INGLES_B1

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INGLÉS B1

Contenidos Inglés B1

Autor: Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.

Edita: Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.

“Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorización escrita del editor, la reproducción parcial o

total de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el

tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos”.

©

2012 Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.

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índice

UNIT 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES .......................................................................... 4

SITUATION 1. AT THE UNIVERSITY

.................................................................................................. 4GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE ................................................................................5

VOCABULARY 1. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE .......................................................... ............ 7FILM 1. “GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES” ....................................................................................... 9

UNIT 2. A FEW GOOD MEN .............................................................................................. 10

SITUATION 2. ON THE PHONE ........................................................................................................ 10GRAMMAR 2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY .................................................... 11VOCABULARY 2. MONEY ................................................................................................................. 15FILM 2. “A FEW GOOD MEN” ............................................................................................................. 17

UNIT 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING ............................................................................ 18

SITUATION 3. AT BETTY’S HOUSE

................................................................................................. 18GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................................................................... 19

VOCABULARY 3. FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS ............................................................ 23FILM 3. “WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING” .......................................................................................... 25

UNIT 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO ........................................................................................... 27

SITUATION 4. AT THE GYM ............................................................................................................. 27

GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE ............................................................. 28VOCABULARY 4. HEALTH AND FITNESS ...................................................................................... 30FILM 4. “BECAUSE I SAID SO” .......................................................................................................... 33

UNIT 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS? .......................................................... 35

SITUATION 5. AT THE CONCERT

..................................................................................................... 35GRAMMAR 5. PRESENT PERFECT ................................................................................................... 36

VOCABULARY 5. MUSIC. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE PAST ............................................. 39FILM 5. “WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?” ...................................................................... 41

UNIT 6. EVER AFTER ...................................................................................................... 43

SITUATION 6. AT THE CLUB ............................................................................................................ 43GRAMMAR 6. JUST, FOR, SINCE, EVER… ................................................................... .................... 44VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT ............................................................................................... 47

FILM 6. “EVER AFTER” ...................................................................................................................... 50UNIT 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER ....................................................... 52

SITUATION 7. AT THE RESTAURANT

............................................................................................. 52GRAMMAR 7. WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORFUTURE USE ...................................................................................................................................... 53

VOCABULARY 7. TRAVEL AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE

FUTURE TIME .................................................................................................................................... 56FILM 7. “YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER” .......................................................... ......... 60

UNIT 8. I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD ............................................................................... 62

SITUATION 8. AT THE WEDDING .................................................................................................... 62GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE ............................. 63VOCABULARY 8. FASHION .............................................................................................................. 67

FILM 8. “I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD” ............................................................................................. 69

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UNIT 9. ROMEO MUST DIE .............................................................................................. 71

SITUATION 9. ON CAMPUS .............................................................................................................. 71

GRAMMAR 9. MODALS EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY ........................................ 72

VOCABULARY 9. RULES AND REGULATIONS ............................................................................... 75FILM 9. “ROMEO MUST DIE” ............................................................................................................. 76

UNIT 10. THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS

................................................................................. 78

SITUATION 10. AT THE PARK ......................................................................................................... 78GRAMMAR 10. MODALS EXPRESSING CERTAINY AND UNCERTAINTY .................................... 79VOCABULARY 10. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................... 81

FILM 10. “THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS” ................................................................ ............................... 84

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UNIT 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES

SITUATION 1. AT THE UNIVERSITY

Watch the video in the virtual classroom

Alice: Hi David! How are you doing?

David: Hey Alice. Not very well, I’m very tired.Alice: What are you studying?David: Spanish. It’s really difficult for me!

Alice: Well, I prefer Spanish to Maths. Actually, I like studying Spanish.David: I hate it! I’d rather study three Maths lessons than one of Spanish.Alice: Well, I can help you.David: Really?Alice: Of course!David: Great! Where do we start?Alice: First of all, I need to know what you’re having problems with.David: Well, the most difficult thing for me is speaking. I am good at reading and I can write

short texts quite easily, but when I try to speak I have serious difficulties putting

words together into sentences. I feel embarrassed and I blush.Alice: What about listening? Can you understand spoken Spanish?

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David: Well, it depends. When people speak slowly and clearly, I can understand the generalmeaning of a conversation. In my opinion, listening is easier than speaking but more

difficult than reading and writing. What do you think?Alice: In my view, what is happening to you is very common. I believe that most foreign

language students prefer reading and writing to speaking.

David: So, what can I do to improve my Spanish?Alice: From my point of view, the first thing to do is to revise grammar. At the same time, we

can have a look at basic vocabulary and try and learn some words every day. We canlook them up in a dictionary and write them down in a notebook. It’s a good way to

learn, isn’t it?David: Yes, it is.Alice: David, I have to go now. I am having lunch with a friend. We can meet this afternoon to

study Spanish. How do you feel about it?David: I think it is a brilliant idea!

GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE

Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom

Expressing and requesting opinions and impressions.

ASKING SOMEONE FOR AN OPINION

Here you have some common expressions used to ask for or request someone’s opinion

about something:

What do you think of his new book?

How do you feel about working abroad?What are your feelings about life imprisonment?What is your view on the recent changes?

What’s your honest opinion of abortion?Are you for or against capital punishment?

GIVING OPINIONS

Here you have some common and useful expressions used to give your opinion aboutsomething:

(Personally,) I think/ I believe yours is the best idea.

I don’t think you should keep talking like that.In my opinion, they should buy a new car.From my point of view/ In my view, you haven’t made a great effort.

If you ask me, you ought to read more books. (Informal )To my mind, his hair style is awful. (Informal )

As far as I’m concerned, this has been the best party I have attended. (Formal )If I may express my opinion, I think that we should concentrate on the project. (Formal )

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Expressions of preference

To express preference we use the verb “to prefer”. We can use the present form of the verb

followed by a to-infinitive or a gerund:

I prefer to go alone = I prefer going alone.

We can also express our preference between two different things or actions. In that case, we join them with the preposition “to”:

I prefer chicken to meat. (noun + to + noun)I prefer drawing to writing. (V-ing + to + V-ing)

To say we would like somebody else to do something, we use the structure:

I prefer her to tell them.

I prefer her not to tell them.

Usually, to state our preferences more politely, especially when they can have an influenceor an effect on other people, we add expressions like the following:

I prefer to go alone, if you don’t mind.I prefer chicken to meat, if possible.

The conditional form can also be used to soften our statement or to make it more polite. Note

that when the conditional is followed by a verb, we have to use the to-infinitive:

I would prefer to go alone / I’d prefer to go alone.

We cannot use the gerund with “would prefer”:

I would prefer going alone / I’d prefer going alone

But we can use the gerund in the cases where the verb is in fact working as a noun:

I’d prefer drawing to writing.

prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive

prefer + (a) + to + (b)

prefer + to-infinitive / -ing

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An expression similar in meaning to “would prefer” is “would rather” (usually shortened to ‘drather), but the structure is different. “Would rather” is never used with a noun. It is always

followed by a verb and it must be in the infinitive:

I would rather stay here if you don’t mind / I’d rather stay here if you don’t mind.

When we express our preference between two actions we join them with “than”:

I’d rather go by bus than walk.

And when we say we would like somebody else to do something, we use another structure:

I’d rather you stayed somewhere else tonight.I’d rather you didn’t use the computer.

These same expressions can be used to ask about someone else’s preferences:

Which would you prefer, a twin or a double room?

What would you rather have, tea or coffee?Where would you rather we went on holiday this year?

PREFER WOULD PREFER WOULD RATHER

I prefer to go aloneI prefer going alone

I’d prefer to go alone I’d rather go alone

I prefer chicken to I’d prefer chickenmeat to meat

I prefer drawing to I’d prefer drawing

writing to I’d rather draw

writing than

write

I prefer him to stay I’d prefer him to stay I’d rather he stayed

VOCABULARY 1. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom

would rather + subject pronoun + past simple

would rather + (a) + than + (b)

would rather + bare infinitive

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LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE APRENDER UN IDIOMA

Blackboard Encerado, pizarra

Book Libro

Clearly Claro

Conversation Conversación

Could you repeat that, please? ¿Podría/s repetir, por favor?

Dialogue Diálogo

Dictionary Diccionario

Electronic whiteboard Pizarra digital

Foreign Extranjero/a

Grammar Gramática

Handbook Manual

Homework Deberes

How do you say --- in English? ¿Cómo se dice --- en inglés?

How do you spell it? ¿Cómo se deletrea?

I don't understand No comprendo

Mother tongue Lengua materna

Notebook Cuaderno

Paragraph PárrafoPhonetics Fonética

Pronunciation Pronunciación

Sentence Frase, oración

Slowly Despacio

Teacher Profesor/a

To improve Mejorar

To learn Aprender

To listen Escuchar

To look up (phrasal verb ) Buscar, consultar

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LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE APRENDER UN IDIOMA

To practise Practicar

To put together (phrasal verb ) Juntar, unir

To read Leer

To revise Revisar, repasar

To speak Hablar

To study Estudiar

To teach Enseñar

To write Escribir

To write down (phrasal verb ) Apuntar, anotar

What does --- mean? ¿Qué significa ---?

Whiteboard Pizarra blanca

Word PalabraWriting exercise Redacción

FILM 1. “GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES”

- I always say a kiss on the hand might feel very good, but a diamond tiara lasts

forever.

- Diamond tiara?

- Yes, Lady Beekman's. I'd just love to have it. - Good gracious.

