ALCOHOL AND COLLEGE STUDENTSAmanda MorrisonNovember 8, 2010H519 Presentation

ALCOHOL Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating

ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of

yeast, sugars, and starches.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE BODY Immediate effects:

Blurred vision Slurred speech Unintentional injuries – traffic injuries, falls,

burns, drowning, and firearm injuries Violence against partner or child Risky sexual behaviors Miscarriage and stillbirth among pregnant

women Alcohol poisoning

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE BODY Long term effects:

Alcohol use disorders Neurological problems Cardiovascular problems Psychiatric problems Social problems Cancer – throat, liver, mouth, esophagus, colon,

and breast Liver diseases

Cirrhosis Alcoholic hepatitis

Gastrointestinal problems

ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS Alcohol dependence/alcoholism - increased

tolerance to alcohol or symptoms of withdrawal after discontinuing alcohol ingestion

Alcohol abuse - disregard his/her responsibilities in school, at work, or socially

Alcohol intoxication - experience emotional changes such as moodiness or irritability

Alcohol withdrawal - follows the discontinuation of the heavy use of alcohol (i.e. rapid pulse, sweating, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and seizures)

ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS MOST PREVALENT AMONG COLLEGE-AGED STUDENTS

GLOBAL ALCOHOL STATISTICS 2 billion people worldwide consume alcoholic

beverages 76.3 million people worldwide are diagnosed

with alcohol use disorders In 2004, 3.8% of deaths are caused by

alcohol consumption, which is 1 in 25 deaths

6.3% for men and 1.1% for women 4.6% of Disability-Adjusted Life Years lost

ADULT CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BY COUNTRY

Exposure to alcohol—recorded and unrecorded adult consumption by country, WHO 2004

DEATHS ATTRIBUTED TO ALCOHOL GLOBALLY

Alcohol-attributable deaths as proportion of all deaths by sex and WHO region in 2004, AFR=African region. AMR=American region. EMR=eastern Mediterranean region. EUR=European region. SEAR=southeast Asian region. WPR=western Pacific region

GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE

Alcohol-attributable burden of disease in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as proportion of all DALYs by sex and WHO region in 2004AFR=African region. AMR=American region. EMR=eastern Mediterranean region. EUR=European region. SEAR=southeast Asian region. WPR=western Pacific region.

PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS

1-year prevalence of alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) in people aged 15–64 years by sex and WHO region in 2004, AFR=African region. AMR=American region. EMR=eastern Mediterranean region. EUR=European region. EurC=eastern European region with proportionally higher adult mortality than other European parts (most populous country: Russia). SEAR=southeast Asian region. WPR=western Pacific region.

UNITED STATES ALCOHOL STATISTICS In 2001, there were >75,000 Alcohol

Attributable Deaths (AADs) 2.3 million Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

or 30 years of life lost per average AAD 46% (35,000) deaths were caused by chronic

conditions i.e. cancer, liver cirrhosis 54% (41,000) deaths were caused by acute

conditions i.e. traffic injuries, alcohol poisoning

#1 mostly used and abused drug

INDIANA ALCOHOL STATISTICS Individuals with an alcohol addiction or alcohol

abuse problem over a one year period was 398,000. 34,000 were between the ages of 12-17 years old 135,000 were between the ages of 18-25 years old 230,000 were 26 or older

Binge alcohol users over a one month period was 1,122,000. 53,000 were between the ages of 12-17 years old. 318,000 were between the ages of 18-25 years old. 751,000 were 26 or older

Source: 2002-2003 National Survey of Drug Use and Health

BAC – BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT The concentration of alcohol in a person’s

blood Euphoria (BAC = 0.03 to 0.12%)

“life of the party” Lethargy (BAC = 0.09 to 0.25%)

Delayed reactions Confusion (BAC = 0.18 to 0.30%)

Uncontrollable crying Stupor (BAC = 0.25 to 0.40%)

Severe ataxia – loss of muscle movement, unbalanced Coma (BAC = 0.35 to 0.50%)

Unconsciousness, or even death

Source: Virginia Tech University: www.alcohol.vt.edu

STANDARD DRINK SIZE AND ALCOHOL BY VOLUME

COLLEGE DRINKING IN THE U.S. Considered a “rite of passage”

Environmental and social influences create a culture that promotes alcohol use

About 4 in 5 college students drink, including 60% of students 18-20 years old

Approximately 2 of every 5 college students of all ages—more than 40 %—have reported engaging in binge drinking at least once during the past 2 weeks

