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INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR
“LOS ANDES”
CARRERA TECNÓLOGO EN ANÁLISIS DE SISTEMAS
TEMA
MONTAJE E INSTALACIÓN DE PERIFÉRICOS PORTÁTILES PARA OPTIMIZAR
EL RENDIMIENTO DEL LABORATORIO NÚMERO 1 DEL INSTITUTO
TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR “LOS ANDES”
INFORME PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TITULO DE TECNÓLOGO EN
ANÁLISIS DE SISTEMAS.
AUTORA: Man!an"a #$%n&a Ma'%an()a S)("a"
TUTOR: In&. V('*n%+a A%,a'a
PILLARO – ECUADOR
-1/0-1
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CAPÍTULO I
1 EL PROBLEMA
1.1 Plantea!ent" #el $%"&lea
1.1.1 C"nte't(al!)a*!+n
En )a ("$+a+%*n 2$3('%' "( n$(24' 3a52 (2 %n"%23(n2a!)( +n4a' +n )a 4(+n)&5a
n(+(2a'%a6 7a 8$( )a ,a7'5a "( )a2 %n24%4$+%n(2 n +$(n4an +n (8$%3a,%(n4 4(+n)*&%+
a"(+$a" 3a'a 8$( )2 (24$"%an4(2 3$("an '(a)%9a' 3':+4%+a2 3$(2 "( (24a ,an('a ())2
3"':n a"8$%'%' +n+%,%(n42 n$(;2 7 )a %n24%4$+%*n 3"': !'%n"a' $na ("$+a+%*n "(
+a)%"a" 34%,%9an" a25 () '(n"%,%(n4 a+a"',:4%+a2 8$( >'(+(n @7 (n "5a )2 "%>('(n4(2 %n24%4$42 "( n$(24'a 3';%n+%a.
En )a a+4$a)%"a" )a +a''('a "( an:)%2%2 "( 2%24(,a2 +'(a 3'>(2%na)(2 )5"('(2 7
+'(a4%;2 +a3a+(2 "( 4'an2>',a' %"(a2 (n 2)$+%n(2 3':+4%+a2 3a'a 2)$+%na' 3'!)(,a2
"() (n4'n (n () 8$( 2( "(2(n;$();(n (2 3' (24 8$( (2 n(+(2a'% )a %,3)(,(n4a+%*n "(
$n )a!'a4'% 3a'a () ,n4a=( ( %n24a)a+%*n "( (8$%32 (n () %n24%4$4 4(+n)*&%+ 2$3('%'
“L2 An"(2” 3a'a 8$( () %n24%4$4 3$("a a)+an9a' 3'(24%&% %n24%4$+%na) 7 )2 (24$"%an4(2
3$("an a)+an9a' ()
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1.1., An-l!! *%!t!*"
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3'4:4%)(2 3'"$+%(n" "(2a+4$a)%9a+%*n "( +n+%,%(n42 4(+n)*&%+2 (n )2 (24$"%an4(2 7
3';+an" "(23'(24%&% %n24%4$+%na).
En )a a+4$a)%"a" )a 3+a &(24%*n "( )a2 a$4'%"a"(2 3'"$+( &a24 (4'a (n )2
(24$"%an4(2 (24 a>(+4a "%'(+4a,(n4( (n () '(n"%,%(n4 a+a"'a(24'$+4$'a "%>%+$)4a 8$( )2 (24$"%an4(2 2( "(2(n;$();an (n $n
a,!%(n4( 3+ >a;'a!)( "( (n2(an9a &(n('an" ,a)(24a' ( %n+,"%"a" 4an4 "(
"+(n4(2 +, "( )2 a)$,n2 7 3' (n"( )2 +n+%,%(n42 a"8$%'%"2 (n () a$)a n
3"':n 2(' 3$(242 (n 3':+4%+a 3$(24 8$( @7 (n "5a (2 >$n"a,(n4a) '(a)%9a' a+4%;%"a"(2
+,3)(,(n4a'%a2.
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An"(2” (2 $na "( )a2 3'%n+%3a)(2 +a$2a2 8$( %,32%!%)%4a 8$( (24$"%an4a" '(a)%+(n
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1.1./ Á%&"l #e $%"&lea
E0e*t"
P%"&lea
Ca(a
G%-0!*" N 1 Á'!) "() 3'!)(,a
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1.1.2 P%"3n"!
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%n+,"%"a" 7 "(23'(24%&% %n24%4$+%na). A) (%24%' (24( )a!'a4'% (n )a %n24%4$+%*n ()
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INE4ISTENCIA DE E5UIPOSPORTÁTILES PARA MONTA6E EINSTALACIÓN DE PERI78RICOS.
R(+$'22 (+n*,%+2%n2$>%+%(n4(2
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+, 3':+4%+a2 "( ,n4a=( 7 ,an4(n%,%(n4 "( (8$%32 34%,%9an" a25 2$ '(n"%,%(n4
a+a"%+%2 "() ,n4a=( ( %n24a)a+%*n "( 3('%>
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M% 3'7(+4 "( %n;(24%&a+%*n (2 "( ,$+@ %n4('a;'a!)( (n )a 4(+n)&5a 3'8$( a)
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+)+a' +a"a $n "( )2 +,3n(n4(2.
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1.< Al*an*e
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,%+'3'+(2a"' "( / G96 $na ,(,'%a RAM "( 1 GB6 $n ,$2( 7 $n 4(+)a". (24(
(8$%3 2(': "( $2 (+)$2%; "( )2 (24$"%an4(2 "() %n24%4$4 4(+n)*&%+ 2$3('%' “L2
An"(2”.
1.= P%"$(eta
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(8$%32.
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A)4 n%;() ("$+a4%;"() %n24%4$4
E4ISTENCIA DE E5UIPOSPORTÁTILES PARA EL MONTA6E E
INSTALACIÓN
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G%-0!*" N 1 Á'!) "() 3'!)(,a
Ela&"%a#" $"%: Man!an"a #$%n&a Ma'%an()a S)("a"
MATRI> DE ANÁLISIS DE ALTERNATI?AS
C'%4('%2 A)4('na4%;a 1 A)4('na4%;a -+24 H -
I,3a+4 S+%a) - 1I,3a+4 E"$+a4%; H -I,3a+4 4(+n)*&%+ H -R%(2& - -R(+$'22 $,an2 - -
R(+$'22 Ma4('%a)(2 H -T%(,3 - HTOTAL - 1
S$>%+%(n4(2 '(+$'22(+n*,%+2
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In>'a(24'$+4$'aa"(+$a"a
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Pa'a 8$( (n () In24%4$4 S$3('%' 4(+n)*&%+ “L2 An"(2” (%24a $n )a!'a4'% +n
(8$%3a,%(n4 4(+n)*&%+ a"(+$a" 3a'a () ,n4a=( ( %n24a)a+%*n "( (8$%32 3'4:4%)(2 2(
'(+,%(n"a )a a)4('na4%;a 1 )a +$a) 8$( 3(',%4( a3';(+@a' )2 '(+$'22 (+n*,%+2
2$>%+%(n4(2 3a'a )&'a' 8$( )2 (24$"%an4(2 a+4$a)%+(n 2$2 +n+%,%(n42 4(+n)*&%+2 )2
+$a)(2 ;an a 3(',%4%' 8$( "(2a''))(n a) ,:%, 2$2 @a!%)%"a"(2 7 "(24'(9a2.
1.@ e%%a!enta
Pa'a '(a)%9a' () ,n4a=( ( %n24a)a+%*n "( 3('%>$n"a,(n4a (n %n;(24%&a+%n(2
an4('%'(2 "(4(',%na"a 3' 4'2 a$4'(2.
TEMA: ”ENSAMBLAJE DE COMPUTADORAS DEL LABORATORIO
DE PRACTICAS DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS INFORMATICAS DE LA
UNVERSIDAD DE MANABI”.
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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AUTOR: J2( a;%(' Za,!'an
AO: -K
“El laboratorio de ensamblaje de computadoras debera cumplir con las debidas
caracteristicas en cuanto a su espacio fisico normas de seguridad; normas de
funcionamiento y el quipamiento nimimo que debe tener.
Los mayores veneficiarios de este proyecto seran los estudiantes de FACCIC al
poder acer practicas necesarias para el ensamblajey desmontaje de las partes de
una computadora .!
Pa'a )a %,3)(,(n4a+%n "( $n )a !'a4'% "( (n2a,!)a=( (2 n(+(2a'% 8$(
(24( +$(n4( +n () a,!%(n4( 7 )a %n>'a(24'$+$'a a"(+$a"a "( ,an('a 8$( )2 "+(n4(2 3$("an 4'an2,%4%' 2$2 +n+%,%(n42 a )2 (24$"%an4(2 8$( ())2 3$("an '(a)%9a'
3'a+4%+a2 3(',%4%(n")(2 () '(+n+%(n" "( +a"a $n "( )2 +,3n(n4(2 "( $n
+,3$4a".
TEMA: “MONTAJE APLICACIÓN DE PERIFÉRICOS PORTÁTILES
PARA LA SIMULACIÓN DE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES”
AUTORES:
FAUSTO ULPIANO CAICEDO BENAVIDES
PAÚL AGUSTN NÚEZ VELASTEGU
AO: -11
“"e ejecut# de forma satisfactoria un sistema de simulaci#n de un proceso
industrial$ utili%ando el aut#mata para el control y el panel operador para la
visuali%aci#n del proceso. "e desarroll# una gu&a de pr'cticas de laboratorio
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aplicando la pantalla t'ctil con su soft(are de programaci#n$ el cual nos permite la
administraci#n de registros en recetas$ el arcivo de valores de procesos y avisos.
"e reali%# un manual de tareas de mantenimiento preventivo para el m#dulo de
automati%aci#n industrial$ considerando como equipos importantes al aut#mata y
al panel operador.!
E2 %,3'4an4( () "(2a''))a' $na &$5a "( 3':+4%+a2 7a 8$( 2(';%': +, a37
3a'a )2 $2$a'%2 )2 +$a)(2 3"':n ))(;a' a+a! 2$2 4a'(a2 2%n n%n&?n 4%3 "(
+,3)%+a+%n(26 4a,!%
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INFORMÁTICAARDARE
COMPONENTES
BÁSICOS
ARDAREMONTA6E E
INSTALACIÓN DEPERI7ERICOSPORTÁTILES
TICS
RECURSOS INFORMÁTICOS
APLICACIONES
RENDIMIENTO
TECNOLÓGICO
,., MARCO TEORICO
CATEGORÍAS 7UNDAMENTALESSUPERORDINACIÓN SUBORDINACIÓN
OPTIMIZAR
VARIABLE INDEPENDIENTE VARIABLE DEPENDIENTE
G%-0!*" N, R(" "( In+)$2%*n
Ela&"%a#" $"%: Man!an"a #$%n&a Ma'%an()a S)("a".
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-.-.1 ?ARIABLE DEPENDIENTE
,.,.1.1 MONTA6E E INSTALACIÓN DE PERI78RICOS PORTÁTILES
“La misi#n fundamental de los dispositivos perif)ricos es establecer
comunicaci#n con el mundo e*terior y el ordenador. El ordenador procesa
datos que ay que introducirles en su memoria de alguna forma y genera
resultados que debe comunicarnos a trav)s de alg+n medio. ,odo ello tiene
lugar mediante dispositivos perif)ricos.” RICARDO6 -/
L2 "%232%4%;2 3('%>',a+%*n6 2%';%(n" "( ,(,'%a a$%)%a' "( )a ,(,'%a 3'%n+%3a).
S( +n2%"('a 3('%>',a" 3' )a Un%"a" +(n4'a) "(
3'+(2a,%(n4 CPU 7 )a ,(,'%a +(n4'a)6 3(',%4an '(a)%9a' 3('a+%n(2 "(
(n4'a"a2a)%"a ES +,3)(,(n4a'%a2 a) 3'+(2 "( "a42 8$( '(a)%9a )a CPU. E24a2
4'(2 $n%"a"(2 !:2%+a2 (n $n +,3$4a"'6 CPU6 ,(,'%a +(n4'a) 7 () 2$!2%24(,a "(
ES6 (24:n +,$n%+a"a2 (n4'( 25 3' 4'(2 !$2(2 +ana)(2 "( +,$n%+a+%*n
D!%e**!"ne: 3a'a 2()(++%na' )a "%'(++%*n "() "a4 "() 3('%>
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C"nt%"l: !:2%+a,(n4( 3a'a 2()(++%na' )a 3('a+%*n a '(a)%9a' 2!'( ()
"a4 3'%n+%3a),(n4( )(+4$'a6 (2+'%4$'a ,"%>%+a+%*n 7
Dat": 3' "n"( +%'+$)an )2 "a42.