- What's the matter?- Oh, nothing, nothing, nothing, but… wouldn't you rather have some furs or a

race horse or a motor boat?

- No, thank you.

Watch the video in the virtual classroom.

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UNIT 2. A FEW GOOD MEN

SITUATION 2. ON THE PHONE


David: Hello?Alice: Hi, David. It’s Alice.David: Hi, Alice. How are you?Alice: Fine, and you?David: Fine. I’m reading the book I borrowed from the library.Alice: Do you like it?David: Yes, I do. It’s very good.

Alice: Maybe I can read it too before you give it back.David: Sure!

Alice: Listen, I’m planning to have dinner with some friends tonight. Would you like to come?David: Well, Alice, I don’t have much money.Alice: The restaurant isn’t too expensive.David: You know I lost my credit card last week. I’m almost broke now.Alice: I have plenty of money in my bank account. I can lend you €50. That will be enough.

David: Are you sure? I don’t want you to go over your budget.Alice: Don’t worry. It’s only a few euros. We can stop by an ATM on our way to the restaurant.David: Thank you! What restaurant are we going to?

Alice: “Le Bistrot”.David: In West Street? Are there any ATMs near there?

Alice: Yes, there are several in Russell Street.David: Ok. Meet me at 8, then. How many people are coming?

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Alice: Well, just ten or twelve.David: That’s a lot!

GRAMMAR 2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY


Some adjectives and adverbs denote quantity or amount and they are usually called

quantifiers. Quantifiers answer to the question “How much?” or “How many?” and they can

be used with countable or uncountable nouns. There are different quantifiers to expressdifferent degrees of quantity.

1. Indefinite quantity

The most common words to express an indefinite quantity meaning “a certain number oramount but not very large” are some and any:

Some and any are generally used with uncountable or plural countable nouns:

Yesterday we went to the market and we bought some food. (uncountable)He lent me some interesting books about Ancient History. (plural countable)

Have you got any doubts? (plural countable)No, I am sorry. I can’t give you any money. (uncountable)

Some is mainly used in affirmative or positive sentences:

I need to buy some new clothes.Tonight I am going out with some friends of mine.

And we can also find it in some questions when we expect the answer to be affirmative, orwhen we are making requests, invitations or offers:

Yesterday I bought two bottles of coke. Is there some coke left? (I expect that there is some

coke)You worked in London for two months. Do you know some good restaurants in London? (I

expect that you know some)

Can you lend me some money? (request )Would you like some more wine? (offer )

Any is used in negative sentences and in questions:

Some + uncountable or plural countable nouns in affirmative sentencesAny + uncountable or plural countable nouns in negative sentences andquestions

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There isn’t any butter left.Have you got any brothers or sisters?

But sometimes we use any in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning or with wordswith negative meaning such as NEVER, HARDLY EVER, WITHOUT, REFUSE…:

I hardly ever have any cheese.Peter has never attended any English classes.I went out without any money.

She refused to say any words.

Another expression for indefinite quantity is several:

I have made several mistakes.We had to take several trains to get here.

Enough is also used for indefinite quantity:

The meaning changes depending on the type of sentence. It means sufficient in positivesentences and less than sufficient or less than necessary in negative sentences. Comparethe following examples:

I have €100:

I have enough money for the CD player.I don't have enough money for the computerI can’t afford the computer, but I could buy the CD player with the same amount. The

money is sufficient for the CD player, but not for the computer .

There are 15 chairs in the classroom. There were 10 students in the classroom yesterday.There are 20 today.

There were enough chairs yesterday.There aren't enough chairs today.Yesterday there were more chairs than students. But today there are more students,

so the same number of chairs is not sufficient .

Note that when it is used with an adjective or adverb, it is placed after it:

I’m not old enough to get married.

enough + noun (countable or uncountable)

adjective/adverb + enough

several + plural countable noun

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You failed because you didn’t work hard enough.

2. Large quantity

The most common words to express a large quantity are a lot, much and many:

We generally use a lot of (or lots of) and plenty of in positive statements:

We spent a lot of money.He has lots of friends.

We’ve got plenty of time.

But it is also possible in questions:

Does she drink a lot of tea?Did they spend a lot of money?

A lot of can be replaced by much or many with the same meaning, but much and many are

more commonly used in negative sentences and questions:

He hasn’t got many friends.I don’t know many people in the neighbourhood.

Do you know many people in Auckland?Sorry but I haven’t got much time.There is not much milk in the fridge.Did they stay many days?

Much is unusual in positive sentences in spoken English. Instead, we use a lot of:

We spent a lot of money. (not: We spent much money )

However, when it is modified by too or so, it can be used in positive sentences:

They spent too much/so much money.

We can use quite and rather before a lot of for emphasis, but not before many or much.

There are quite a lot of tourists here.

She took rather a lot of photos.

lots /a lot/plenty of + uncountable or countable nouns in

affirmative sentences

many + countable nouns in negative sentences and questions

much + uncountable nouns in negative sentences and questions

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In negative sentences, we can add very to emphasize the meaning of large quantity:

Not very many customers came into the shop.There is not very much milk in the fridge.

We can also use a lot, plenty and much without a noun. In these cases, we do not need thepreposition of:

He goes out a lot. I don’t go out much.It cost a lot to repair the car.

I’ve had plenty to eat.I don’t use the phone very much at work.

3. Small quantity

Few and little are mainly used in positive statements. Few is used with plural countablenouns while little goes with uncountable nouns. Without the article “a” they express anegative idea (=not much, not many). A little and a few are more positive (=some):

Few customers have come into the shop (not many customers )

A few customers have come into the shop (some customers )I need little money (not much money ).I need a little money (some money ).

If we place only before a little/a few it emphasises that the number or amount is really

small in the speaker's opinion:

I need only a little money.Only a few customers came into the shop.

On the contrary, we can use quite before a few when the speaker considers that, being asmall quantity, it is however larger than it was expected:

Quite a few customers came into the shop (more than we expected ).

(a) few + plural nouns

(a) little + uncountable nouns

Not very much + uncountable nouns

Not very many + countable plural nouns

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VOCABULARY 2. MONEY


MONEY DINERO

A.T.M. Cajero automático

Affordable Asequible

Bank account Cuenta bancaria

Bank transfer Transferencia

Banknote Billete

Bargain Ganga

Bill Factura/Billete

Budget Presupuesto

Cash Metálico

Cashier Cajero/a

Change Cambio

Cheap Barato

Cheque Cheque

Coin MonedaCredit card Tarjeta de crédito

Currency Divisa

Debt Deuda

Discount Descuento

Exchange rate Tasa de cambio

Expenses Gastos

Expensive Caro

Fare TarifaFee Tarifa

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MONEY DINERO

Free Gratis

Funds Fondos

Interest Interés

Loan Préstamo

Loss Pérdida

Mortgage Hipoteca

Pawnbroker Prestamista

Payment Pago

Pocket moneyDinero suelto (paga quedan los padres a los hijos)

Price Precio

Profit BeneficioReceipt Recibo

Refund Devolución

Savings Ahorros

Tax Impuesto

Tip Propina

To affordPoder pagar, poderpermitirse

To be broke Estar arruinado

To be in the black Tener saldo a favor

To be in the red Estar en números rojos

To be within budget No salirse del presupuesto

To borrow Tomar prestado

To charge Cobrar

To cost Costar

To earn Ganar dinero

To give back (phrasal

verb )

Devolver

To go over budget Salirse del presupuesto

To invest Invertir

To lend Prestar

To owe Deber

To pay Pagar

To pay back (phrasal

verb )Devolver (dinero)

To purchase Adquirir

To save Ahorrar

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MONEY DINERO

To spend Gastar

To take money out(phrasal verb )

Sacar dinero

To waste MalgastarTo withdraw Retirar

VAT IVA

FILM 2. “A FEW GOOD MEN”

Talking about quantity…

The word "sir" is used 164 times during this movie. That's an average of once every 50

seconds.

You may think that’s a lot, but some officers would say it’s not enough!

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UNIT 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING

SITUATION 3. AT BETTY’S HOUSE


Alice: Hello guys! You look awful today.

David: Yes, I don’t feel very well. We had a terrible night.Martin: Oh, it really was.

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Alice: Did you? I phoned you yesterday afternoon, David, but you didn’t answer. What wereyou doing?

David: I didn’t answer because I lost my mobile phone.Alice: Really? What happened?David: We were at Betty’s because it was her birthday and we were organizing a surprise

party for her.Alice: But that sounds great.Martin: The thing is that everything went wrong. It was a terrible party.Alice: Was it? Why was it so terrible?Martin: I had to cook dinner. I was going to cook a big Italian meal but everything was wrong.Alice: Was it a theme party?Martin: No, not really, but I had bought all the ingredients to cook a delicious lasagna and

some Italian friends were coming to the party.Alice: What was wrong about that?

Martin: Wait! That was the beginning. While I was cooking, Mary and David were preparing

the decorations and the presents for Betty.David: Yes, we were working really hard.

Martin: Suddenly, the bell rang. It was Betty’s brother and his Italian friends. We were talkingabout their journey back to Italy when we saw smoke coming out of the kitchen.

Alice: Oh dear! Your lasagna!David: Yes, it was totally burnt, but that’s not all.Alice: No?David: When Betty’s brother was helping me to put the fire out, he dumped the birthday cake

on the floor.Alice: That’s terrible.Martin: The worst thing is that we couldn’t put the fire out and we had to call the fire

brigade.Alice: And what about Betty?David: When she got home, she had a big surprise! No presents, no birthday cake and no

birthday party.

GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE


Form

The Past Continuous is formed by the Past simple of the verb TO BE (was/were) + the present

participle of the main verb:Last night, I was cooking when Susan phoned.

Yesterday we were sleeping while they were playing basketball.

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POSITIVE

I WAS PLAYING

YOU WERE PLAYING

HE WAS PLAYINGSHE WAS PLAYING

IT WAS PLAYING

WE WERE PLAYING

YOU WERE PLAYING

THEY WERE PLAYING

NEGATIVE SHORT FORM

I WAS NOT WALKING I WASN'T WALKING

YOU WERE NOT WALKING YOU WEREN'T WALKINGHE WAS NOT WALKING HE WASN'T WALKING

SHE WAS NOT WALKING SHE WASN'T WALKING

IT WAS NOT WALKING IT WASN'T WALKING

WE WERE NOT WALKING WE WEREN'T WALKING

YOU WERE NOT WALKING YOU WEREN'T WALKING

THEY WERE NOT WALKING THEY WEREN'T WALKING

In questions the structure is the same as in the other tenses:

INTERROGATIVE POSITIVE ANSWER NEGATIVE ANSWER

WAS I WORKING? YES, I WAS NO, I WASN'T

WERE YOU WORKING? YES, YOU WERE NO, YOU WEREN'T

WAS HE WORKING? YES, HE WAS NO, HE WASN'T

WAS SHE WORKING? YES, SHE WAS NO, SHE WASN'T

WAS IT WORKING? YES, IT WAS NO, IT WASN'T

WERE WE WORKING? YES, WE WERE NO, WE WEREN'TWERE YOU WORKING? YES, YOU WERE NO, YOU WEREN'T

WERE THEYWORKING?

YES, THEY WERE NO, THEY WEREN'T

Use

In general, the Past Continuous is used to talk about continuing unfinished actions in the

past. Normally, we use the Past continuous to express that an action was in progress or going

on around a particular moment in the past.

(QUESTION WORD) + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + OTHER INFORMATION + ?

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What were you doing yesterday at 10?I was having dinner with a friend.

Here you

have themost

important uses of the Past continuous:

• We use the Past Continuous when we want to emphasize or stress the duration of a past

action during a period of time:

Yesterday we were playing tennis for three hours.

They were watching TV all the afternoon.

• We use the Past continuous in descriptions and narratives in the past:It was cold, the wind was blowing and the dogs were barking outside...

• We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions that were happening at the same

time in the past:

She was reading while he was sleeping.

• We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions in the past, one of them

interrupted by the other. The action that interrupts is in Past simple and the interrupted

action in Past Continuous:

We were cooking when someone knocked at the door.When Peter phoned me, I was having dinner with Tom.As I was walking down the street I bumped into Mary.

• We use the Past Continuous with expressions such as always or continually to talk about

actions that happened repeatedly or unexpectedly in the past.

My father was always buying me presents when I was a little girl.Peter was continually asking me for money.

Using when and while to describe past actions

Interrupted actions

We can use WHEN and WHILE to introduce an action or situation which was going on whensomething else happened.

10 PM

I was having dinner at 10

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Notice that we usually use a progressive tense for the action or situation in progress and asimple tense for the action that interrupts.

WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.I was having a bath when the telephone rang.

While they were having a nap, somebody broke into the house.

Simultaneous actions in progress

Both WHEN and WHILE can be used to talk about actions or situations that take place at thesame time.

Somebody phoned when they were playing football.

While they were having dinner, I went for a walk.

Notice that WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.

WHILE is used to say that two actions or situations went on at the same time. We normallyuse progressive tenses after WHILE.

While he was watching TV, I was working.He was sleeping while I was cooking supper.

If we are talking about ages and periods of life, we use WHEN:

When I was a child we lived in London (NOT While I was a child …)

His parents died when he was ten (NOT … while he was ten)

Simultaneous short actions

WHEN is used to refer to short and finished past actions:When I finished the report, I went home.

We use WHEN to say that two short actions or events happened at the same time:

I thought about you when I heard the news.

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VOCABULARY 3. FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS


FESTIVALS FIESTAS

Black Friday

(US) Viernes negro (día siguiente a Acción degracias, entre el 23 y el 29 de noviembre. Lastiendas abren más tiempo y tienen ofertas

especiales para animar el comienzo de las comprasde Navidad.

Boxing day

Día de San Esteban. Se celebra el 26 de diciembre,

día en el que tradicionalmente se daban los

aguinaldos.

Christmas Navidad

Christmas carol Villancico

Christmas Day Día de Navidad

Christmas dinner Cena de navidad

Christmas Eve Nochebuena

Christmas Tree Árbol de navidad

New Year's Day Día de año nuevo

New Year's Eve Noche de fin de año

Thanksgiving DayDía de Acción de gracias. Se celebra el cuarto jueves

de noviembre.

Saint Andrew's Day(Scotland's

National Day)

Día de San Andrés. Se celebra el 30 de noviembre yes el día nacional de Escocia.

Saint David's Day

(Wales National

Day )

Día de San David. Se celebra el 1 de marzo y es el día

nacional de Gales.

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FESTIVALS FIESTAS

Saint George's Day(England's National

Day )

Día de San Jorge. Se celebra el 23 de abril y es el día

nacional de Inglaterra.

Saint Patrick's Day(Ireland’s National

Day )

Día de San Patricio. Se celebra el 17 de marzo y es eldía nacional de Irlanda.

Saint Valentine'sday

Día de San Valentín. Se celebra el 14 de febrero.

April Fool's Day Día de los Santos Inocentes. Se celebra el 1 de abril.

Bonfire Night La noche de las hogueras

Easter Pascua

Halloween Se celebra la noche del 31 de octubreHarvest festival La fiesta de la cosecha

Edinburgh MusicFestival

El festival de Edimburgo

Notting HillCarnival

El carnaval de Notting Hill

SPECIAL OCCASIONS OCASIONES ESPECIALES

Anniversary AniversarioBirthday Cumpleaños

Celebration Celebración

Christening Bautizo

Engagement Compromiso

Event Acontecimiento

Funeral Entierro

Golden wedding anniversary Bodas de oro

Graduation day Graduación

Holiday Festivo

Holidays Vacaciones

Party Fiesta

Retirement Jubilación

Silver wedding anniversary Bodas de plata

Vacation Vacaciones

Wake Velatorio

Wedding anniversary Aniversario de boda

Wedding day Boda

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SPECIAL OCCASIONS OCASIONES ESPECIALES

PARTY FIESTA

Balloons Globos

Bouquet RamoCake Tarta

Candle Vela

Candy Caramelos

Chocolates Bombones

Decorations Adornos

Flowers Flores

Wedding cake Tarta nupcial

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS EXPRESIONES ÚTILES

All the best for a happy New

Year / Easter…

Te deseo lo mejor para el año nuevo /

Semana Santa...

Best wishes on yourtwentieth anniversary /

birthday...!

Mis mejores deseos en tu veinteaniversario / cumpleaños…

Congratulations! ¡Felicidades!

Good luck! ¡Buena suerte!

Happy birthday / New Year /Easter / Hanukkah /Ramadan…

Feliz cumpleaños / Año Nuevo / SemanaSanta / Hanuka / Ramadán

Have a safe journey! ¡Buen viaje!

Here's to the bride and groom Un brindis por los novios

More fun in 2012... Por un 2012 más divertido…

I am sorry for your loss Le acompaño en el sentimiento

Merry Christmas! Feliz Navidad

FILM 3. “WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING”

So, l had planned to marry Peter, but l married Jack instead.

Thank goodness my father was right. Life doesn’t always turn out the way you plan.

But Jack, Jack gave me the perfect gift: a stamp in my passport. He took me to Florence for our

honeymoon. I guess you might say he gave me the world.

Peter once asked me when it was that l fell in love with Jack, and l told him, “It was while you

were sleeping .”

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UNIT 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO

SITUATION 4. AT THE GYM


David: What are you doing today after warming up?Alice: I have a yoga session.David: That’s great! Yoga is an excellent activity because it helps increase flexibility, reduce

stress, and improve physical and mental condition.Alice: Yes, I know. I started practicing yoga some months ago because my mum asked me to

go with her to her sessions.

David: I didn’t know your mother practiced yoga.Alice: Well, she started not long ago. She was slightly overweight and her blood cholesterol

level and blood pressure were high. Because of that the doctor recommended her to

keep a balanced diet and to do exercise. He told her that yoga would help her a lot.David: And, did it work?Alice: Yes, it did. My mum lost two kilos during the first month and her cardio endurance is

better than it used to be.David: It is incredible how healthy habits can change our lives, isn’t it?Alice: Oh, yes. My father used to smoke a lot, but he suffered a heart attack five years ago

and he started taking care of himself.David: So, it’s because of his heart attack that he started a new, healthy life.Alice: Yes. He stopped smoking, he went on a low-fat diet, and started a regular routine of

exercise.

David: Ah…That’s why he looks so young now!

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Alice: Well, I guess so. What is for sure is that he is much healthier. I can’t remember the lasttime he was ill; he hasn’t caught a cold or had a headache for years.

David: I want to be fit too, so I am going to stop talking and concentrate on the exercises.Alice: It’s ok, let’s put our muscles to work!

GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE


When we want to join or connect two clauses, we use a subordinating conjunction orconnector. One of the clauses is independent – the main clause –, while the clause introduced

by the subordinating conjunction is a dependent or subordinating clause. Dependent clausesusually contain additional information to the main clause but they do not express a completethought.

Because is the most common connector of reason and cause and it introduces dependentclauses expressing the reason, cause or motivation for the main clause.

Because is used at the beginning of a clause before a subject and a verb:

We were late because we overslept this morning. (The reason why we were late is that we

overslept this morning)

He didn’t attend to class because he missed the bus. (The reason why he didn’t attend to

class is that he missed the bus)

My sister is seriously ill because she has had a terrible accident. (The cause why my sister is

seriously ill is that she has had a terrible accident)

Peter is exhausted because he has been working hard lately. (The cause why Peter is

exhausted is that he has been working hard lately)

I don’t want to go to the concert because I don’t like the band. (The reason why I don’t want

to go to the concert is that I don’t like the band)

Clauses introduced by because can go after or before the main clause. If the clause

introduced by because goes after the main clause we do not use any punctuation.

However, if the because- clause goes before the main clause, we usually introduce a

comma (,) after the subordinate clause introduced by because:

Because he had run out of milk, he went shopping.He went shopping because he had run out of milk.

because + subject+ verb

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Because I had no idea, I asked the teacher.I asked the teacher because I had no idea.

Because can also be used to answer questions introduced by why?

- Why did you leave early? - Because I had a very important meeting.

- Why are you so sad today? - Because my mother is in hospital.

As and Since can also be used to connect clauses expressing reason or cause with almost thesame meaning as because. As and Since are more formal than because and they are usually

used when the reason is already known by the listener. As and Since clauses often go beforethe main clause.

As the weather is terrible, I will stay in. (I will stay in because the weather is terrible)

As it is quite late, we will take a taxi to go home . (We will take a taxi to go home because it is

quite late)

Since you are a good boy, I will buy you a beautiful present. (I will buy you a beautiful present

because you are a good boy)

Since he is quite bossy and bad-tempered, nobody likes him. (Nobody likes him because he is

quite bossy and bad-tempered)

Because of is a two word preposition also used to connect or join clauses expressing reason

or cause. Because of is used before a noun phrase, that is, a noun or a pronoun, in somecases modified by an adjective:

Because of the (nice) weather, the party was outside.

Notice the difference with the use of because:

We were late because of the rain. We were late because the rain.Noun

We were late because it was raining. We were late because of it was raining.Subject+verb

I can barely understand him because of you. I can’t barely understand him because you.

Pronoun

I can barely understand him because you are making noise. I can’t barely understand him

because of you are making noise. Subject+verb

because of + (adjective) + noun/pronoun

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VOCABULARY 4. HEALTH AND FITNESS


HEALTH AND FITNESS SALUD Y FORMA FÍSICA

HEALTH AND DOCTORS SALUD Y MÉDICOS

Ambulance Ambulancia

Antibiotics Antibiótico

Appointment Cita

Checkup Chequeo

Doctor Médico, doctor/a

Hospital Hospital

Medical insurance Seguro médico

Medicine Medicina

Nurse Enfermero/a

Operating theatre Sala de operaciones

Pill Píldora

Pregnancy Embarazo

Prescription RecetaPulse Pulso

Surgeon Cirujano/a

Surgery Cirugía

Tablet Pastilla

Temperature Temperatura

To catch a cold Coger un resfriado

Vaccine Vacuna

Waiting room Sala de esperaWard Sala (hospital)

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X-ray Rayos X

DISEASES AND HEALTH

PROBLEMS

ENFERMEDADES Y

PROBLEMAS DE SALUDAids Sida

Allergy Alergia

Arthritis Artritis

Asthma Asma

Backache Dolor de espalda

Blister Ampolla

Broken bone Hueso roto

Bruise Moratón

Cancer Cáncer

Chicken pox Varicela

Cholesterol Colesterol

Cold Catarro

Cough Tos

Cramp Calambre

Cut Corte

Earache Dolor de oídos

Eating disorder Desorden alimenticio

Fever Fiebre

Fit (noun) Ataque (nombre)

Flu Gripe

Food poisoning Intoxicación alimenticia

Fracture Fractura

Hay fever Fiebre del heno

Headache Dolor de cabeza

Heart attack InfartoHigh blood pressure Tensión alta

Infection Infección

Inflammation Inflamación

Migraine Migraña

Overweight Sobrepeso

Pneumonia Neumonía

Rash Sarpullido

Sore throat Garganta irritadaSprain Esguince

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Stroke Derrame

Swelling Hinchazón

Virus Virus

SPORT AND FITNESS DEPORTE Y FORMA FÍSICA

Aerobics Aeróbic

Balanced diet Dieta equilibrada

Cardio endurance Resistencia cardio

Dumbbell Mancuerna

Exercise Hacer ejercicio

Fit (adjective) En forma (adjetivo)

Flexibility FlexibilidadGym Gimnasio

Healthy Sano

Low-fat diet Dieta baja en grasa

Nutrition Nutrición

Pilates Pilates

Regular routine Rutina regular

Skin care Cuidado de la piel

Strength Fuerza

Stretching Estiramiento

To lift weights Levantar pesas

To lose weight Perder peso

To quit smoking Dejar de fumar

To stretch Estirar

Vegetarian diet Dieta vegetariana

Warm-up Calentamiento

Well-being Bienestar

Workout Sesión de ejercicios

Yoga Yoga

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FILM 4. “BECAUSE I SAID SO”

Daphne is a single mother with three grown daughters and she is almost obsessed with theidea that her youngest daughter Milly finds a perfect man. She has the perfect candidate for

her and a plan for her daughter to meet him. Daphne always tells her daughter she has to dothings just because she says so.

Daphne: Oh, my God. Look. Oh, God. Mill, look at this.Milly: Mom, it's polka dots. It's so Minnie Mouse. I don't even know if I like it. Do I?

Maggie: I'm hearing you hate it.Daphne: Me, too.Daphne: Oh, please, just try it on.

Milly: Why?

Daphne: Because I said so. Honey, look, it might surprise you. Anyway, you look beautiful

in dresses. In fact, you know what I think? I think that you should wear it to thatcatered affair on Sunday.

Milly: To work? Mom, I spill things all the time.Daphne: Oh, come on, just try it on.Milly: All right.

Daphne: Okay. That's incredible.Milly: It's not really me at all.Daphne: What are you talking about? It is totally you.Mae: Well, it's sort of more you in a way.

Maggie: You know what it is? It's kind of Aunt Jemima meets Betty Crocker.

Daphne: You know, that's… ridiculous. Come on, sweetie, you know what I'm going to do? Imade up my mind. I'm going to get it for you.

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Milly: No, no, no. You're not getting me this dress. I don't even like it and it's absurd forwork. No!


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UNIT 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?

SITUATION 5. AT THE CONCERT


David: Hey, Alice. Are you coming to the concert on Friday?Alice: A concert?David: Yes, haven’t you heard about it? The M Band are playing at the University. I’ve seen

them live twice already. They came to my hometown two years ago, and last year Isaw them in London too.

Alice: Really? You’re a big fan! What kind of music do they do?

David: They have played different styles: rock, pop, hip-hop, but they’ve recently found theirown sound. Their songs are great and Pete, the drummer, has won several awards.

He’s awesome.Alice: It sounds great, but I’m afraid I can’t go. I’ve enrolled in a seminar on Russian literature

and the first class is on Friday evening.David: But I’ve just bought the tickets.Alice: I’m sorry. Maybe you can go with Alex.David: No, his father has had an accident and he has gone home to be with him.Alice: Is he alright?

David: Yes, but he’s broken his leg and he can’t walk for the moment.Alice: Why don’t you ask Peter?David: Ok. I will try.

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(...) On Saturday afternoon…

Alice: How was the concert?David: It’s been the best concert of my life! They gave it their all. They played some new

songs and we had a great time. But Peter didn’t like it.

Alice: Why?David: He prefers jazz and classical music.Alice: He plays the piano, doesn’t he?David: Yes. He has taken piano lessons for 5 years.Alice: I can play the guitar. If you sing, we can start a band.David: I like that idea!

GRAMMAR 5. PRESENT PERFECT


Form

The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb TO HAVE and thepast participle of the main verb.

The affirmative is formed as follows:

I have worked

She has worked

The past participle in regular verbs is formed by adding –ed to the infinitive, so it has exactlythe same form as the simple past. (loveloved; walk walked)

As for irregular verbs, the past participles vary. Each verb is different.

Negative

The negative is formed by adding NOT to the auxiliary (have).

I have not worked

She has not worked

Interrogative

HAVE / HAS + not + ast artici le

HAVE / HAS + past participle

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The interrogative is formed by inverting the auxiliary and subject.

Have you worked?Has she worked?

Contractions

HAVE/ HAS and HAVE NOT/HAS NOT can be contracted thus:

I have worked I’ve worked

You have not worked You haven’t worked

He has worked He’s worked

Where have you been? Where’ve you been?

What has he done? What’s he done?

The contracted forms are often almost inaudible in colloquial speech.

Present perfect conjugation: verb to walk

Person

and

number

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeInterrogative

Negative

1st p. sg. I have walked I have not walked Have I walked? Have I not walked?2nd p. sg. You have walked You have not walked Have you walked? Have you not walked?

3rd p. sg.

He has walked He has not walked Has he walked? Has he not walked?

She has walked She has not walked Has she walked? Has she not walked?

It has walked It has not walked Has it walked? Has it not walked?