PREVALENCE OF ANNUAL, 30-DAY, AND HEAVY ALCOHOL USE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

TRENDS IN ANNUAL, 30-DAY, HEAVY, AND DAILY ALCOHOL USE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 1980 - 1999

INDIANA COLLEGE DRINKING STATS 48% of students in Indiana engaged in binge drinking in the past two weeks

compared to 40% of all U.S. college students

Gender difference in alcohol consumption Males binge drink at a higher rate than females

Age differences in alcohol consumption Students over the age of 21 binge drink more than those under 21

Alcohol consumption varies according to the type of academic institution Students attending 4-year colleges binge drink more than those at 2-year

colleges

44.9% of underage students reported the easiest way to get alcohol was 1. older friends on campus2. on-campus parties3. off campus parties

Source: National data is from the 2008 Monitoring the Future survey, Johnston et al., 2009. Source: Indiana data is from the 2009 Indiana College Substance Use Survey

WHAT IS BINGE DRINKING?Binge drinking is defined as “a pattern of

drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram

percent or above”.

For the typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 drinks or more (for males) or 4 drinks or more (for females), in about 2 hours (NIAAA, 2004).

WHY IS BINGE DRINKING A SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM? Binge drinking is closely associated with

alcohol use disorders (alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence).

Binge drinking is attributable to: assaults unintentional injuries sexual assaults risky sexual behaviors death

Drinking games have become more prevalent: Beer pong Flippy cup Power Hour Card games (i.e. Kings, Euchre)

OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ALCOHOL USE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Personal Factors

Family influence Personality Biological traits Beliefs about alcohol

To cope with stress Enliven a party Relieve boredom

Social factors Fitting in Making new friends

Environmental Factors Outlet density and drinking

venues Prices of alcohol Advertising School size Location Greek systems Living in dormitories

DRINKS PER WEEK & G.P.A.

TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Twelve-Step Self-Help Programs

Alcohol Anonymous Psychosocial Therapy

Motivational Enhancement Therapy Couples Therapy Brief Interventions

Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Programs

In patient care – 30 day, 60 day, 90 day, etc.

ALCOHOL-RELATED NEWS STORIES IN INDIANA http://www.bsudailynews.com/iu-student-dies

-saturday-in-ball-state-residence-hall-1.2326124 Sep. 12, 2010:18 year-old IU student died after a

heavy night of drinking while visiting Ball State University.

Determined cause of death was asphyxiation after choking on his own vomit.

http://www.wthr.com/story/12284658/report-student-who-drowned-had-alcohol-marijuana-in-system March 20, 2010: 18 year-old Purdue University

student died after driving his car into a retention pond after a party.

His determined BAC level was 0.19.

COLLEGE STUDENTS VS. THEIR NON-COLLEGE PEERS On a yearly, monthly, and weekly basis

college students exceeded their non-college attending peers in using alcohol

College students were more likely to be diagnosed with a alcohol use disorder (abuse or dependence)

College students were more likely to have symptoms of dependence and abuse

18% of college students were more likely to receive a DSM-IV alcohol abuse diagnosis

Source: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

BE SMART, DRINK SMART Goal: Educate incoming freshman on the

dangers of binge drinking and heavy drinking.

Objective: Increase the knowledge of incoming freshman about the dangers of excessive drinking, alternative activities that do not include drinking, and drink tips to reduce harm

Target Population: Incoming freshman living in dorms at U.S. Universities

BE SMART, DRINK SMART The program will be given during the one-

week orientation period of incoming freshman college students

Timeline: 5 consecutive days/1hour per day Day 1: Pre survey and Alcohol 101 Day 2: Norms and refusal skills Day 3: Ways to practice “safe” drinking Day 4: Alternatives to drinking Day 5: Post survey and Wrap-up

Requirement for all freshman students

BE SMART, DRINK SMART Funding: Small fee added into the registration

process to pay for instructor, advertising, and surveys

Evaluation: Pre and Post test surveys during the one week

orientation period Follow-up after the end of their freshman year

Expected Outcomes: Increased knowledge of the dangers of drinking Awareness of alternative activities, places to seek

help if needed, and tips to drinking to reduce harm Decreased arrests, police infractions,

hospital/emergency room visits, injuries (including traffic), assaults, and deaths.

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