CLASI7ICACIÓN DE PERI78RICOS
Pe%!0%!*" #e ent%a#a: +a34an 7 "%&%4a)%9an )2 "a42 "( 2(' n(+(2a'%6
%n4'"$+%"2 3' () $2$a'% 3' 4' "%232%4%; 7 )2 (n;5an a) '"(na"' 3a'a 2('
3'+(2a"2.
Pe%!0%!*" #e al!#a: 2n "%232%4%;2 8$( ,$(24'an 3'7(+4an%n>',a+%*n @a+%a () (4('%' "() '"(na"'. La ,a7'5a 2n 3a'a %n>',a'6 a)('4a'6
+,$n%+a'6 3'7(+4a' "a' a) $2$a'% +%('4a %n>',a+%*n6 "( )a ,%2,a >',a 2(
(n+a'&an "( +n;('4%' )2 %,3$)22 ()
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MONTA6E E INSTALACIÓN DE DISPOSITI?OS PORTÁTILES
“En el montaje y desmontaje de los equipos inform'ticos se trabaja con
componentes sometidos a tensi#n el)ctrica$ se manejan superficies cortantes$
erramientas puntiagudas$ etc.$ con lo que e*iste el riesgo de sufrir unaccidente. -or ello$ es fundamental cumplir las medidas establecidas en
materia de prevenci#n de riesgos laborales.! IILIBROS6 -1-
Pa'a '(a)%9a' () ,n4a=( 7 )a %n24a)a+%*n "( (8$%32 3'4:4%)(2 "(!(,2 4,a'
(n +$(n4a )a2 "(!%"a2 ,("%"a2 "( 2(&$'%"a" 3a'a (;%4a' 3n(' (n '%(2& )a %n4(&'%"a"
>52%+a 7 +a2%na' () "a (n () (8$%36 (2 "(+%' () ,n4a=( 7 )a %n24a)a+%*n "(!(
@a+('2( (n $na %n>'a(24'$+4$'a a"(+$a"a 7 +n )a2 @(''a,%(n4a2 n(+(2a'%a2.
A +n4%n$a+%*n 2( 3'+("(': a (3)%+a' () ,n4a=( "( $n (8$%3 %n>',:4%+.
S( @a ()(&%" $na +n>%&$'a+%*n 8$( 4%(n( +, 3'+(2a"' $n In4() C'(- #$a" a
-./G@96 +n $na 3)a+a !a2( +n >a+4' "( >',a AT ,a'+a ASUS6 8$( "%23n( "()
9*+a) +''(23n"%(n4( a (24( 4%3 "( 3'+(2a"'(2 2+(4 . L2 3'+(22 "(
,n4a=( (n () '(24 "( +,3$4a"'(2 2$()(n 2(' ,$7 2%,%)a'(2.
MONTA6E DE LA PLACA BASE EN LA CA6A
An4(2 "( 3'+("(' a) ,n4a=(6 4,a'(,2 )a2 3'(+a$+%n(2 7 )a2 ,("%"a2 "(
2(&$'%"a" 8$( a+a!a,2 "( (24$"%a'6 (n (23(+%a) )a 3'(;(n+%*n "( '%(2&2 (n +a'&a2
()(+4'24:4%+a26 ()%)a"a2 "( )2 +n(+4'(26 )a2 3a4%))a2 a>%)a"a2 "( )a2
4a'=(4a2 "( +%'+$%42 %,3'(226 )2 !'"(2 7 (28$%na2 +'4an4(2 "( )a +a'+a2a6 )2
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+,3n(n4(2 +a)%(n4(2 +, 3'+(2a"'(26 '(&$)a"'(2 "( ;)4a=( 7 "%2%3a"'(2 "(
+a)' 7 )2 "(23('>(+42 (n )2 +a!)(2 8$( 3"'5an +a$2a' $n +'4+%'+$%4.
#$%4a,2 )2 4'n%))2 "( )a 4a3a )a4('a) "('(+@a "( )a 3a'4( 4'a2('a "( )a
+a'+a2a 7 )2 &$a'"a,2 (n )$&a' 2(&$'. G(n('a),(n4(6 2( "(2)%9a )a 4a3a @a+%a
a4':2 (n () ,an$a) "( )a +a=a "(!( ,24'a' () 3'+("%,%(n4 "( a3('4$'a (23(+5>%+.
S% 2( %n4(n4a '(a)%9a' 3' %n4$%+%*n6 2( 3$("( "aa' 'a7a' )a +a=a 7 )$(&6 () +)%(n4(
n )a @a': +a,!%a' 3' 4'a.
C,3'!a,2 2% )2 +n(+4'(2 "() 4(+)a"6 'a4*n6 3$('42 USB6 a$"%6 (4+.6
"( )a 3)a+a !a2( +%n+%"(n +n () "%!$= "() 3'4(+4' ,(4:)%+ "( )a 3a'4( 4'a2('a "(
)a +a=a. S% n (2 a256 +a,!%a,2 "( 3'4(+4'.
N 48$(2 )a 3)a+a !a2( +n )2 "("26 2$=
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0 #$%4a,2 () 3'4(+4' "( 3):24%+ 7 3'+("(,2 a 2$ "(2!)8$(6
(>(+4$an" 3a'a ()) $n !'(;( "(23)a9a,%(n4 "( )a 3a)an+a @a+%a >$('a6 7 "(23$('%' S% 4$;%('a a)&$na 3(&a4%na (n )a 3a'4(
2$3('%'6 @a!'5a 8$( 8$%4a')a.
0 En+n4'a"a )a 32%+%*n6 +)+a,2 )a 3a'4( %n>('%' "() ,%+'3'+(2a"' (n+n4a+4 +n () 2+(46 2%n >'9a' n% 3'(2%na'6 @a24a 8$( (n+a=( +''(+4a,(n4(.
P24('%',(n4(6 !a=a'(,2 )a 4a3a ,(4:)%+a 7 +)+a'(,2 )a 3a)an+a "( 2$=(+%*n (n
2$ 32%+%*n @'%9n4a).
MONTA6E DEL DISIPADOR DE CALOR
A )a @'a "( %n24a)a' $n "%2%3a"';(n4%)a"' 3a'a () ,%+'3'+(2a"'6
"(!(,2 +,3'!a'6 (n 3'%,(' )$&a'6 2$ +,3a4%!%)%"a" 7 +$:) (2 () 4%3 "( an+)a=(
8$( n(+(2%4a 3' 3'(2%*n ,("%an4( 3a4%))a2 a4'n%))a". E%24(n (n () ,('+a"
"%2%3a"'(2;(n4%)a"'(2 8$( 2n +,3a4%!)(2 +n AMD 7 (n In4(). S(': n(+(2a'%
%n24a)a' 3'(;%a,(n4( () a',a9*n +''(23n"%(n4( a )a ,a'+a 8$( 4(n(,2 7 "(2(+@a'
() 4' 4%3.
INSTALACIÓN
DE LA MEMORIA RAM
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Pa'a )a %n24a)a+%*n "( )a ,(,'%a (n )a 3)a+a !a2(6 )+a)%9a'(,2 (n ()
,an$a) "( )a 3)a+a )a2 32%!)(2 +n>%&$'a+%n(2 "( ,*"$)2 "( ,(,'%a 8$( a",%4(6
(23(+%>%+a+%n(26 ;()+%"a"(2 23'4a"a26 4a,a2 ,:%,2 7 2% "%23n( "( )a
4(+n)&5a D$a) C@ann().
A2%,%2,6 )+a)%9a'(,2 )a ,$(2+a (n )a 3a'4( "( )2 +n(+4'(2 "( )a2
,(,'%a2 3a'a '%(n4a')a2 +''(+4a,(n4( a )a @'a "( 2$ %n24a)a+%*n. S%(,3'(
2(&$%'(,2 )a2 ,("%"a2 "( 3'4(++%*n 7 ,an%3$)a'(,2 )2 ,*"$)2 3' 2$2
(4'(,2.
A+4$a),(n4(6 4"2 )2 '"(na"'(2 3('2na)(2 '(+n+(n a$4,:4%+a,(n4(
)a ,(,'%a %n2('4a"a (n )a 3)a+a !a2(6 3' ) 8$( (n 3'%n+%3% n 2(': n(+(2a'%
'(a)%9a' a=$24(2 "( +n>%&$'a+%*n (n )a BIOS 3a'a () 4a,a6 )a +an4%"a" 7 )a
;()+%"a".
,.,.1., COMPONENTES BÁSICOS ARDHARE
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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D(2"( () 4'a"%+%na) '"(na"' 3('2na) PC @a24a )2 4a!)(42 An"'%"(6
3a2an" 3' )2 Ma+%n42@ "( A33)( 7 )2 3'4:4%)(2 $)4'a)%&('26 (24( )%!' >'(+(
$na ;%2%*n +,3)(4a 7 3':+4%+a "( )2 "%24%n42 ()(,(n42 8$( >',an () ))a,a"
@a'"Qa'( PC )2 +,3n(n4(2 !:2%+2 "( 2$ a'8$%4(+4$'a6 +, () ,%+'3'+(2a"'
)a ,(,'%a )2 3('%>',:4%+a 7a 8$( +n )a a7$"a "( (242 +n+%,%(n42 )a2 3('2na2 3"':n
%"(n4%>%+a' 7 +n+(' +a"a $n "( )2 ()(,(n42 !:2%+2 8$( @a+(n 8$( $n
+,3$4a"' >$n+%n( 7a 2(a $na 3+ "() @&a' $na +,3$4a"'a 3('2na).
L2 +,3n(n4(2 !:2%+2 "( @a'"Qa'( 2n () +n=$n4 "( +,3n(n4(2
%n"%23(n2a!)(2 n(+(2a'%2 3a'a 4'&a' )a >$n+%na)%"a" ,5n%,a a $na +,3$4a"'a.
En4'( (242 (n+n4'a,2
M!*%"$%"*ea#"% " CPU
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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E2 )a +,3n(n4( >$n"a,(n4a) "() +,3$4a"'6 (n+a'&a"a "( %n4('3'(4a' 7
(=(+$4a' %n24'$++%n(2 7 "( 3'+(2a' "a42. A"(,:2 "( 3'+(2a' )a %n>',a+%*n6
3'3'+%na )2 3$('42 n(+(2a'%2 3a'a +n(+4a' )2 "%24%n42 3('%>$(n4( "( a)%,(n4a+%*n6 ;(n4%)a"'(26 +a!)(2 "( a)%,(n4a+%*n6 +a!)(2
"( "a42 !$2(2 7 )2 "%24%n42 !4n(2 "( +n4').
Ta%9eta Ma#%e
Una 4a'=(4a ,a"'( (2 )a +(n4'a) 3'%,a'%a 4a'=(4a "( +%'+$%4 "( $n 2%24(,a "(
+*,3$4 $ 4' 2%24(,a ()(+4'*n%+ +,3)(=. Una +,3$4a"'a 453%+a +n ()
,%+'3'+(2a"'6 ,(,'%a 3'%n+%3a)6 7 4'2 +,3n(n4(2 !:2%+2 "( )a 4a'=(4a
,a"'(. O4'2 +,3n(n4(2 "( )a +,3$4a"'a 4a) +, a),a+(na,%(n4 (4('n6
+%'+$%42 "( +n4') 3a'a ;%"( 7 2n%"6 7 "%232%4%;2 3('%>
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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Ta%9eta #e !#e"
Ta,!%%+a '(?n( 4"a )a %n>',a+%*n 8$( "(!( ;%2$a)%9a'2( (n 3an4a))a
7 a+4?a +, %n4('>a9 (n4'( () 3'+(2a"' 7 () ,n%4' )a %n>',a+%*n (2 (n;%a"a a
%+a 2( +,3n(6 !:2%+a,(n4(6 "( $n +n4')a"' "( ;%"(6 "( )a ,(,'%a "( 3an4a))a RAM ;%"(6 7 () &(n('a"' "( +a'a+4('(26 7 (n )a a+4$a)%"a" 4a,!%',a+%*n a),a+(na"a
(n )a RAM ;%"( 7 )a 4'an2>%('( a) ,n%4' (n >',a "( 2(a) "( ;%"( () n?,(' "(
;(+(2 3' 2(&$n" 8$( () +n4(n%" "( )a RAM ;%"( (2 )(5" 7 4'an2,%4%" a)
,n%4' (n >',a "( 2(a) "( ;%"( 2( +n+( +, >'(+$(n+%a "( '(>'(2+ "( )a
3an4a))a.