1st p. pl. We have walked We have not walked Have we walked? Have we not walked?

2nd p. pl. You have walked You have not walked Have you walked? Have you not walked?

3rd p. pl. They have walked They have not walked Have they walked? Have they not walked?

Present perfect conjugation: verb to walk (contracted or short forms)

Person

and

number

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeInterrogative

Negative

1st p. sg. I’ve walked I haven’t walked Have I walked? Haven’t I walked?

2nd p. sg. You’ve walked You haven’t walked Have you walked? Haven’t you walked?

3rd p. sg.

He’s walked He hasn’t walked Has he walked? Hasn’t he walked?

She’s walked She hasn’t walked Has she walked? Hasn’t she walked?

It’s walked It hasn’t walked Has it walked? Hasn’t it walked?

1st p. pl. We’ve walked We haven’t walked Have we walked? Haven’t we walked?

2nd p. pl. You’ve walked You haven’t walked Have you walked? Haven’t you walked?

3rd

p. pl. They’ve walked

They haven’t

walked

Have they

walked? Haven’t they walked?

HAVE/HAS + sub ect + ast artici le+?

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Use

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It is used to describe

actions or states that started in the past but maintain a strong connection with the present.

1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to now.

I have lived in this house for fifteen years. (I started living in this house fifteen years ago

and I still live in the same house.)

I haven’t eaten meat since 1987. (The last time I ate meat was in 1987. The action of not

eating meat started in 1987 and continues in the present.)

2. Past actions that have a result in the present.

I have lost my umbrella and now it’s raining. I’ll get wet. (The action of losing the umbrella

took place in the past. However, that action has a result in the present: I don’t have my

umbrella because I lost it, so I will get wet now that it is raining. )

Mary has gone to Australia. (The fact that Mary has gone to Australia has as a result that she

is not here now.)

3. Recently completed actions.

I have just finished my homework.He has just washed the car.

The lift has just broken down.

Pay attention to the fact that recently completed actions often have results in the present.

For instance, the action expressed in “He has just washed the car” has a direct result in thepresent, which is that the car is clean. Similarly, if “The lift has just broken down”, we willprobably have to use the stairs.

It is important to note that we frequently use JUST to deal with recently completed actions.

4. Experiences we have had or we haven’t had.

I have visited New York.I have never been to the zoo.

The present perfect is used to talk about:1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to now.2. Past actions that have a result in the present.

3. Recently completed actions.4. Experiences we have had or we haven’t had.

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I have broken my left leg twice.

The examples above describe experiences someone has had (the first and the third) or hasn’t

had (the second example). The time when these experiences were lived is not specified. Forinstance, we don’t know when the visit to New York took place; it could have been “two years

ago”, “last September” or “in 2008”. Note that if we specify the time when these events tookplace by using past time expressions such as “three years ago”, “in the fifties”, etc. then wewill not use the present perfect tense, but a past tense.

VOCABULARY 5. MUSIC. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE PAST


MUSIC MÚSICA

Anthem Himno nacional

Chorus Estribillo

Hymn Himno

Lyrics Letras

Song Canción

Tune Melodía

STYLES ESTILOS

Classical Clásica

Folk Folclórica

Hip hop Hip-hop

Pop Popular

Rap Rap

Reggae Reggae

Rock Rock

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTOS

MUSICALESAccordion Acordeón

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MUSIC MÚSICA

Bagpipe Gaita

Bass Bajo

Bassoon Fagot

Cello Violonchelo

Clarinet Clarinete

Drums Batería

Drumsticks Baquetas

Electric guitar Guitarra eléctrica

Fiddle Violín

Flute Flauta

French horn Trompa

Guitar GuitarraHarmonica Armónica

Harp Arpa

Keyboard Teclado

Oboe Oboe

Organ Órgano

Piano Piano

Saxophone Saxofón

String CuerdaSynthesizer Sintetizador

To play Tocar

Trumpet Trompeta

Violin Violín

MUSICIANS MÚSICOS

Band Grupo

Bass player Bajista

Composer Compositor/a

Drummer Batería

Guitarist Guitarrista

Orchestra Orquesta

Orchestra conductor Director/a de orquesta

Pianist Pianista

Solo artist Solista

Song writer Letrista

Vocalist Vocalista

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EXPRESSIONS RELATED

TO THE PAST

EXPRESIONES

RELACIONADAS CON EL

PASADO

Yesterday Ayer

The day before yesterday Anteayer

Yesterday morning Ayer por la mañana

Yesterday afternoon Ayer por la tarde

Yesterday evening Ayer por la tarde noche

Last night Ayer por la noche

Last week La semana pasada

Last month El mes pasado

Last year El año pasado

Two days ago Hace dos días

Three weeks ago Hace tres semanas

Five months ago Hace cinco meses

Ten years ago Hace diez años

FILM 5. “WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?”

What have I done to deserve this? is one of the best known films of the Spanish film director

Pedro Almodovar. The film, set in the 1980’s Madrid, describes the life struggle of a

housewife who lives in a small apartment with her husband and two children.

Almodovar has become one of the most internationally acclaimed Spanish filmmakers inrecent times.

He started to make films in the 1970’s. Since then, Almodovar has been awarded prizes atmany film festivals all over the world.

In his films, he has maintained a distinctive style: surreal sets in ultra-bright colours, veryindependent characters, unusual storylines full of sexuality and humour.

The "Almodovar phenomenon" has spread all over the world, making his films very popularin many countries.

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UNIT 6. EVER AFTER

SITUATION 6. AT THE CLUB


Alice: What are you going to do at the weekend?David: I don’t know yet. Peter has asked me to go fishing with him.Alice: Again? You went fishing last weekend, didn’t you?

David: Yes. That’s why I’m thinking about doing something different.Alice: That’s good.David: Some friends of mine are planning to go canoeing on Sunday. I have never gone

canoeing, but it seems a fun thing to do.Alice: It is. I went canoeing once.David: Really? I had no idea. Did you like it?

Alice: Not much. I had a very good time, but it was too cold.David: But it’s going to be sunny and warm this weekend. Why don’t you join us?Alice: I can’t. I’m going to the theatre on Sunday.David: Can’t you change your plans?

Alice: No, I have already bought the tickets. I’ve wanted to see this play since I was fifteen.David: So we aren’t going to do anything together this weekend.Alice: Well, I’ve just met a friend of mine and she has invited me to the reopening of her club

on Friday evening.David: A new club! That sounds interesting too.Alice: Yes, she has worked in it for months. She has reconstructed the old building in Down

Street.David: The one between the bowling alley and the cinema?

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Alice: Yes, have you ever been there?David: I haven’t been there since last year. We went there to celebrate after a football

match. It was a good night! I heard they shut it down soon after that.Alice: Yes, because the building was too old. I still haven’t seen it, but my friend says it’s

completely renewed now.

David: I’m free on Friday evening. I can pick you up at about 11. Is that all right?Alice: Great!

GRAMMAR 6. JUST, FOR, SINCE, EVER…


The present perfect is used with JUST for a recently completed action:I have just had dinner.

We have just seen Mary. She was at the supermarket.She has just arrived.

Note that JUST must be placed between the auxiliary and the main verb:

The combination of present perfect and JUST is chiefly used in the affirmative, although theinterrogative form is possible:

Has he just gone out?Have they just told you the truth?

Present perfect used with FOR and SINCE to describe the duration of an action or

state

As we have seen, in English we use the Present Perfect to describe an action which started inthe past and extends into the present. The duration of that action is described by using eitherFOR or SINCE followed by a temporal reference:

We have lived in this house for twenty years.

My parents have been married for thirty years.

Mary has taught at this school since 2003.

FOR refers to a period of time extending to the present:

I have studied English for six years.

SINCE is used with a point in time and means “from that point to the time of speaking”:

I have just had dinner.We have just seen Mary.

She has ust arrived.

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I have lived in this house since 1999.

Present perfect used with EVER and NEVER to talk about experiences

EVER and NEVER frequently accompany the present perfect when this tense is used to talkabout experiences we have had or experiences we haven’t had, respectively. The adverbsEVER and NEVER express the idea of an unidentified time before now.

EVER and NEVER are always placed before the past participle:

Susan has never been to Rome.Have you ever seen a UFO?

EVER is used in questions:

Have you ever practiced a risk-taking sport?Has she ever talked to a famous artist?

in negative questions:

Haven't they ever invited you to have dinner with them?

Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food? It is delicious.

and in negative statements using the pattern NOTHING …EVER, NOBODY…EVER:

Nobody has ever explained that to her.

Nothing has ever been done to solve the problem.

EVER is also used in sentences of the type:

Position of EVER and NEVERSusan has never been to RomeHave you ever seen a UFO?

Past Participle

SINCE

With points in time:- 1999- 3 o’clock- last week

- February- the day I met you

FOR

With periods of time:- a month

- two years- two days- a week- my whole life

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This is the best meal I have ever had.

This is the worst song I have ever listened to.

This is the cleverest person I have ever met.

We can use this construction without EVER with THE FIRST, THE SECOND, etc. and THE ONLY:

This is the first time that scientists have found evidence that supports the theory.This is the only decent song he has written.

The present perfect can also be used in sentences with NEVER. It should be taken intoaccount that when the adverb NEVER is used within a sentence, this sentence is

automatically negative. The verb should therefore be positive so as not to incur into a doublenegative.

I have never read that book. (NOT:* I haven’t never read that book )I have never eaten mushrooms.

