loc. names : Bhambor (Sin); Hashoor (Bal)Silver whiting (En)
FAO names : En - Silver sillagoFr - Pêche- madame ardent
Sp - Silag o plateado
Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm
Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines and handlines
Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow sandy bottoms of shores and bays; also in creeks and estuaries.
small invertebrates
Interest to fisheries : The main fishery for this species takes place in June-July (Undo ) together with mullet andprawns. It is said to be caught in creeks in very large numbers when the sea is rough and the fishermen do notgo far from shore. The flesh is said to be tasty. The catches reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 102 t (1980) to 859 t (1982) with an average of 404 t
PLATE I