La ta%9eta #e "n!#"
E2 $na 4a'=(4a ()(+4'*n%+a 8$( 2( +n(+4a $na 'an$'a 8$( 4%(n( )a
+,3$4a"'a CPU6 (n (23(+5>%+ )a 4a'=(4a ,a"'( 8$( 4%(n( +, >$n+%n(2
3'%n+%3a)(2 )a &(n('a+%*n '(3'"$++%*n "( 2n%" 7 )a (n4'a"a &'a!a+%*n "()
,%2,. Pa'a '(3'"$+%' 2n%"26 )a2 4a'=(4a2 %n+)$7(n $n +@%3 2%n4(4%9a"' 8$(
&(n('a n"a2 ,$2%+a)(2. E24( 2%n4(4%9a"' 2)5a (,3)(a' )a 4(+n)&5a FM6 8$(
(,$)a () 2n%" "( %n24'$,(n42 '(a)(2 ,("%an4( 3$'a 3'&'a,a+%*n 2%n (,!a'&6
$na 4
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En a;(Ta!)( 2( $2an &'a!a+%n(2 "( %n24'$,(n42 '(a)(26 3'"$+%%+%a),(n4(
$n 2n%" a (,%4%' $n '(a). La2 4a'=(4a2 8$( $2an (24a 4%+%(n4( $n "%2+ "$' ,:2 ':3%" 8$( $n ,%2,
3'+(2a"'6 ) %,3'4an4( (n )2 "%2+2 "$'2 (2 2$ +a3a+%"a"6 2$ ;()+%"a" 7 8$(
4(n&an $n >$n+%na,%(n4 (24a!)(.
La Me"%!a
E2 )a +a3a+%"a" "( a),a+(na' %n>',a+%*n6 (%24(n "2 4%32 "( ,(,'%a )a
,(,'%a ROM 7 )a RAM )a ROM (2 $na ,(,'%a "( 2) )(+4$'a 7 (n ())a (24:
%n24a)a" () 3'&'a,a !:2%+ "( %n%+%a+%*n6 )a RAM (2 $na ,(,'%a "( a++(2
a)(a4'% 3$("( )(('2( 7 (2+'%!%'2(6 (n ())a 2n a),a+(na"a2 4an4 )a2 %n24'$++%n(2
8$( n(+(2%4a (=(+$4a' () ,%+'3'+(2a"' +, )2 "a42 8$( %n4'"$+%,2 7
"(2(a,2 3'+(2a'6 a25 +, )2 '(2$)4a"2 !4(n%"26 (2 )a ,(,'%a 3'%n+%3a) "()
'"(na"'.
E2 $na ,(,'%a ;):4%)6 2$ +n4(n%" 2( !''a a) a3a&a' () '"(na"'. En
())a 2( +a'&a () 2%24(,a 3('a4%;6 () 3'&'a,a 3'&'a,a2 8$( (24(,2 $2an" 7
)2 a'+@%;2 "( 4'a!a= 4(426 >426 2n%"6 (4+. Ta,!%
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4'2 3'&'a,a2 +, () an4%;%'$2 8$( (24:n &(24%na"2 "%'(+4a,(n4( 3' () 2%24(,a
3('a4%;. S$2 +a'a+4('524%+a2 ,:2 %,3'4an4(2 2n 2$ +a3a+%"a"6 %n"%+a"a (n
M(&a!74(2 MB G%&a!74(2 GB6 7 2$ ;()+%"a".
7(ente #e P"#e%
S( (n+a'&a "( 4'an2>',a' )a +''%(n4( a)4('na "( )a '(" -HVAC (n
+''%(n4( +n4%n$a "( !a=a 4(n2%*n @a24a 1- V 3a'a a)%,(n4a' )2 "%24%n42
"%232%4%;2 7 +%'+$%42 8$( +,3n(n () '"(na"'. En )2 '"(na"'(2 "(
2!'(,(2a )a >$(n4( "( a)%,(n4a+%*n (2 %n4('na6 ;a a)=a"a "(n4' "( )a +a'+a2a. En
)2 3'4:4%)(2 (2 (4('na 7 2( (,3)(a 3a'a '(+a'&a' )a !a4('5a. S$,%n%24'a (n('&5a
'(&$)a"a a) ,%+'3'+(2a"' 7 a )2 +%'+$%42 7a 8$( )a ,:2 3(8$(a ;a'%a+%*n "(
;)4a=( 3"'5a 8$(,a' "%+@2 +%'+$%42.
Te*la#"
E2 $n 3('%>$( 2$>'%(n" +a,!%2 'a"%+a)(2. En )a2 ?)4%,a2 "5+%)"%24%n&$%' )a2 n$(;a2 &(n('a+%n(26 7a 8$( )2 +a,!%2 @an 2%" &'a"$a)(2 7 (%24(
+%('4a +n4%n$%"a" (n )a2 4(+n)&5a2 $2a"a2.
“El ard(are abarca todos los componentes materiales de la propia
computadora$ sean mec'nicos el)ctricos o electr#nicos; as& como las unidades
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perif)ricas$ sean teclados$ impresoras$ monitores$ etc. A lo largo de la
evoluci#n de los sistemas de computaci#n$ an ido perdiendo peso espec&fico
dentro del campo del ard(are$ los elementos mec'nicos y el)ctricos y
ganando los elementos electr#nicos y las nuevas tecnolog&as. “ OCEANO
GRUPO EDITORIAL6 1KK
En )a a+4$a)%"a" (2 %,3'4an4( +n+(' ( %"(n4%>%+a' 4"2 )2 +,3n(n4(2
,a4('%a)(2 "( )2 8$( (24: >',a" $n +,3$4a"'6 7a 8$( +a"a $n "( (242
()(,(n42 !:2%+2 2(':n )2 8$( 3(',%4(n () >$n+%na,%(n4 "( $n '"(na"' 7
3"(' "(2+$!'%' )2 +a,!%2 8$( 2( @an %" 3'"$+%(n" a )2 )a'& "( )a @%24'%a (n
)2 (8$%32 4(+n)*&%+2 @a24a () "5a "( @7.
CLASI7ICACIÓN DEL ARDHARE
Una "( )a2 >',a2 "( +)a2%>%+a' () @a'"Qa'( (2 (n "2 +a4(&'5a2 3' $n )a"6
() !:2%+6 8$( a!a'+a () +n=$n4 "( +,3n(n4(2 %n"%23(n2a!)(2 n(+(2a'%2 3a'a
4'&a' )a >$n+%na)%"a" ,5n%,a a $na +,3$4a"'a 7 3' 4' )a"6 () @a'"Qa'(
+,3)(,(n4a'%6 8$(6 +, 2$ n,!'( %n"%+a6 (2 () $4%)%9a" 3a'a '(a)%9a' >$n+%n(2
(23(+5>%+a2 ,:2 a)): "( )a2 !:2%+a26 n (24'%+4a,(n4( n(+(2a'%a2 3a'a ()>$n+%na,%(n4 "( )a +,3$4a"'a.
a%#a%e &-!*"
Sn )2 "%232%4%;2 n(+(2a'%2 3a'a %n%+%a' () >$n+%na,%(n4 "( $n
'"(na"'. N(+(2%4a $n ,("% "( (n4'a"a "( "a426 )a $n%"a" +(n4'a) "(
3'+(2a,%(n46 )a ,(,'%a RAM6 $n ,("% "( 2a)%"a "( "a42 7 $n ,("% "(
a),a+(na,%(n4.
a%#a%e C"$leenta%!"
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En4(n"%(n" 3' +,3)(,(n4a'%6 a8$() 8$( 2%';( 3a'a '(a)%9a' >$n+%n(2
(23(+5>%+a2 ,:2 a)): "( )a2 !:2%+a26 )a2 +$a)(2 n 2n (24'%+4a,(n4( n(+(2a'%a2 3a'a
() >$n+%na,%(n4 "( )a +,3$4a"'a.
P' (n"(6 2n 4"2 a8$())2 (4'a2 8$( 3"(,2 2$,a' a )a ,:8$%na.
S( 3$("( 3'(2+%n"%' "( ())26 3a'a () >$n+%na,%(n4 "() (8$%36 7a 8$( a) 8$%4a'
(242 ()(,(n426 )a +,3$4a"'a 2(&$%': +n 2$ >$n+%na,%(n4 n',a). En4'(
a)&$n2 "( ())2 4(n(,2
J B"*!na: Sn "%232%4%;2 8$( 2( (n+a'&an "( '(+%!%' )a2 2(a)(2 "( a$"%
"( )a +,3$4a"'a 7 +n;('4%')a2 (n 2n%"2.
J He&*a: (2 $na 3(8$(a +:,a'a "%&%4a) )a +$a) 3$("( +a34$'a' %,:&(n(2
7 4'an2,%4%')a2 a 4'a;4&'a>5a6 7 ) 4'an2>%('( (n !%42 "( %n>',a+%*n6 )2 +$a)(2 3$("( (n4(n"(' 7
,an(=a' $n '"(na"'
J I$%e"%a: 3(',%4( 3'"$+%' $na +3%a 3(',an(n4( "( 4(42 &':>%+2 "(
"+$,(n42 a),a+(na"2 (n >',a4 ()(+4'*n%+6 %,3'%,%52%+2.
,.,.1.2 IN7ORMÁTICA
L%9!(4@ J$a'(96 -1H Man%>%(24a 8$( )a %n>',:4%+a 3';%(n( "( )a $n%*n "(
)a2 3a)a!'a2 %n>',a+%*n 7 a$4,:4%+a. Pa'a An%;a' C@a;(26 -1(2 () 4'a4a,%(n4
'a+%na)6 a$4,:4%+ 7 a"(+$a" "( )a %n>',a+%*n6 3' ,("% "() +,3$4a"'6 3a'a
) +$a) 2( "%2(an 7 "(2a''))an (24'$+4$'a2 7 a3)%+a+%n(2 (23(+%a)(2 !$2+an"
2(&$'%"a" ( %n4(&'%"a". En () +n4(4 "( )a %n>',:4%+a )a %n>',a+%*n +n24%4$7(
$n '(+$'2 "( &'an ;a)' 7 2( !$2+a ,an4(n(')a 7 $4%)%9a')a "( )a ,(=' ,an('a.
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TUCER ALLEN6 1KK/6 (n4%(n"( 3' %n>',:4%+a “a )a +%(n+%a 8$( (24$"%a ()
4'a4a,%(n4 a$4,:4%+ 7 'a+%na) "( )a %n>',a+%*n.”
La %n>',:4%+a a ,:2 "( 2(' $na +%(n+%a (2 $na "%2+%3)%na )a +$a) 2(
(23(+%a)%9a (n () (24$"% a >n" "( )a %n>',a+%*n. E2 ,$7 %n"%23(n2a!)( (n n$(24'a
;%"a +4%"%ana 7a 8$( 2%n (24a +%(n+%a )a2 3('2na2 n 3"'5an ,an(=a' 2$2 n(&+%2
7 a",%n%24'a' 4an4a %n>',a+%*n 8$( &(n('a $na (,3'(2a.
En )2 %n%+%2 "() 3'+(2a" "( %n>',a+%*n6 +n )a %n>',:4%+a 2*) 2(
>a+%)%4a!an )2 4'a!a=2 '(3(4%4%;2 7 ,n*4n2 "() :'(a a",%n%24'a4%;a. La
a$4,a4%9a+%*n "( (22 3'+(22 4'a= +, +n2(+$(n+%a "%'(+4a $na "%2,%n$+%*n"( )2 +242 7 $n %n+'(,(n4 (n )a 3'"$+4%;%"a".