Present perfect used with ALREADY, STILL, and YET

ALREADY refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now, often

earlier than expected. We often use the particle ALREADY in affirmative sentences, althoughit can also be used in questions:

We have already finished.The child has already had dinner. We will have dinner in half an hour.

Have you already seen her?

ALREADY can be placed before the main verb or at the end of the sentence:

I have already finished my homework. (Before the main verb )I have finished my homework already. (At the end of the sentence)

We use STILL with the present perfect in negative sentences to indicate that something is

not finished, that an action or a situation is continuing, often for a longer time than expected.STILL usually goes in the middle of the sentence, before the verb:

I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.The baby still crawls.

Position of ALREADY

I have already finished my homework.I have finished my homework already.

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We use YET mostly in questions and negative sentences. We use YET in interrogativesentences to ask whether something has happened up to the present time. YET is normally

placed at the end of the sentence.

In interrogative sentences YET means “already”:

Have they finished yet?

In negative sentences YET means “still”:

We haven’t finished yet.

We can use NOT YET to say that something we expect to happen is still pending.

Have you visited the British Museum? Not yet.

VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT


ENTERTAINMENT ENTRETENIMIENTO

HOBBIES AND PASTIMES AFICIONES Y PASATIEMPOS

Amusement park Parque de atracciones

Billiards Billar

Board games Juegos de mesa

Brainteasers Adivinanzas, acertijos

Canoeing Piragüismo

Card games Juegos de cartas

Checkers Juego de damas

Chess Ajedrez

Cricket Críquet

Crosswords Crucigramas

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Dancing Baile

Darts Dardos

DIY (do-it-yourself) Bricolaje

Dog racing Carreras de perros

Fishing Pesca

Funfair Feria

Gambling Juegos de apuestas

Gardening Jardinería

Go camping Ir de acampada

Go clubbing Salir de fiesta

Go to a concert Ir a un concierto

Go to a parade Ir a un desfileGo to the cinema Ir al cine

Go to the circus Ir al circo

Go to the theatre Ir al teatro

Hiking Senderismo

Hunting Caza

Jigsaw puzzle Rompecabezas

Jogging Correr

Knitting Hacer puntoMatinee Sesión de tarde

Music festival Festival de música

Painting Pintura

Parachuting Paracaidismo

Performance Actuación

Photography Fotografía

Pool Billar americano

Pot-holing Espeleología

Pottery Cerámica, alfarería

Reading Lectura

Rock climbing Escalada

Rugby Rugby

Sewing Costura

Skating Patinaje

Skiing Esquí

Snooker Billar ruso

Squash Squash

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Surfing Surf

Video games Videojuegos

Yoga Yoga

SPORTS DEPORTES

Aerobics Aeróbic

Athletics Atletismo

Badminton Bádminton

Baseball Béisbol

Basketball Baloncesto

Bicycling Ciclismo

Bowling BolosBowling alley Bolera

Boxing Boxeo

Car racing Automovilismo

Diving Buceo

Football Fútbol

Golf Golf

Gymnastics Gimnasia

Hang gliding Ala delta

Hockey Hockey

Horse racing Carrera de caballos

Horse riding Equitación

Ice hockey Hockey sobre hielo

Ice skating Patinaje sobre hielo

Karate Karate

Martial arts Artes marciales

Motorboat racing Carrera de lanchas

Mountaineering Montañismo

Polo Polo

Rowing Remo

Rollerskating Patinaje sobre ruedas

Sailing Navegación a vela

Skydiving Paracaidismo acrobático

Swimming Natación

Table tennis Tenis de mesa

Target shooting Tiro al blanco

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Tennis Tenis

Volleyball Voleibol

Water skiing Esquí acuático

Weight lifting Pesas

Wrestling Lucha libre

FILM 6. “EVER AFTER”

…You are not my problem anymore.

DANIELLE (Looking sad):

Is that what I am, your problem?

I have done everything you’ve asked me to do and still you deny me the only thing I ever

wanted!

RODMILLA: And what was that?

DANIELLE:

What do you think?

You are the only mother that I have ever known.

Was there ever a time, even in its smallest measurement, that you loved me at all?

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UNIT 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER

SITUATION 7. AT THE RESTAURANT


Alice: Mary and John are visiting London and they have invited us to join them. What do youthink?

David: It sounds great! I think we’ll have a really good time there. I’ll phone John to tell him we

are going with them.Alice: Ok, I’ll send an e-mail to Mary. She’ll be delighted.

(...) David and John talk on the phone.

David: I’ve talked to John and we are having dinner with him and Mary at Vitto’s.Alice: That’s in the city centre. I’ll call a taxi.David: That won’t be necessary. We’ll pick John and Mary up in my brother’s van.

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(...) At the restaurant...

John: We have to decide how to get to London.David: We can go by car, but I think we’ll spend too much time on the road.

Mary: What about going by train?Alice: Oh, Mary, I love travelling by train but it isn’t the best solution for a short trip. John: We can go by plane. We’ll be in London in an hour. There’s a plane leaving from here at 5

p.m. and arriving at Heathrow airport at 6:10 p.m. It is a low-cost flight.

David, Alice and Mary: You’ve convinced us. We’ll go by plane. John: We’ll have to be at the Departures area at least at 4 p.m. to check in because the flight

will start boarding half an hour before the scheduled take-off time.

Mary: And... how are we getting to the airport? Will we go by bus or subway?David, Alice and John: By subway!

GRAMMAR 7. WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR

FUTURE USE


WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE

The most common way of expressing what we know or think about the future is theconstruction of will with the infinitive:

He will be here in half an hour.Will you need any help?

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Form

In the affirmative, we use will and the bare infinitive of the verb:

I will be on holiday in August.

You will be late if you don't hurry.

Will can be shortened to ‘ll and placed in the same position after the subject:

He’ll be here in half an hour.You’ll be late if you don’t hurry.

In the negative, we add the negative particle not after will:

The cost will not be more than £50.

I will not have time for a meal.

In these cases, the shortened form is made joining will and not =won’t:

I won’t have time for a meal.In the interrogative, to make questions, we use will as the auxiliary, before the subject:

Will you be at home this evening?Will they come next week?

We can also use will in short answers:

Will you be at home this evening? Yes, I will.Will they come next week? No, they won’t.

All subjects take the same form:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

SHORTFORM

SHORT FORM

I

WILL

I’LL I

WILL NOT

I

WON’T WILL

IYOU YOU’LL YOU YOU YOU

HESHE

IT

HE’LL SHE’LL

IT’LL

HESHE

IT

HESHE

IT

HESHE

IT

WE WE’LL WE WE WE

YOU YOU’LL YOU YOU YOU

THEY THEY’LL THEY THEY THEY

Use

With will we can inform about decisions that we make at present, at the time of speaking:

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It’s too late to leave now. We’ll leave tomorrow morning.

We can also express our hopes for the future, and make promises and offers, using will:

I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.

We’ll come here again next year, I promise.I’ll lend you some money.

Although these constructions with will are the closest approximations to a neutral future,

they also cover a range of modal meanings. One of these is prediction.

Will can express prediction without present evidence:

You will feel better after this medicine. (You are still feeling unwell, but I’m predicting you

will feel better later.)

In conditional sentences, we can find will with a habitual predictive meaning:

If you leave ice in the sun, it will melt. (Whenever this condition takes place, the result will be

the same.)

We can also use will in timeless statements of predictability:

Oil will float on water. (It is a characteristic of oil to float on water, so whenever we mix both

of them, we’ll obtain this result.)

And it is commonly used in descriptions of personal habits or characteristic behaviour:

He’ll talk for hours, if you let him. (He likes talking and we know he will do it whenever he has

the occasion.)

As we have seen, will can be used for:

Informing Predicting

- decisions at the time of speaking - prediction without present evidence

- hopes - habitual prediction- promises - timeless statements- offers - personal habits

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR FUTURE USE

The Present Continuous* can be used to talk about a future arrangement in the near future.

It is the most usual way of expressing one’s immediate plans:

I am meeting Mary tonight. We are having dinner together.

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Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? - Yes, I am visiting my grandmother.

Note that the time of the action must always be mentioned. Otherwise there might be

confusion between present and future meanings. There are two exceptions to this, whichare the verbs COME and GO. Look at the following examples and pay attention to the fact that

the time of the action is not mentioned:

What are you doing this weekend? - I am going to the beach. My friends are coming withme.

I am going to the cinema.They are coming to the mountains with us.

* Remember that the Present Continuous is formed by the present of the auxiliary “to be” andthe present participle (-ing) of the main verb.

Positive Negative Interrogative

VOCABULARY 7. TRAVEL AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO

THE FUTURE TIME


TRAVEL VIAJES

Bed & Breakfast (B&B)Hotel (sólo ofrece alojamiento y

desayuno)Boarding card/pass Tarjeta de embarque

I amyou arehe/she/it iswe areyou arethey are

+ doing

I amyou arehe/she/it iswe areyou arethey are

+ not + doing

am Iare youis he/she/itare weare youare they

+ doing?