En )a %n>',:4%+a +n;('&(n )2 >$n"a,(n42 "( )a2 +%(n+%a2 "( )a
+,3$4a+%*n6 )a 3'&'a,a+%*n 7 ,(4")&5a2 3a'a () "(2a'')) "( 2>4Qa'(6 )a
a'8$%4(+4$'a "( +,3$4a"'(26 )a2 '("(2 "( +,3$4a"'(26 )a %n4()%&(n+%a a'4%>%+%a) 7
+%('4a2 +$(24%n(2 '()a+%na"a2 +n )a ()(+4'*n%+a. S( 3$("( (n4(n"(' 3' %n>',:4%+a
a )a $n%*n 2%n
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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S( "%+( 8$( () an4(+(2' "() +,3$4a"' >$( () :!a+6 "() +$a) 2( +'(( 8$(
3$" @a!(' 4(n%" 2$ '%&(n @a+( +%n+ ,%) a2 7 3' 2$ >$n+%na)%"a" >$( $4%)%9a"
@a24a ,("%a"2 "() 2%&) 3a2a" (n O'%(n4( M("% 7 A2%a +, %n24'$,(n4 "(
+:)+$). En n$(24' ,("%6 () :!a+6 a?n 2( $4%)%9a (n )a2 2a)a2 "( !%))a'. D(23$(++%na"a2 3' $na
,:8$%na "( 4(=('.
C@a')(2 Ba!!a&(K ,a4(,:4%+ ( %n;(n4' %n&)('(n+%a) 3a'a () +:)+$) "( 3)%n,%26 8$( >$( $4%)%9a"a +n
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e%an "lle%!t6 %n;(n4* $n 2%24(,a "( +*,3$4 a$4,:4%+ 3a'a
,an%3$)a' )2 "a42 "() +(n2 "( E24a"2 Un%"2 (n 1YY6 2$ ,:8$%na >$n+%na!a
+n 4a'=(4a2 3('>'a"a2 (n )a2 8$( ,("%an4( a&$=('2 2( '(3'(2(n4a!a () 2(6 )a
("a"6 )a 'a9a (4+. En 1K @a!5a "(2a''))a" $na ,:8$%na 8$( 3"5a +)a2%>%+a' H
4a'=(4a2 3' ,%n$46 $na 3('>'a"'a "( 4a'=(4a2 7 $na ,:8$%na "( +*,3$4
2(,%a$4,:4%+a. En 1K-/6 >$2%n* 2$ +,3a5a +n 4'a2 "2 3a'a >',a' )a
In4('na+%na) B$22%n(2 Ma+@%n(2 @7 ,$n"%a),(n4( +n+%"a +, IBM.
En 1KH IBM >a!'%+* 2$ 3'%,(' +,3$4a"' 3a'a a3)%+a+%n(2 +%(n45>%+a2 ()
1 7 2(&$%"a,(n4( - 7 () 6 (24( ?)4%, >$( $n 2%24(,a '(;)$+%na'%6 ()
3'%,(' (n (,3)(a' ,(,'%a2 "( n?+)(2 "( >(''%4a. Cn (24a 3'"$++%*n 7 ,("%an4($na a"(+$a"a (24'a4(&%a +,('+%a) IBM 4, )a "()an4('a (n )a2 ;(n4a2 "(
4(+n)&5a (n 4" () ,$n".
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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EL COMPUTADOR
E2 $na ,a8$%na ()(+4'*n%+a "%2(a"a 3a'a )a ,an%3$)a+%*n 7 3'+(2a,%(n4
"( "a42 "( "a426 +a3a9 "( "(2a''))a' +,3)(=a2 3('a+%n(2 a &'an ;()+%"a".
Ta'(a2 8$( ,an$a),(n4( '(8$%('(n "5a2 "( 4'a!a=6 () +,3$4a"' 3$("( @a+(')a2 (n
2) >'a++%n(2 "( 2(&$n".
E) +,3$4a"' (2 $na ,:8$%na "( 3'3*2%4 &(n('a)6 ) 8$( 2%&n%>%+a 8$( 2(
$4%)%9a (n "%;('22 +a,32 "( )a a+4%;%"a" @$,ana6 2) 3' ,(n+%na' a)&$na26 )a2
>%nan9a26 )a %n;(24%&a+%*n6 ("%+%*n "( %,:&(n(26 ("%+%*n "( 4(46 +:)+$)2
,a4(,:4%+26 a",%n%24'a+%*n "( 3(8$(a2 7 &'an"(2 !a2(2 "( "a426 (n4'( ,$+@24'2.
Pa'a )&'a' +$,3)%' +n 2$2 >$n+%n(2 () +,3$4a"' '(8$%('( "( "2 3a'4(2
3'%n+%3a)(26 $na 8$( (2 >52%+a6 4an&%!)(6 )a ,a8$%na'%a6 a )a 8$( 44Qa'(.
ORGANI>ACIÓN 7ÍSICA DEL COMPUTADOR
E) +,3$4a"'6 @a!%(n" 2%" "%2(a" 3a'a () 3'+(2a,%(n4 "( "a426 2$
'&an%9a+%*n (2 2%,%)a' a )a "( +$a)8$%(' 4' 3'+(2. In"%>('(n4( "( ) 8$( 2( "(2((
3'+(2a'6 2%(,3'( 2( 4(n"':n 4'(2 ()(,(n42 %,3'4an4(26 )a ,a4('%a 3'%,a6 )a
4'an2>',a+%*n 8$( (2 () 3'+(2 (n 256 7 () 3'"$+4 >%na)6 (2 "(+%' )a ,a4('%a 3'%,a
4'an2>',a"a (n $n n$(; 3'"$+4. A256 () +,3$4a"' (24: +n>',a" 3'
"%232%4%;2 "( (n4'a"a6 $n%"a" +(n4'a) "( 3'+(2a,%(n46 "%232%4%;2 "( 2a)%"a 7
a"%+%na),(n4( ,(,'%a (4('na "%232%4%;2 "( a),a+(na,%(n4.
8/20/2019 Capitulo Uno Tesis
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ORGANI>ACIÓN LÓGICA DEL COMPUTADOR
E24: +n>',a" 3' 4"a )a %n>',a+%*n6 7a 2(an %n24'$++%n(2 "a426 8$(
@a+(n 8$( () +,3$4a"' >$n+%n(6 2%n () +n+$'2 "( $n+%*n. E) 2>4Qa'( (24: +)a2%>%+a" (n +$a4' &'$326 2(&?n )a 4a'(a 8$(
'(a)%9a.
SISTEMA OPERATI?O
E2 $n +n=$n4 "( 3'&'a,a2 %n"%23(n2a!)( 3a'a 8$( () +,3$4a"'
>$n+%n(. E242 2( (n+a'&an "( a",%n%24'a' 4"2 )2 '(+$'22 "( )a $n%"a"
+,3$4a+%na) 7 >a+%)%4an )a +,$n%+a+%*n +n () $2$a'%.
E) 2%24(,a 3('a4%; +$(n4a +n 3'&'a,a2 (23(+%a)%9a"2 3a'a "%;('2a2
4a'(a26 +, 2n )a 3$(24a (n ,a'+@a "() (8$%36 )a %n4('3'(4a+%*n "( +,an"26 ()
,an(= "( (n4'a"a 7 2a)%"a "( %n>',a+%*n a 4'a;('(n4( a) 2>4Qa'( "() 2%24(,a6 ',a+%*n 8$( () $2$a'% n(+(2%4a 3'+(2a'6 2n
3'&'a,a2 8$( "(2a''))an $na 4a'(a (23(+5>%+a 7 +$7a >%na)%"a" (2 3(',%4%')( a)
$2$a'% '(a)%9a' 2$ 4'a!a= +n >a+%)%"a"6 'a3%"(96 a&%)%"a" 7 3'(+%2%*n.
En4'( () 2>4Qa'( "( a3)%+a+%*n 2( 4%(n( ;a'%2 &'$326 +, 2n
3'+(2a"'(2 "( 4(46 @=a ()(+4'*n%+a6 &'a>%+a"'(26 !a2(2 "( "a426 a&(n"a26
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3'&'a,a2 "( +n4a!%)%"a"6 a3)%+a+%n(2 ,a4(,:4%+a26 (n4'( 4'26 a)&$n2 (=(,3)2
2n '"6 E+()6 A++(26 C'().D'aQ6 FP'6 T'%"(n46 (4+.
LENGUA6ES DE PROGRAMACIÓN
En 4%+an (n 4'(2 +a4(&'5a2 )(n&$a=( "(
,:8$%na6 )(n&$a=( "( !a= n%;() 7 )(n&$a=( "( a)4 n%;(). En )a a+4$a)%"a" 2( $4%)%9an
)2 ?)4%,26 +$7 ;+a!$)a'% (24: >',a" 3' 4',a+%*n 7 +ana)(2 "(
+,$n%+a+%*n '()a+%na"2 +n () a),a+(na,%(n46 3'+(2a,%(n4 7 4'an2,%2%*n
"%&%4a)%9a"2 "( )2 "a42. S(&?n Ca')2 T2+an6 1KYY6 (24a 34(n+%a)%"a"”
%n+)$7( 3'4$n%"a"(2 3a'a a++("(' a ,a4('%a)(2 "( a)4a +a)%"a" "(2"( 2%4%2 '(,42
a3'(n"(' %n"(3(n"%(n4(,(n4( "( )a )+a)%9a+%*n >52%+a "( )2 2$=(42 a++("(' a $n
a3'(n"%9a=( %n4('a+4%;6 3'3$(24a2 "( a3'(n"%9a=( >)(%!)( 7 $2a' )a2 TIC 3a'a
%n+'(,(n4a' )a (>%+%(n+%a6 () ,(='a,%(n4 "() 2(';%+% 7 )a '("$++%*n "( +242.”
C,3a'4 () +'%4('% "() a$4' 7a 8$( @7 (n "5a )a2 TICS 2n $2a"a2 (n
4"2 )2 :,!%42 +, (n )a ("$+a+%*n6 (n () a3'(n"%9a=(6 (n )2 n(&+%26 (4+. Pa'a
a3';(+@a' (24a @(''a,%(n4a "(!(,2 (,3)(a')a +''(+4a,(n4( 7a 8$( "( (24a
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,an('a 3"'(,2 ,(='a' )a +a)%"a" "( n$(24'2 4'a!a=2 &'a+%a2 a 2$2 n$(;2
,a4('%a)(2 "( a)4a +a)%"a".
S( "(n,%nan T(+n)&5a2 "( )a In>',a+%*n 7 )a C,$n%+a+%*n TICS a)
+n=$n4 "( 4(+n)&5a2 8$( 3(',%4(n )a a"8$%2%+%*n6 3'"$++%*n6 a),a+(na,%(n46
4'a4a,%(n46 +,$n%+a+%*n6 '(&%24' 7 3'(2(n4a+%*n "( %n>',a+%n(26 (n >',a "(
;96 %,:&(n(2 7 "a42 +n4(n%"2 (n 2(a)(2 "( na4$'a)(9a a+?24%+a6 *34%+a
()(+4',a&n',:4%+a 7 () a$"%;%2$a).
CARACTERÍSTICAS
Inate%!al!#a# FP"!&!l!#a# #e #!3!tal!)a*!+n: La2 TICS +n;%('4(n )a
%n>',a+%*n6 4'a"%+%na),(n4( 2$=(4a a $n ,("% >52%+6 (n %n,a4('%a). M("%an4( )a
"%&%4a)%9a+%*n (2 32%!)( a),a+(na' &'an"(2 +an4%"a"(2 "( %n>',a+%*n6 (n
"%232%4%;2 >52%+2 "( 3(8$( 4a,a "%2+26 CD6 ,(,'%a2 USB6 (4+..
Intantane!#a#: S( 3$("( 4'an2,%4%' )a %n>',a+%*n %n24an4:n(a,(n4( a
)$&a'(2 ,$7 a)(=a"2 >52%+a,(n4(6 ,("%an4( )a2 "(n,%na"a2 Wa$43%24a2 "( )a
%n>',a+%*nW.
A$l!*a*!"ne M(lt!e#!a: La2 a3)%+a+%n(2 3'&'a,a2 ,$)4%,("%a @an
2%" "(2a''))a"2 +, $na %n4('>a9 a,%&a!)( 7 2(n+%))a "( +,$n%+a+%*n6 3a'a
>a+%)%4a' () a++(2 a )a2 TICS "( 4"2 )2 $2$a'%2. Una "( )a2 +a'a+4('524%+a2 ,:2
%,3'4an4(2 "( (242 (n4'n2 (2 WLa %n4('a+4%;%"a"W.
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CLASI7ICACIÓN DE LAS TICS
Pa'a 3a$4a' )a +)a2%>%+a+%*n "( )a2 4(+n)&5a2 "( %n>',a+%*n 7
+,$n%+a+%*n "(!(,2 +n+(' 2$2 !a2(2 "( "(2a''))6 7a 8$( +, 4a) n (%24(
$na +)a2%>%+a+%*n (23(+5>%+a6 2%n $n "(2a'')) +'(+%(n4(6 3a'a (24 "(!(,2
(n4(n"(' )2 "2 3'%n+%3%2 !:2%+2 "( "(2a''))
In0"%-t!*a: La %n>',:4%+a (2 $na +%(n+%a "( %n>',a+%*n a$4,:4%+a6 4"
a8$()) '()a+%na" +n () 3'+(2a,%(n4 "( "a42 $4%)%9an" +, !a2(26 ,("%2
+n+(34$a)(2 "( @a'"Qa'(6 $n "( )2 (=(,3)2 ,:2 +,$n(2 2n Ba2(2 "( "a426
=a2 "( +:)+$)6 P'&'a,a2 "( 3'(2(n4a+%*n.
Tele-t!*a: E2 () +n=$n4 "( 2(';%+%2 "( '%&(n %n>',:4%+ 2$,%n%24'a"'
a 4'a;%n "( a2(&$'a' $na a3)%+a+%*n (>(+4%;a.
Planea*!+n: La2 TIC 3$("(n $2a'2( 2%,3)(,(n4( 3a'a a$4,a4%9a' 3'+(22
3'((%24(n4(26 3(' ) ,:2 3'!a!)( (2 8$( )a2 a+4%;%"a"(2 2(an 3' ) ,(n2
'a+%na)%9a"a26 3a'a a3';(+@a' )a2 ;(n4a=a2 "( )a n$(;a2 32%!%)%"a"(2 8$( )a
4(+n)&5a +'(a6 7 (n a)&$n2 +a22 )2 3'+(22 '(8$%('(n 2(' '("%2(a"2
2$24an+%a),(n4(.
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E9e*(*!+n: En (24a (4a3a "( ))(;a':n a +a! )2 3'+(22 "( %,3)(,(n4a+%*n
>52%+a "( )a2 TICS (n )a '&an%9a+%*n6 4(n%(n" (n +$(n4a )a2 >(+@a26 3('2na)6
a+4%;%"a"(2 7 '(+$'22 a2%&na"2 a 4'a;'a(24'$+4$'a6 ,an4(n%(n" )2 (8$%326 a+'"( +n )2
'(8$('%,%(n42 "( )a (,3'(2a.
Me#!*!+n #e l" %e(lta#" "&ten!#": M$+@a2 ;(+(2 (2 "%>5+%) ,("%' )a
3'"$+4%;%"a" "( )a2 %n;('2%n(2 (n TIC6 "a" 8$( () ':3%" a;an+( "( (24( 4%3 "(
4(+n)&5a26 8$( a ,(n$" @a+( 8$( 2(a %,32%!)( 3a'a $na '&an%9a+%*n '(+$3('a'
+,3)(4a,(n4( )a %n;('2%*n (n n$(;a2 4(+n)&5a26 3a'a )a 34%,%9a+%*n "( 3'+(22
7 '(+$'226 +an4%"a"(2 3'"$+%"a26 n%;()(2 "( ;(n4a 7 2!'( 4"6 '(n4a!%)%"a".
Me9"%a!ent" *"nt!n(": Cn () >%n 8$( )a %,3)(,(n4a+%*n (24< 2%(,3'(
a=$24a"a a )a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 "( )a (,3'(2a6 (2 n(+(2a'% 8$( )a (,3'(2a +'(( $n
2%24(,a 8$( a2(&$'( )a2 +n"%+%n(2 8$( 3(',%4an a2(&$'a' () )&' "( )a2 ,(4a2
3'3$(24a26 ,("%an4( () >'4a)(+%,%(n4 "( )2 3'+(22 "( &(24%*n ( %,3)(,(n4a+%*n
"( )a2 TICS 8$( 2( 2(an 3'(+%2a2 3a'a 4(n(' ,(='(2 3'+(22 7 '(2$)4a"2 (n )a
(,3'(2a.
?ENTA6AS DE LAS TICS
D(2"( )a 3('23(+4%;a "() a3'(n"%9a=(6 )a2 TIC >a;'(+(n )a +n4%n$a a+4%;%"a"
%n4()(+4$a) 7 "(2a''))an )a +'(a4%;%"a" 7 () a3'(n"%9a=( +3('a4%;. A25 ,%2,6
,(='an )a2 +,3(4(n+%a2 "( (3'(2%*n 7 +'(a4%;%"a" 7 "(2a''))a @a!%)%"a"(2 "(
!?28$("a 7 2()(++%*n "( %n>',a+%*n. Ta,!%
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Pa%a l" Et(#!ante
• A++(2 a ,?)4%3)(2 '(+$'22 ("$+a4%;2 7 (n4'n2 "( a3'(n"%9a=(.
• P('2na)%9a+%*n "( )2 3'+(22 "( (n2(an9a 7 a3'(n"%9a=(.
• F)(%!%)%"a" (n )2 (24$"%2.
• In24'$,(n42 3a'a () 3'+(2 "( )a %n>',a+%*n.
Pa%a l" P%"0e"%e
• Fa+%)%"a"(2 3a'a )a '(a)%9a+%*n "( a&'$3a,%(n42.
• Fa+%)%4an )a (;a)$a+%*n 7 +n4').
• A+4$a)%9a+%*n 3'>(2%na).
• Cn24%4$7(n $n !$(n ,("% "( %n;(24%&a+%*n "%":+4%+a (n () a$)a.
DES?ENTA6AS DE LAS TICS
D(2"( )a 3('23(+4%;a "() a3'(n"%9a=(6 )a2 TIC 3$("(n &(n('a' "%24'a++%n(26
"%23('2%*n6 3%a!)(6 a3'(n"%9a=( 2$3('>%+%a) 7
"(3(n"(n+%a "( )2 "(,:2.
Pa%a el et(#!ante
• A"%++%*n.• A%2)a,%(n4.• Can2an+% ;%2$a) 7 4'2 3'!)(,a2 >52%+2.
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Pa%a l" $%"0e"%e
• E24'$('9.• D(2>a2(2 '(23(+4 a 4'a2 a+4%;%"a"(2.•
S$3("%4a+%*n a )2 2%24(,a2 %n>',:4%+2.
,.,.,., RECURSOS IN7ORMÁTICOS
“,odos aquellos componentes de ard(are y programas 2"oft(are3 que son
necesarios para el buen funcionamiento y la 4ptimi%aci#n del trabajo con
4rdenadores y -erif)ricos$ tanto a nivel Individual$ como Colectivo u 4rgani%ativo$
sin dejar de lado el buen funcionamiento de los mismos.! )" 3'(226 -X
E2 n(+(2a'% +n4a' +n 4"2 a8$())2 +,3n(n4(2 4an4 4an&%!)(2 +,
%n4an&%!)(2 "() +,3$4a"' )2 +$a)(2 2n n(+(2a'%2 ( %n"%23(n2a!)(2 3a'a ()
>$n+%na,%(n4 7 () ,(='a,%(n4 (n +$an4 a '(n"%,%(n4 "() 2%24(,a 3('a4%;.
G'a+%a2 a (242 '(+$'22 )2 $2$a'%2 3"':n '(a)%9a' 4'a!a=2 "( +a)%"a".
P' "(>(+46 (n $n @&a' n 2( 4(n"':n )a2 ,%2,a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 8$( (n $na
E,3'(2a. Un @&a' ,("% 4(n"'5a 2$>%+%(n4( +n $n PC6 $na %,3'(2'a6 $n S+ann('6
Cn(%*n a In4('n(46 %n"Q26 '"6 E+() 7 $n a++(2 ?n%+ a 4"2 (242
R(+$'22.
P"'5a,2 @a!)a' "( )a 32%!%)%"a" "( $4%)%9a' $na &'an +an4%"a" "( '(+$'22
"%&%4a)(2 "%23n%!)(26 4an4 ()a!'a"2 3' (,3'(2a2 +,('+%a)(2 +, 3' )2
3'3%2 3'>(2'(26 ,( '(>%(' (23(+%a),(n4( a) 2>4Qa'( ("$+a4%;6 a$n8$( 3"'5a@a!)a'2( 4a,!%
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P(' a"(,:2 '(2$)4a "( &'an %n4('('%'n2 a8$5 a) $2 "( a3)%+a+%n(2
&(n%n( $n (8$%3 "%2(a" 3a'a $n $2
&(n('a) 7 3a'a $na ;a'%a2 3('2na2. S%(n" $n '"(na"' MAC $n PC6 )a ,a7'5a"( )a &(n4( '()a+%na (24( 4
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3an4a))a2 2(n2%4%;a2 a) +n4a+4 3a'a '(a)%9a' )a2 4a'(a2 @a!%4$a)(2. S$()(n 2(' ,$7
)%&('a2 +n $na ;%"a "( !a4('5a 'a9na!)(. a7 ;('2%n(2 a)& ,a7'(2 8$( (24:n
(n4'( $na PDA 7 $n 3'4:4%).
< H"%tat!"n.J E2 $n '"(na"' "( 2!'(,(2a 8$( 4%(n( $n 3'+(2a"' ,:2
34(n4(6 $na ,(,'%a a"%+%na) 7 '(+$'22 2$>%+%(n4(2 3a'a '(a)%9a' 4a'(a2 (23(+%a)(2
7 "( &'an 3(2 7 "(2&a24(.
= Se%!#"%.J E2 $n '"(na"' 8$( @a 2%" 34%,%9a" 3a'a 3';((' "(
2(';%+%2 a 4'2 '"(na"'(2 2!'( $na '(" )+a) "( In4('n(4. U2$a),(n4(
"%23n(n "( 3'+(2a"'(2 "( a)4a 34(n+%a6 ,$+@a ,(,'%a 7 ;a'%2 "%2+2 "$'2 "(
&'an 4a,a.
@ Ma!n0%ae.JEn )2 4(,3'an2 a2 "( )a %n>',:4%+a6 (24( 4%3 "(
'"(na"'(2 ('an &'an"(2 (8$%32 8$( 3"5an +$3a' $na @a!%4a+%*n (n4('a
%n+)$2 $na 3)an4a (n4('a. A) %' "%2,%n$7(n" (n 4a,a 7 a 2$ ;(9 %n+'(,(n4an"
(n 34(n+%a6 () 4
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D(n4' "() &'$3 "( 4'a!a= 2( 3$("(n +,3a'4%' >$n+%n(2
%n4('+a,!%a' (3('%(n+%a2.
a7 %n4('+a,!% "( (3('%(n+%a2 7 32%!%)%"a"(2 ,a7'(2 "(
3',+%*n a) 3('2na) "(24a+a".
DES?ENTA6AS DE LOS RECURSOS IN7ORMÁTICOS
• A)4 &'a" "( "()(&a+%*n "( '(23n2a!%)%"a"(2.
• D%;('2%"a" "( a++%n(2 2!'( $na ,%2,a :'(a.
• Ma7' +a'&a a",%n%24'a4%;a.
• R%(2&2 "( n a)+an9a' )2 !=(4%;2 n% )a2 ,(4a2 (24a!)(+%"a2 "(!%"
a )a '%&%"(9 "( )2 3)a92 7 3' )a +$)4$'a %n>',:4%+a 3' 3a'4( "( )2
$2$a'%2.