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TRAVEL VIAJES

Camp Campamento

Castle Castillo

Cathedral Catedral

Check-in desk Mostrador de facturaciónCountry/countryside Campo

Cruise Crucero

Destination Destino

Duty-free shop Tienda libre de impuestos

Flight Vuelo

Full board Pensión completa

Guidebook Guía

Half board Media pensiónHand luggage Equipaje de mano

Hiking Senderismo

Holidays Vacaciones

Hotel Hotel

Journey Viaje, excursión

Luggage Equipaje

Map Mapa

Market MercadoMuseum Museo

Palace Palacio

Passenger Pasajero/a

Passport Pasaporte

Route Ruta

SightseeingHacer turismo (visitar museos,monumentos…)

Souvenir Souvenir, recuerdo

Statue EstatuaStroll Paseo

Suitcase Maleta

Temple Templo

To book Reservar

To land Aterrizar

To take-off Despegar

To travel Viajar

Tourist TuristaTravel agency Agencia de viajes

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TRAVEL VIAJES

Travel agent Agente de viajes

Trip Viaje

MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE

Aeroplane / Plane Avión

Air hostess Azafata

Airline Aerolínea

Airport AeropuertoAisle Pasillo

Arrivals Llegadas

Bicycle Bicicleta

Boat Barco

Bus Autobús

Bus-conductor Cobrador

Cockpit Cabina

Compartment CompartimentoCruiser Crucero

Deck Cubierta

Departures Salidas

Dock Muelle

Driver Conductor/a

Ferry Transbordador

Garage Garaje, taller

Gate Puerta de embarque

Helicopter Helicóptero

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MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE

Light-house Faro

Liner Transatlántico

Lorry Camión

Motorbike Motocicleta

Passenger train Tren de pasajeros

Petrol station Gasolinera

Pilot Piloto

Port Puerto

Rail Ferrocarril

Road Carretera

Ship Barco, buque

Sleeping car Coche camaSports car Coche deportivo

Steward / Stewardess Auxiliar de vuelo

Subway Metro

Taxi Taxi

Terminal Terminal

Ticket collector Revisor/a

Ticket office Ventanilla, taquilla

To sail NavegarTrain Tren

Tram Tranvía

Tube Metro

Underground Metro

Van Furgoneta

Yacht Yate

EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO

THE FUTURE TIME

EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS

CON EL TIEMPO FUTURO

After (you arrive) Después de que (llegues)As soon as (you can) Tan pronto como (puedas)

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EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO

THE FUTURE TIME

EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS

CON EL TIEMPO FUTURO

Before (you leave) Antes (de que te vayas)

By next week / 20th March…Antes de la semana que viene / del día

20 de marzo…In 2 years time / In 3 weeks

time…

Dentro de 2 años / dentro de 3

semanas…

In the (near) future En un futuro (cercano)

Next Monday/Tuesday... / January/February…

El próximo lunes, martes… / enero,febrero…

Next week / month / year La próxima semana / mes / año

Some time in the future En algún momento del futuro

Soon Pronto

The day after tomorrow Pasado mañanaTomorrow Mañana

Tomorrow morning / afternoon

/ night

Mañana por la mañana / por la tarde /

por la noche

Until (you find it) Hasta que (lo encuentres)

When (we get there) Cuando (lleguemos allí)

FILM 7. “YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER”

During a press conference in Cannes, a journalist asks Woody Allen, and the actor andactresses accompanying him, if they believe in fortune-telling. This is an extract of theanswer:

Josh Brolin: Is the title...? I have a question for you, Woody: Is the title referred to that( fortune-telling ) or to the Grim Reaper?

Woody Allen: Both. The title is... ambiguous. In the United States, when someone says “youwill meet a tall dark stranger” the woman feels thrilled and then you think you're going to

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meet Antonio Banderas or Josh or Warren Beatty, or somebody that's a tall dark stranger. Butthere is another meaning to it, because, you know, there is a tall dark stranger that we all

eventually meet, as Josh says in the movie, though we don't really want to meet. So the title

is ambiguous. So, Naomi, do you believe in fortune-tellers?


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UNIT 8. I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD

SITUATION 8. AT THE WEDDING


Alice: Are you going to Maggie’s wedding with your new boyfriend?

Mary: Yes, I am. I have just bought a night dress. It is wonderful but if it rains I will have to

wear a raincoat.Alice: I don’t think it will rain but you may need a coat and a hat to protect you from the cold.

Mary: If it is cold, I will wear my mother’s fur coat.Alice: Have you also bought new shoes?Mary: No, I haven’t bought any shoes yet. I think I will go shopping this weekend to buy a pair

of high-heeled shoes. Do you want to come?Alice: Oh I am sorry I can’t. I have an exam on Monday and I will stay in over the weekend to

study.Mary: In that case I will tell Andie.Alice: What is he wearing to the wedding?Mary: He is wearing a black tuxedo, a white shirt and a bowtie.

Alice: Oh, my god! I still have nothing to wear. I have bought a checked black miniskirt and a

white blouse. But I’m afraid it will be too cold to wear a miniskirt.Mary: Don’t worry. If you need a jacket or a coat, I can lend you one. I have plenty of dresses

and accessories for a wedding.Alice: But you and I are not the same size.Mary: What size are you?

Alice: I usually wear a medium size.

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Mary: So do I. If you want, come to my house tonight and you can try on some of my dresses.It will be funny.

Alice: That’s great! It’s better than going shopping.

GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE


ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS

Conditional sentences are used to express that an action can take place if a certain condition

is fulfilled. Conditional sentences are usually introduced by “if”. There are two clauses withina conditional sentence: the main clause and the “if” clause.

1. ZERO CONDITIONAL

Structure of a zero conditional sentence

A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause, both in

the present simple tense:

When the “if” clause comes first, a comma is used to separate the two clauses:

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

But when the main clause comes first, there is no need for a comma:Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.

Using the zero conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true — such as scientific

facts and general truths:

If you cross an international date line, the time changes.

If it rains, the grass gets wet.Wood doesn’t burn if there is no air.

Besides, we can use the zero conditional to talk about things which always happen undercertain conditions:

If I stay up late, I am tired the day after.

You get a 50% discount if you book your flight before April.

if + subject + present simple + subject + present simple if-clause main clause

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In most zero conditional sentences you can use when or if with the same meaning:

When you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

Unless is also used in zero conditionals with the meaning of if not:

Water doesn’t boil unless you heat it to 100 degrees. (Water doesn’t boil if you don’t heat itto 100 degrees )

2. FIRST CONDITIONAL

Structure of a first conditional sentence

A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause with the verb in the presentsimple tense and a main clause with a verb in the future tense, an imperative or a modal verb

(can or may):

If you buy a car, it will cost a lot of money.

If you go by car, drive carefully.

If you study hard, you can pass your exam.

As we have already seen, the if-clause can be placed before or after the main clause:

If you study hard, you can pass your exam = You can pass your exam if you study hard.

Using the first conditional

The first conditional is used to talk about likely events in the future, which may take place ifsomething happens:

- Have you seen Carol?- No. If I see her, I’ll tell you. (I haven’t seen her, but there is a possibility that I may see

her. If that happens, I will tell you.)

If you drink, don’t drive.

If he phones, can you take a message?

if + subject + present simple + subject + can/may + verb

if + subject + present simple + imperative

if + subject + present simple + subject + will + verb

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Instead of if, we can use when for things which are sure to happen. We cannot use it forthings that will possibly happen:

(I’m going shopping this afternoon) When I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.

(I don’t know if it’s going to rain today ) If it’s raining, I won’t go out. (not “when it is raining, I

won’t go out” )

We can use unless with the meaning of if not:

I'll be there on time, unless the train is late. (if the train isn’t late)Unless they invite me, I won’t go to the party. (if they don’t invite me)

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE

The most common way to express purpose, to say why we do things, is using the to-

infinitive. Remember that the to-infinitive is the basic form of the verb with the particle to:

We went to the library to get some books. (the purpose of going to the library was to get

some books )A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. (the purpose of phoning was to invite me to

a party )Most people work to earn money. (the purpose of working is to earn money )

We use the to-infinitive to say why something exists or why somebody has/wants/needssomething:

The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him. (the purpose of the team of

bodyguards is to protect the President )

I need a bottle opener to open this bottle. (the purpose of the bottle opener is to open this

bottle)

There are some expressions which can be used together with the infinitive to expresspurpose in a more formal way than the to-infinitive on its own. These expressions are:

We went to the library in order to get some books.

I need a bottle opener in order to open this bottle.

Most people work so as to earn money.The President has a team of bodyguards so as to protect him.

We can use the negative with these expressions:

so as to + infinitive

in order to + infinitive

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Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.

The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further.

Note that the negative particle “not” is placed just before the to-infinitive:

… in order not to miss her bus.… so as not to delay the project.

In these cases, there is no possibility of using the to-infinitive on its own:

She was hurrying not to miss her bus.

We use the to-infinitive to say what can be done or must be done with something:

It’s difficult to find a place to park in the city centre. (=a place where you can park )Would you like something to eat? (=something you can eat )

Have you got much work to do? (=work that you must do)I get lonely if there’s nobody to talk to. (=nobody I can talk to)

We also use the to-infinitive to say what the general purpose of a thing is:

This knife is only to cut bread.This heater is to keep plants warm in winter.

In these cases we can also use the expression for + -ing:

This knife is only for cutting bread.

This heater is for keeping plants warm in winter.

But we do not use for + -ing to talk about a specific action:

I used that knife to cut bread. (not “for cutting” )I turned on the heater to keep the plants warm. (not “for keeping” )

To ask about purpose we use “what… for?”:

What is this switch for? This switch is for turning on the light / to turn on the light.What did you do that for? I did it to find out the truth.