• P2%!%)%"a" "( >'a$"( 2!'( )a2 ,(4a2 7 '(+$'22 "() 3'7(+4.
,.,.,./ APLICACIONES
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Una a3)%+a+%*n %n>',:4%+a (2 $n 4%3 "( 2>4Qa'( 8$( 3(',%4( a) $2$a'%
'(a)%9a' $n ,:2 4%32 "( 4'a!a=.
“"on$ aquellos programas que permiten la interacci#n entre usuario ycomputadora 2comunicaci#n3$ dando opci#n al usuario a elegir opciones y ejecutar
acciones que el programa le ofrece .E*isten innumerable cantidad de tipos de
aplicaciones.! E)%2a B(n54(96 -K
L2 3'+(2a"'(2 "( 4(4 7 )a2 @=a2 "( +:)+$) 2n (=(,3)2 "(
a3)%+a+%n(2 %n>',:4%+a26 ,%(n4'a2 8$( )2 2%24(,a2 3('a4%;2 )2 3'&'a,a2 "(
$4%)%"a"(2 8$( +$,3)(n 4a'(a2 "( ,an4(n%,%(n4 n >',an 3a'4( "( (242
3'&'a,a2.
La2 a3)%+a+%n(2 3$("(n @a!(' 2%" "(2a''))a"a2 a ,("%"a 3a'a 2a4%2>a+('
)a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 (23(+5>%+a2 "( $n $2$a'% >',a' 3a'4( "( $n 3a8$(4( %n4(&'a"
+, () +a2 "( M%+'2>4 O>>%+(.
En %n>',:4%+a6 $na a3)%+a+%*n (2 $n 4%3 "( 3'&'a,a %n>',:4%+ "%2(a"
+, @(''a,%(n4a 3a'a 3(',%4%' a $n $2$a'% '(a)%9a' $n "%;('22 4%32 "(4'a!a=2. E24 ) "%>('(n+%a 3'%n+%3a),(n4( "( 4'2 4%32 "( 3'&'a,a2 +, )2
2%24(,a2 3('a4%;2 8$( @a+(n >$n+%na' a) '"(na"'6 )a2 $4%)%"a"(2 8$( '(a)%9an
4a'(a2 "( ,an4(n%,%(n4 "( $2 &(n('a)6 7 )2 )(n&$a=(2 "( 3'&'a,a+%*n +n ()
+$a) 2( +'(an )2 3'&'a,a2 %n>',:4%+2.
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A+4$a),(n4(6 +n () $2 "( "%232%4%;2 ,*;%)(2 2( @a (4(n"%" () 4>%+(
• '%4('
• N4(P'
• B)& "( n4a2
O6AS DE CALCULO: En>+a"a2 a )a '(a)%9a+%*n "( +:)+$)2 ,a4(,:4%+2
E=(,3)2
• M%+'2>4 E+()
• O3(n O>>%+(
• Ca)+
• L4$2
BASES DE DATOS: Pa'a '&an%9a' 7 >a+%)%4a' () a++(2 a &'an +an4%"a" "( "a42
E=(,3)2
• M%+'2>4 A++(22
• O3(n O>>%+( Ba2(
• M7S#L
• V%2$a) FP'
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• "Ba2(
PRESENTACIONES
E=(,3)2
• M%+'2>4 PQ(' P%n4
• O3(nO>>%+(.'& I,3'(22
• C'() P'(2(n4a4%n2
• %n"Q2 M;%( Ma('
COMUNICACIONES DE DATOS
E=(,3)2
• Sa>a'%
• MSN E3)'('
• a9aa
• MSN M(22(n&(' a@^ M(22(n&('
• IC#
• AOL In24an4 M(22(n&('
NA?EGADORES: En+a'&a"2 "( ,24'a' )a2 3:&%na2 "( In4('n(4
E=(,3)2
• M9%))a F%'(>
• In4('n(4 E3)'('
• O3('a
• N(42+a3( Na;%&a4'
• G&)( +@',(
CORREO ELECTRÓNICO
E=(,3)2
• O$4) E3'(22
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La (;)$+%*n 4(+n)*&%+a ,"('na @a "(2(,3(a" $n 3a3() +)a;( (n () "(2a''))
"( )a2 ,"('na2 4()(+,$n%+a+%n(2 )a ,%+'()(+4'*n%+a6 3' (=(,3)6 +n )a
,%n%a4$'%9a+%*n "( )2 +,3n(n4(26 )a '("$++%*n "( )2 +242 "( >a!'%+a+%*n 7 () a$,(n4
"( )a >%a!%)%"a" "( )2 "%232%4%;26 @a 3(',%4%" $na %n+'3'a+%*n ,a2%;a "( )a2 4'(+%"2. A (24( '(23(+4 +a!( "(24a+a' )a2
4()(+,$n%+a+%n(2 a 4'a;:+%) "a'n2 +$(n4a +*, () "(2a'')) "( )a +,3$4a+%*n 2( @a %n4(&'a" (n )a2
4()(+,$n%+a+%n(2 7 @a 3'3%+%a" () 2$'&%,%(n4 "( n$(;a2 >',a2 "( +,$n%+a+%*n6 8$(
2n a+(34a"a2 7 $2a"a2 +a"a ;(9 3' ,:2 3('2na2.
EDUCACIÓN
La W2+%("a" "( )a %n>',a+%*nW (n &(n('a) 7 )a2 n$(;a2 4(+n)&5a2 (n 3a'4%+$)a'6
%n+%"(n "( ,an('a 2%&n%>%+a4%;a (n 4"2 )2 n%;()(2 "() ,$n" ("$+a4%;. E24 @a 4'a5"
(n',(2 ;(n4a=a2 7a 8$( a!'( )a2 3$('4a2 "( $n %n,(n2 ,a' "( +n+%,%(n42 a) a)+an+(
"( )a +,$n%"a" (24$"%an4%).
L2 "(2a''))2 (n () +a,3 "( )a %n>',:4%+a 8$( 2( @an ;(n%" "an" (n )2
?)4%,2 a26 4%(n(n $n %,3a+4 ,$7 &'an"( (n () 3'+(2 ("$+a4%; "( 4"2 )2 n%;()(26
"(2"( )2 n%2 3(8$(2 8$( a3(na2 +,%(n9an a '(+%!%' $na (n2(an9a >',a) @a24a )2
,:2 a)42 n%;()(2 "( ("$+a+%*n 2$3('%'.
A 4'a;%+a"
(n',(,(n4(. A@'a 7a $n (24$"%an4( n a3'(n"( 2)a,(n4( "( )2 )%!'2 %,3'(22 "( )a
+:4("'a "( $n "+(n4(6 2%n 8$( 4%(n( )a 32%!%)%"a" "( %n24'$%'2( ;%'4$a),(n4( a 4'a;
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)%!'2 ()(+4'*n%+26 (n+%+)3("%a2 ;%'4$a)(26 3$!)%+a+%n(2 ("$+a4%;a2 (n In4('n(46 2%4%2
%n4('a+4%;2 +n "%;('2a2 %,:&(n(2 7 2n%"2 ,$)4%,("%a6 &':>%+26 (4+.
E%24(n 4a,!%',a)(2 "( ("$+a+%*n ;%'4$a)6 (2 "(+%' 8$( )a
%n>',:4%+a n 2)a,(n4( +n4'%!$7( a )a ("$+a+%*n "( $na ,an('a a$4"%":+4%+a6 2%n
4a,!%%na)6 () (24$"%an4( !4%(n( () D%3),a T54$)
+('4%>%+a" 8$( )( a+'("%4a )$(& "( @a!(' '(a)%9a" 2$2 (24$"%2 a "%24an+%a6 "n"( 2( @a+(
$2 "( )a2 4(+n)&5a2 %n>',:4%+a2.
Un (=(,3) "( (24( 2%24(,a "( ("$+a+%*n >',a) a "%24an+%a $4%)%9an" '(+$'22
%n>',:4%+2 ( In4('n(4 (2 () 3'&'a,a T@,2n E"$+a4%n D%'(+46 8$( >'(+( $na &'an
;a'%("a" "( +a''('a2 ;+a+%na)(26 "( ," 8$( 3('2na2 "( +$a)8$%(' )$&a' "() ,$n" 8$(
@a7an >%na)%9a" 2$2 (24$"%2 2(+$n"a'%26 4%(n(n )a 3'4$n%"a" "( (24$"%a' (n )5n(a a
4'a;
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;(+(2 >$n+%nan +, !a2( 3a'a )a 4,a "( "(+%2%n(2 a 3a'4%' "( "a42 (24a"524%+2
3'+(2a"2 7 3'(2(n4a"2 a 4'a;:+%)(2 "( a2%,%)a'6 3"(,2 "(+%' 8$( )a !a2( "( "a42 @a+( 32%!)(
)a +n24'$++%*n "( >%+@('26 +n )2 "%>('(n4(2 +a,32 8$( >',an 2$2 '(&%24'2. T"a2 )a2
(,3'(2a2 (n 4"2 )2 +a,32 n(+(2%4an 4(n(' $na !a2( "( "a42.
P%eenta*!"ne:
E24( 4%3 "( a3)%+a+%*n n2 3(',%4( (3n(' 3'(2(n4a' "(4(',%na" 4(,a an4( $na
a$"%(n+%a "( $na >',a a,(na6 ;%2$a)6 ( %n4('a+4%;a.
M("%an4( )a2 3'(2(n4a+%n(2 3"(,2 a&'(&a' "%;('22 +)'(26 3'(2(n4a' (28$(,a26
"%!$=26 &':>%+2 a25 +, 4a,!%',a+%*n 4(*'%+a "() 4(,a 8$( 8$('(,2 (3n('
3'(2(n4a'.
O4'a "( )a2 &'an"(2 ;(n4a=a2 8$( (24( 4%3 "( a3)%+a+%*n n2 >'(+( (2 () ,;%,%(n4
"( )2 ()(,(n42 ,24'a"2 (n 3an4a))a6 ) +$a) "a $na a3a'%(n+%a ( %,3'(2%*n a&'a"a!)( 7
3(',%4( +,3'(n"(' ,(=' )a2 %"(a2 8$( 2( 8$%('(n "a' a +n+('.
E2 ,$7 $4%)%9a" (n (,3'(2a2 8$( 2( "("%+an a )a 3$!)%+%"a"6 %n+)$2%;( (n )a2
(2+$()a2 2( +,(n9* a "a' +)a2(2 !a= (24( 2%24(,a.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA APLICACIÓN IN7ORMÁTICA
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La2 a3)%+a+%n(2 %n>',:4%+a2 2n ,$7 2%,%)a'(2 3a'a +a"a $na "( )a2 3'$(!a2 8$(
+,3n(n $n 3'7(+46 ;a'%an" a () !an+ "( 54(,2 7 )a2 +n2%&na2 & () 4%3 "( '(&%24'
"( )a2 '(23$(24a2 7 * )a2 4a!)a2 "( +''(++%*n.
La2 a3)%+a+%n(2 3(',%4(n
• D%23n(' (n 23'4( %n>',:4%+ "( )a @=a "( "a42 "( )a 3('2na (;a)$a"a.
• D%23n(' (n 23'4( %n>',:4%+ "( )a2 +n2%&na2 ( 54(,2 "( +a"a +$(24%na'%.
• R(&%24'a' )a2 '(23$(24a2 "() 2$=(4.
• La +''(++%*n 4%3%>%+a"a "( )a2 3'$(!a26 ,24'an" )2 '(2$)4a"2 (n $n &':>%+.
• D%;('2a2 a",%n%24'a+%n(2 (n >',a4 4(240'(4(24 ,24'an" $n &':>%+ +,3a'a4%;.
•
La !4(n+%*n a$4,:4%+a "( $n %n>',( (n ORD.
?ENTA6AS DES?ENTA6AS DE LAS APLICACIONES IN7ORMÁTICAS
En () ,$n" "( )a %n>',:4%+a (%24(n "%;('2a2 ;(n4a=a2 7 "(2;(n4a=a26 2(&?n "(2"(
() 3$n4 "( ;%24a (n 8$( )a ,%'a,2 4(n(,2 a )a %n>',:4%+a +,
?ENTA6AS:
La In4('n(4 4( !'%n"a a++(2 %n,("%a4 a 3':+4%+a,(n4( 4" () +n+%,%(n4
'(+a!a" 3' )a 'a9a @$,ana "$'an4( )a @%24'%a "( 2$ +%;%)%9a+%*n6 7 (24 a $na ,*"%+a
4a'%>a ,(n2$a) 3' @'a 2% ) $2a2 (n $n +%!('+a>
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M$+@a2 3('2na2 %n>'%n&(n )2 "('(+@2 "( a$4' a) ;('2( 4(n4a"a2 3' 4an4a
%n>',a+%*n 7 4(',%nan +3%an" 7 3(&an" 4(42 3a'a "(23$',a+%*n 3('2na) 8$( (%24( (n In4('n(4 3a'a +@an4a=(a' '!a'
%"(n4%"a"(2.
,.,.,.2 RENDIMIENTO TECNOLÓGICO
“En la actualidad la ciencia y la tecnolog&a an modificado sustancialmente la
relaci#n del ser umano con la naturale%a$ as& como la interacci#n entre los seres vivos$
jugando un papel elemental en el desarrollo social. El desarrollo cient&fico y tecnol#gico
es uno de los factores m's influyentes sobre la sociedad contempor'nea. 5o se podr&a
ablar de globali%aci#n mundial$ polari%adora de la rique%a y el poder$ sin el avance de
las fuer%as productivas que la ciencia y la tecnolog&a an eco posibles. El avance
acelerado de la tecnolog&a est' asociado con los diferentes acontecimientos ist#ricos6 las
guerras mundiales$ la guerra fr&a$ la globali%aci#n y en lo fundamental la revoluci#n
industrial. 7e igual forma este desarrollo tecnol#gico a eco que se d) una nueva forma
de educar$ sin dejar de lado el desarrollo de valores sociales.! Ca)2 Ba&na'a6 -11
En )a a+4$a)%"a" (24a,2 ;%;%(n" a+()('a"2 +a,!%2 7 )2 2('(2 @$,an2 2,2 )a
+)a;( "() "(2a'')) "( )a 4(+n)&5a 7a 8$( @7 (n "5a 4" "( ,$(;( a 4'a;',a' 3('2na2 +n
+'%4('% 3'3%6 ":n")(2 a +n+(' n$(;a2 @(''a,%(n4a2 4(+n)*&%+a2 +n )a2 8$( 3$("an
a"8$%'%' +n+%,%(n42 n$(;2.
D$'an4( )a2 ?)4%,a2 "52%+a2 @7 (n &(n('a) (2 %n>)$(n+%a"a
(n &'an 3a'4( 3' )a 4(+n)&5a. En n$(24'2 "5a26 () %,3a+4 "( )a +%(n+%a 7 )a 4(+n)&5a @a
2%" 3'>$n" 7 a!a'+a"'6 2$ ,n%3'(2(n4( %n>)$(n+%a n ,$(24'a 2%&n2 "( '("$++%*n6 a)
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+n4'a'%6 () 3a3() +)a;( 8$( (=('+(n (n () "(2a'')) "( +$a)8$%(' a+4%;%"a" @$,ana 2( @a+(
+a"a "5a ,:2 (;%"(n4(.
En $na (,3'(2a 8$( @a %n+'3'a" )a &(24%*n 4(+n)*&%+a (n 2$ +$)4$'a6 )a2
a+4%;%"a"(2 3'3%a2 "( ())a (24:n %n+'3'a"a2 (n 2$ +a"(na "( ;a)' 7 2n '(a)%9a"a2 (n
>',a 2%24(,:4%+a ,("%an4( $n2 3'+(22 !:2%+2 8$( "(2a''))an >$n+%n(2 "( &(24%*n
4(+n)*&%+a. P'+(22 8$( %n4(&'an +,3(4(n+%a2 4(+n)*&%+a26 +,3(4(n+%a2 "( &(24%*n 7
'(+$'22 "%23n%!)(2 3a'a )a (,3'(2a (n () +$,3)%,%(n4 "( 2$2 3'3*2%426 !=(4%;26
(24'a4(&%a2 7 3('a+%n(2. P'+(22 8$( %n;)$+'an 4a,!%',a+%*n 7
+n+%,%(n426 7 )a %n4('a++%*n 2+%a) "( 3('2na2 (n )a +'(a+%*n "( +n+%,%(n4 7 ()
"(2a'')) "( %nn;a+%n(2 3a'a )a +'(a+%*n "( ;a)' 7 "( ;(n4a=a2 +,3(4%4%;a2.
En4'( (242 3'+(22 3$("(n ,(n+%na'2( )a &(24%*n "() +n+%,%(n46 () ,n%4'(
7 )a %n4()%&(n+%a 4(+n (+n*,%+a6 )a (;a)$a+%*n "( a)4('na4%;a2 4(+n)*&%+a26 )a n(&+%a+%*n
"( 4(+n)&5a6 )a 4'an2>('(n+%a "( 4(+n)&5a6 )a a2%,%)a+%*n 7 a"a34a+%*n6 ,(='a,%(n4 7 )a
%n;(24%&a+%*n 7 () "(2a'')).
En 4',a+%*n 4%+a+%*n "() "(2a'')) 4(+n)*&%+ &(24%*n "()
>%nan+%a,%(n4 "() "(2a'')) 4(+n)*&%+ %"(n4%>%+a+%*n6 2()(++%*n 7 '(+)$4a,%(n4 "(
a2(2'(2 4',$)a+%*n 7 (=(+$+%*n "( 3)54%+a2 "( +a3a+%4a+%*n "() '(+$'2 @$,an
3)an4(a,%(n46 3'(;(n+%*n 7 3'4(++%*n "( "('(+@2 "( 3'3%("a" %n4()(+4$a) 7 ,$+@a2
,:2.
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P' (=(,3)6 a&'$3a )2 3'+(22 "( &(24%*n 4(+n)*&%+a (n )a (,3'(2a (n 4'(2
:,!%42 () "( )a a"8$%2%+%*n6 () "( 2$ $2 3'3%a,(n4( "%+@ 7 () "( )a '(a)%9a+%*n "(
a+4%;%"a"(2 "( %n;(24%&a+%*n 7 "(2a''))6 (n )2 8$( $!%+a a)&$na2 "( )a2 >$n+%n(2 "(
&(24%*n 4(+n)*&%+a an4(2 2(a)a"a2.
La a"8$%2%+%*n "( 4(+n)&5a 4%(n( $n 3a3() %,3'4an4( (n () 3'+(2 "(
a+$,$)a+%*n "( +a3a+%"a"(2 4(+n)*&%+a2 7 3' ()) 2( )( a2%&na () 3'3*2%4 &(n('a) "(
+n;('4%' )2 3'+(22 "( +,3'a "( 4(+n)&5a (n 3'+(22 8$( 3(',%4an $na ;('"a"('a
4'an2>('(n+%a "( 4(+n)&5a '%(n4an" )a &(24%*n a a"8$%'%' )a2 +a3a+%"a"(2 4(+n)*&%+a2
3a'a $2a' a"(+$a"a,(n4( )a 4(+n)&5a6 a"a34a')a 7 ,(='a')a6 ,:2 8$( a a"8$%'%' $na
+a3a+%"a" 3'"$+4%;a. En )a2 (4a3a2 &)!a)(2 3a'a )a a"8$%2%+%*n "( 4(+n)&5a6 Á;a)2
%n+)$7( !?28$("a "( %n>',a+%*n6 2()(++%*n6 (;a)$a+%*n6 n(&+%a+%*n 7 a"3+%*n "(4(+n)&5a 7 +n2%"('a >$n"a,(n4a)(2 3a'a () 3'+(2 "( a"3+%*n () "%2( "( %n&(n%('5a6
)a +,3'a "( ,a8$%na'%a 7 (8$%326 )a +n24'$++%*n6 () ,n4a=(6 )a 3'$(!a 7 3$(24a (n
,a'+@a "( )2 2%24(,a2 3'"$+4%;2.
D(24a+a 4a,!%
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+, "( %n>',a+%*n6 "( +n4'%!$+%n(2 4(+n)*&%+a2 (4('na2 7 "( '(+$'22 >%nan+%('2.
R(2$)4an +'$+%a)(2 3a'a () %',a2 "( %n&(n%('5a 7 +n2$)4'5a 8$( n 3$("(n "(=a'2( a )a &(n('a+%*n (23n4:n(a
+a2$a)6 2%n 8$( "(!(n 2(' 3)an(a"a26 '&an%9a"a2 7 (=(+$4a"a2 (n >',a "()%!('a"a6 (2
"(+%'6 &(24%na"a2.
INNO?ACIÓN PARA EL USO DE LA TECNOLOGÍA EN LAS EMPRESAS
Una "( )a2 >$(n4(2 3'%n+%3a)(2 3a'a )a &(n('a+%*n "( +n+%,%(n4 (n )a (,3'(2a (2
)a Inn;a+%*n 3a'a () $2 "( )a T(+n)&5a (n )a2 (,3'(2a2. E24a 3$("( 4(n(' %"(n4%"a" 7;%"a 3'3%a "(n4' "( )a '&an%9a+%*n6 3(' (2 !a= () '(2&$a'" "( )a G(24%*n "()
Cn+%,%(n4 +$an" 8$("a %n4(&'a"a 44a),(n4( "(n4' "( )2 3'+(22 "( n(&+% "( )a
(,3'(2a A +n4%n$a+%*n 4(n"'(,2 "%24%n4a2 %n4('3'(4a+%n(2 "() +n+(34 "( Inn;a+%*n
1. C'(a+%*n ,"%>%+a+%*n "( $n 3'"$+4 7 2$ %n4'"$++%*n (n $n ,('+a".
-. E24( >(n*,(n %,3)%+a )a %n4'"$++%*n (%42a (n () ,('+a"6 (n )2 3'+(22
"( 3'"$++%*n (n )a2 3'3%a2 '&an%9a+%n(26 "( n$(;2 3'"$+426 4(+n)&5a2 2(';%+%2
%n4(n2%;2 (n +n+%,%(n46 a25 +, )a 2$!2%&$%(n4( "%>$2%*n (n )a 2+%("a".
H. Cn2%24( (n a3'4a' a)& n$(; 7 a?n "(2+n+%" (n $n "(4(',%na" +n4(4.
/. In"%+a 8$( )a %nn;a+%*n (2 )a 4'an2>',a+%*n "( $na %"(a (n $n 3'"$+4
;(n"%!)( n$(; ,(='a" (n $n 3'+(2 3('a4%; (n )a %n"$24'%a 7 (n () +,('+% (n
n$(; ,
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E2 n(+(2a'% ,a'+a' )a "%>('(n+%a (n4'( %n;(n4 ( %nn;a+%*n 3' +$an4 2) $na
3(8$(a 3'3'+%*n "( )a2 3a4(n4(2 ,(n2 "( 1_ ))(&an a +n;('4%'2( (n %nn;a+%n(2
(n )a 2+%("a".
V%(n" ) 8$( 4" () ,$n" ;(6 )(7(n" ) 8$( 4" () ,$n" )((6 7(n" ) 8$(
4" () ,$n" 7(6 %nn;a' (2 '(a)%9a' ) 8$( na"%( @a %,a&%na"6 4"a;5a.
S% ana)%9a,2 (24 4(n"'(,2 8$( n 2) (2 n(+(2a'% +'(a' a)& 2%n !$2+a' 8$(
(24( 3$("a 2(' "%>$n"%" an4( )a 2+%("a" 7 8$( )a ,%2,a 3('+%!a $n &'an !(n(>%+% "( (24(6
) 8$( +n+(,2 +, n%;()(2 "( 3(n(4'a+%*n (n )a 2+%("a".
E2 "(+%'6 8$( $na %"(a6 $na %n;(n+%*n $n "(2+$!'%,%(n4 2( 4'an2>',a (n $na%nn;a+%*n (n () %n24an4( (n 8$( 2( (n+$(n4'a $na $4%)%"a" a) @a))a9&.
INNO?ACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA
La '%8$(9a "( $na (,3'(2a "( +$a)8$%(' +,$n%"a" @$,ana 3';%(n( "() 4'a!a=
"( )a2 3('2na2. Pa'a )a ,%2,a +an4%"a" "( 4'a!a=6 )a2 >',a2 "( '&an%9a+%*n 7
+a3%4a)%9a+%*n "( (2( 4'a!a=6 )a "4a+%*n (n %n>'a(24'$+4$'a26 () +a3%4a) "( +n+%,%(n42 "(
)a2 3('2na26 (n4'( 4'2 >a+4'(26 3(',%4(n 8$( )a '%8$(9a 2( +'(( 7 2( +n2)%"( +n ,a7'
,(n' ;()+%"a"6 3(' n%n&$n "( (242 >a+4'(2 2( (4'a( "%'(+4a,(n4( "( )2 ,('+a"2
>%nan+%('2.
La %nn;a+%*n 4(+n)*&%+a (2 $n '(8$%2%4 "( )a +'(a+%*n "( '%8$(9a. En )a2
(+n,5a2 "(2a''))a"a2 7 +,3(4%4%;a26 2*) (%24(n 4'(2 >',a2 "( 8$( () 4'a!a= "( )a2
3('2na2 3'"$9+a n$(;a '%8$(9a (,3'(2a'%a) "( ,an('a 224(n%!)( +a34a' 7 >%"()%9a'
+)%(n4(26 %n+'(,(n4an" )a +$4a "( ,('+a" (n $na a+4%;%"a" "(4(',%na"a 34%,%9a'
3'+(226 %n+'(,(n4an" )a 3'"$+4%;%"a" "() 4'a!a= 76 2!'( 4"6 "(2a''))a' n$(;2
3'"$+42 7 2(';%+%2 3a'a +'(a' a+4%;%"a"(2 (n4('a,(n4( n$(;a2. En (242 4'(2 >'(n4(26 3+
2( 3$("( @a+(' 2%n %nn;a+%*n.
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P' 2$3$(246 ,$+@a2 %n%+%a4%;a2 3$("(n n 2(' 4(+n)*&%+a2 3' (=(,3)6 2( 3$("(
%n+'(,(n4a' )a +$4a "( ,('+a" >$2%n:n"2( +n (,3'(2a2 +,3(4%"'a26 a$,(n4a' )a
3'"$+4%;%"a" 4'a2)a"an" a+4%;%"a"(2 a 3a52(2 '(&%n(2 +n (24'$+4$'a2 "( +24(2 ,:2
>a;'a!)(26 "(2a''))a' n$(;2 3'"$+42 a 3a'4%' "( !'%))an4(2 %"(a2 +n (2+a2 n$)
+,3n(n4( 4(+n)*&%+.
P(' )a %nn;a+%*n 4%(n"( a 2(' +a"a ;(9 ,:2 4(+n)*&%+a. N$(24'a 2+%("a" ;%;(
%n,('2a (n $na (23%'a) a2+(n"(n4( "( 4(+n)&5a. a 2,2 $na +,$n%"a" ,$7
4(+n%>%+a"a6 (n )a 8$( +a"a ;(9 ,:2 3'+(22 "() "5a a "5a "(3(n"(n "( )a 4(+n)&5a6 7
+a,!%a' (22 3'+(22 )an9a' n$(;2 3'"$+42 7 n$(;2 @:!%42 '(8$%('(n a 2$ ;(9 $na
,a7' %n4(n2%>%+a+%*n 4(+n)*&%+a.
En (24( 2(n4%" 3"(,2 ;(' "( ,an('a &':>%+a )a %,3'4an+%a "( )a %nn;a+%*n
4(+n)*&%+a (n )a a+4$a)%"a"6 La 2%&$%(n4( >%&$'a '(3'(2(n4a (28$(,:4%+a,(n4( )a '()a+%*n
(%24(n4( (n4'( )a %nn;a+%*n6 )a %nn;a+%*n 4(+n)*&%+a6 7 )a ID. C, 2( 3$("( ;('6 )a
%nn;a+%*n 4(+n)*&%+a (2 $n 4%3 3a'4%+$)a' "( %nn;a+%*n (n )a 8$( )a 4(+n)&5a =$(&a $n
3a3() >$n"a,(n4a).
,./ MARCO CONCEPTUAL
C"n*e$t" #e Te*n"l"3;a.J )a 4(+n)&5a (2 () +n=$n4 "( 2a!('(26
+n+%,%(n426 @a!%)%"a"(2 7 "(24'(9a2 %n4(''()a+%na"2 +n 3'+("%,%(n42 3a'a )a
+n24'$++%*n 7 $2 "( a'4(>a+42 na4$'a)(2 a'4%>%+%a)(2 8$( 3(',%4an 4'an2>',a' ()
,("% 3a'a +$!'%' an@()26 "(2(26 n(+(2%"a"(26 7 +,3$)2%n(2 @$,ana2. E24a
"(>%n%+%*n (2 %n2$>%+%(n4( 3' ) +$a) @a7 8$( ana)%9a' )a2 >$n+%n(26 >%na)%"a"(2 7
)2 a23(+42 (3%24(,)*&%+2 "( )a 4(+n)&5a.
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P(',%4(n "%2(a' 7 +'(a' !%(n(2 7 2(';%+%2 8$( >a+%)%4an )a a"a34a+%*n a)
,("% a,!%(n4( 7 2a4%2>a+(' 4an4 )a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 (2(n+%a)(2 +, )2 "(2(2 "( )a
@$,an%"a". E2 $na 3a)a!'a "( '%&(n &'%(&6 `bcdedfgh6 >',a"a 3' 4
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a,!%(n4( !%2>('a6 (2 )a +a$2a 3'%n+%3a) "() +'(+%(n4( a&4a,%(n4 7 "(&'a"a+%*n
"( )2 '(+$'22 na4$'a)(2 "() 3)an(4a.
7UNCIONES DE LAS TECNOLOGÍAS
En )a 3'(@%24'%a6 )a2 4(+n)&5a2 @an 2%" $2a"a2 3a'a 2a4%2>a+(' n(+(2%"a"(2
(2(n+%a)(2 a)%,(n4a+%*n6 ;(24%,(n4a6 ;%;%(n"a6 3'4(++%*n 3('2na)6 '()a+%*n 2+%a)6
+,3'(n2%*n "() ,$n" na4$'a) 7 2+%a)6 7 (n )a @%24'%a 4a,!%',a2 7
+, ,("%2 3a'a 2a4%2>a+(' "(2(2 2%,!)%9a+%*n "( (24a4$26 >a!'%+a+%*n "( a',a2
7 4"a )a &a,a "( ,("%2 a'4%>%+%a)(2 $2a"2 3a'a 3('2$a"%' 7 ",%na' a )a2
3('2na2.
7(n*!"ne n" t*n!*a #e l" $%"#(*t" te*n"l+3!*"
D(23$',a26 +)'(2 7 4(4$'a2. En4'( "2 3'"$+42 "(
%&$a)(2 3'(24a+%n(2 4
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C$an" )a >$n+%*n 3'%n+%3a) "( )2 !=(42 4(+n)*&%+2 (2 )a 2%,!*)%+a6 n
2a4%2>a+(n )a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 !:2%+a2 "( )a2 3('2na2 7 2( +n;%('4(n (n ,("%2 3a'a
(24a!)(+(' (24a4$2 2+%a) 7 '()a+%n(2 "( 3"('.1
La2 =7a2 @(+@a2 "( ,(4a)(2 7 3%("'a2 3'(+%2a2 n %,3a+4an 4an4 3' 2$
!())(9a ,$+@a2 ;(+(2 +,3a'a!)( a) "( $na %,%4a+%*n !a'a4a +, 3' 2(' +)a'2
%n"%+a"'(2 "( )a '%8$(9a "( 2$2 "$(2. La2 '3a2 +242a2 "( 3'%,('a ,a'+a @an
2%" 4'a"%+%na),(n4( %n"%+a"'(2 "() (24a4$2 2+%a) "( 2$2 3'4a"'(2.
E) +a2 ,:2 "(24a+a" 7 >'(+$(n4( "( !=(42 4(+n)*&%+2 >a!'%+a"2 3' 2$
>$n+%*n 2%,!*)%+a (2 () "( )2 &'an"(2 ("%>%+%2 +a4("'a)(26 3a)a+%26 'a2+a+%()2&%&an4(2. N (2 +a2$a) 8$( )2 4('''%24a2 "() 11 "( 2(34%(,!'( "( -1 ()%&%('an
+, !)an+ 3'%n+%3a) "( 2$2 a4a8$(2 a )a2 T''(2 G(,()a2 "( N$(;a '6 2("( "(
)a O'&an%9a+%*n M$n"%a) "() C,('+% 7 25,!) "() 3'%n+%3a) +(n4' "() 3"('5
(+n*,%+ (24a"$n%"(n2(.
E) P'&'a,a A3) >$( )an9a" 3' () P'(2%"(n4( J@n F. (nn("7 (n ()
+)5,a "( )a G$(''a F'5a6 +$an" E24a"2 Un%"2 (24a!a a3a'(n4(,(n4( 3('"%(n" )a
+a''('a (23a+%a) >'(n4( a )2 '$226 3a'a "(,24'a' a) ,$n" )a %n4()%&(n+%a6 '%8$(9a6
3"('5 7 +a3a+%"a" 4(+n)*&%+a "( )2 E24a"2 Un%"2. Cn )a2 3%':,%"(2 "(
E&%346 (2 () ,:2 +242 (=(,3) "() $2 2%,!*)%+ "( )a2 4(+n)&5a2.
M8TODOS DE LAS TECNOLOGÍAS
La2 4(+n)&5a2 $2an6 (n &(n('a)6 ,('(n4(2 "() +%(n45>%+6 a$n8$( )a
(3('%,(n4a+%*n (2 4a,!%
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Un ,a+42. La2 4(+n)&5a2 "(
3'(24a+%*n "( 2(';%+%26 +, () 2%24(,a "( 2$,%n%24' ()%n%+%n(2 8$( @(,2 ;%24 4a,!%4Qa'(”.
S( 2$()( ))a,a' "$'a2 a8$())a2 4(+n)&5a2 8$( 2( !a2an (n +n+%,%(n4 "(
)a2 +%(n+%a2 "$'a26 +, )a >52%+a )a 8$5,%+a. M%(n4'a2 8$( )a2 4'a2 2(
>$n"a,(n4an (n +%(n+%a2 !)an"a26 +, )a 2+%)&5a6 )a (+n,5a6 )a
a",%n%24'a+%*n.
Te*n"l"3;a a$%"$!a#a.J S( +n2%"('a 8$( $na 4(+n)&5a (2 a3'3%a"a
+$an" 4%(n( (>(+42 !(n(>%+%22 2!'( )a2 3('2na2 7 () ,("% a,!%(n4(.
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La %n;('2%*n "( )2 &!%('n2 (n 4(+n)&5a2 a3'3%a"a2 "(!( 3'%'%9a' "(
," a!2)$4 )a 2a4%2>a++%*n "( )a2 n(+(2%"a"(2 @$,ana2 !:2%+a2 "( a)%,(n4a+%*n6
;(24%,(n4a6 ;%;%(n"a6 2a)$"6 ("$+a+%*n6 2(&$'%"a" 3('2na)6 3a'4%+%3a+%*n 2+%a)6
4'a!a= 7 4'an23'4(.
L2 +n+(342 4(+n)&5a2 a3'3%a"a2 7 4(+n)&5a2 "( 3$n4a 2n
+,3)(4a,(n4( "%>('(n4(2. La2 4(+n)&5a2 "( 3$n4a6 4a4%9a )a %nn;a+%*n6 2n $2$a),(n4( 4(+n)&5a2 +,3)(=a2 8$( @a+(n $2 "(
,$+@a2 4'a2 4(+n)&5a2 ,:2 2%,3)(2. La2 4(+n)&5a2 a3'3%a"a2 >'(+$(n4(,(n4(6
a$n8$( n 2%(,3'(6 $2an 2a!('(2 3'3%2 "( )a +$)4$'a &(n('a),(n4( a'4(2ana)(2 7
,a4('%a2 3'%,a2 >:+%),(n4( !4(n%!)(2 (n () a,!%(n4( na4$'a) "n"( 2( a3)%+an.