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VOCABULARY 8. FASHION


FASHION MODAGENERAL VOCABULARY VOCABULARIO GENERAL

Accessories Accesorios

Checked A cuadros

Clothes Ropa

Cotton Algodón

Designer Diseñador/a

Dress code Código de vestimenta

Fabric TejidoFashionable De moda

Flowery Floreado

Garment Prenda

Hair style Peinado

Hairstylist Peluquero/a

Jewel Joya

Leather Cuero

Linen Lino

Make-up Maquillaje

Make-up artist Maquillador/a

Model Modelo

Out of fashion Anticuado

Patterned Estampado

Plain Liso

Rubber Goma

Runway Pasarela

Silk Seda

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FASHION MODA

Spotted De lunares

Striped A rayas

Style Estilo

Stylish Con estilo

Suede Ante

Sunglasses Gafas de sol

To dress down (phrasal

verb) Vestir informal

To dress up (phrasal verb) Vestir formal

To put on (phrasal verb) Ponerse

To take off (phrasal verb) Quitar (la ropa)

To try on(phrasal verb)

ProbarseTo wear Usar, llevar puesto

Trend Tendencia

Trendy Moderno

Unfashionable Pasado de moda

Uniform Uniforme

Wool Lana

Woollen De lana

APPAREL & ACCESORIES ROPA Y COMPLEMENTOS

Belt Cinturón

Blouse Blusa

Boots Botas

Bowtie Pajarita

Bra Sujetador

Cap Gorra

Coat Abrigo

Dress VestidoFlip-flops Chanclas

Gloves Guantes

Hat Sombrero

High heels Zapatos de tacón

Jacket Chaqueta

Jeans Vaqueros

Jumper Jersey

Knickers BraguitasMittens Manoplas

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FASHION MODA

Panties Braguitas

Pants Pantalones (US) / Calzoncillos (UK)

Raincoat Gabardina

Sandals Sandalias

Scarf Bufanda

Shirt Camisa

Shorts Pantalón corto

Skirt Falda

Sneakers Zapatillas de deporte

Sock Calcetín

Suit Traje

Swimsuit BañadorTie Corbata

Tights Medias

Tracksuit Chándal

T-shirt Camiseta

Tuxedo Esmoquin

VestChaleco (US) / Camiseta interior(UK)

STYLES ESTILOS

Alternative Alternativo

Casual Informal

Emo Emo

Gothic Gótico

Hippie Hippy

Punk Punk

Surfer Surfero

FILM 8. “I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD”

Will Graham is a gangster who has left the life of crime and is living in the countryside. Hecomes out of hiding to investigate the death of his brother when he learns that he committedsuicide.

The title of this film is based on a song by Warren Zevon:

Well, I take this medicine as prescribed

I'll sleep when I'm dead

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It don't matter if I get a little tired


I've got a .38 special up on the shelf


If I start acting stupid

I'll shoot myselfI'll sleep when I'm dead

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UNIT 9. ROMEO MUST DIE

SITUATION 9. ON CAMPUS


David: Alice! Come over here!

Alice: Hi, David. What’s the matter?David: Have a look at the new student rules.Alice: I didn’t know there were any rules.David: Well, you should, since we all must follow them.Alice: “Basic rules governing student life.

By enrolling in CMK University, the student accepts the responsibility to comply with

the university’s authority, to respect the rights of others and to protect private and

public property.

- All students should have their university ID cards available. Lost, stolen or

misplaced cards must be reported immediately to the Cards Office.

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- Lost or found items should be reported to the University Lost and Found

Office. Any item that is presumed stolen should be reported promptly to the

University Police. The rightful owner must make a claim within a 60-day

period.

- All motor vehicles must display a valid university parking permit before they

may be parked on university property. A fine will be imposed to the owner ifthe permit is not visible on the vehicle.

- Animals are not permitted in residence halls, university food service areas,

university-owned apartments or other university buildings except where

authorized.”

David: We all know these things already.

You do, but maybe not all students do.Alice: I don’t like to be told what to do. You should do this, you must do that…

David: But rules are necessary. People have to obey laws and regulations.Alice: I agree, but I think some rules are unnecessary. I mean, there are common sense rules

that don’t have to be written down.

David: Common sense is sometimes not so common. Different people think differently.Alice: I think we’re getting too philosophical. Shall we discuss it over a cup of tea?David: Ha ha. Ok. I’m buying.

GRAMMAR 9. MODALS EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY


What are modal verbs?

Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are a type of auxiliary verb or

helping verb. They precede the main verb of a sentence and add abstract (modal) meaningssuch as possibility, suggestion, obligation, or deduction.

Modal verbs show the following characteristics:

1) They do not mean anything without a main verb:

Susan must at work Susan must be at work

2) They are followed by the bare infinitive (without TO):

The sky is dark. It may rain.

3) The negative is formed by adding the particle NOT to the modal verb:

He should not / shouldn’t smoke.

4) They form the interrogative by inversion with the subject:Affirmative: I should go to the doctor

Interrogative: Should I go to the doctor?

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5) They do not add –s or –es to the 3rd person singular:I should, he should (not *he shoulds)

You may, she may ( not *she mays)

6) They cannot be conjugated and they cannot occur in nonfinite functions, as infinitives or

participles.I musted wear a uniform when I was at that school. We would say “I had to wear a uniformwhen I was at that school” instead.to may, maying, mayed

7) As a general rule you cannot use two modal verbs together.He should can go.

Obligation and necessity

We can use SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, NEED to express obligation and necessity.

Should and ought to

SHOULD and OUGHT TO are used to express mild obligation, recommendation or advice. If wesay that somebody “should do” something or “ought to do” something, we mean that it would

be a good thing to do or the right thing to do:

You should save some money / You ought to save some money. (It would be a good thing

that you saved money )You should buy a new coat. This one is worn out. / You ought to buy a new coat. This one is

worn out. (It would be good for you to buy a new coat since the one you have is worn out )

You should apologise / You ought to apologise. (Apologising is the right thing to do)

We can use SHOULD or OUGHT TO in the negative (SHOULD NOT, SHOULDN’T, OUGHT NOTTO, and OUGHTN’T TO) to indicate that there is a mild obligation of not doing something or torecommend not doing something. OUGHT NOT TO and OUGHTN’T TO are rare in AmericanEnglish and, particularly, OUGHTN’T TO may be not understood:

Those kids should not be playing now. They should be at school / Those kids ought not to be playing now. They ought to be at school.

You shouldn’t smoke in front of the kids / You oughtn’t to smoke in front of the kids.

SHOULD AND OUGHT TO (and their negatives) are used for the present and future. To refer to

past actions, particularly when they have not been carried out, we use SHOULD HAVE + Pastparticiple or OUGHT TO HAVE + Past participle:

You should have gone to bed earlier yesterday. You look really tired / You ought to have

gone to bed earlier yesterday. You look really tired.You shouldn’t have told Susan /You oughtn’t to have told Susan.

You should have met her at the station / You ought to have met her at the station.

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Must

It is used to express strong obligation (possibly based on the speaker’s opinion):

I must study today. (The speaker (I) thinks it is necessary for him/her to study today )I must visit my grandmother tomorrow. (The speaker (I) thinks that it is necessary that

he/she visits his/her grandmother tomorrow )The kids must have their hair cut. (The speaker thinks that it is necessary that the kids have

their hair cut )

MUST NOT or MUSTN’T mean that something is not allowed, or it's a bad idea:

You mustn’t smoke here. (prohibition)

They mustn’t park there. (prohibition)

MUST is used in the present or in the future. The past tense is supplied by HAD TO:

I must study today (Present )I must clean the house tomorrow (Future)I had to phone John yesterday, but I forgot (Past )

Have to

It is not a modal verb, but it is usually studied together with them. It is an irregular verb whoseforms are have/had/had.

HAVE TO expresses strong obligation but, unlike MUST, the obligation in this case comesfrom outside, for instance, from the law, a rule at school, or someone in authority:

You have to get a driving license to drive a car. (the law says that you need it )I have to be at the office at 8:00. (my company has this rule)The doctor says I have to stop smoking. (the doctor is someone in authority )

DON’T HAVE TO expresses lack of obligation. It means you don't need to do something, but it'sfine if you want to do it:

I don’t have to read this book. It’s optional.She didn’t have to go, but she went anyway. (Past )

Need

NEED can be both an auxiliary verb and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a semi-modal

since it has both modal and “ordinary verb” forms. As a modal, its forms are NEED or NEEDNOT for all persons in present and future.

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NEED conveys existence of the necessity of doing something. NEED as an auxiliary is seldomused in the affirmative except when a negative or interrogative sentence is preceded by an

expression which changes the negative or interrogative verb into an affirmative:

I needn’t wear a coat I don’t think I need wear a coat.

Need I tell him? Do you think I need tell him?

NEED in the negative, NEED NOT or NEEDN’T, indicates lack of necessity or absence ofobligation:

You needn’t buy more food. There is enough at home. (Lack of necessity )You needn’t call me Mr. Jones. (There is no obligation of calling him Mr. Jones )

VOCABULARY 9. RULES AND REGULATIONS


RULES AND REGULATIONS REGLAS Y NORMAS

Ban Prohibición

Bill Proyecto de ley

Code Código

Court Tribunal

Decree Decreto

Fine Multa

Illegal Ilegal, ilícito

Law Ley

Legal Legal, lícito

Legislation Legislación

Legislator Legislador

Policy Política

Regulation Reglamento, regla (realizadapor entidades públicas,

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RULES AND REGULATIONS REGLAS Y NORMAS

sociedades…)

RuleNorma, regla (establecida por

cualquier entidad o individuo,

tanto oficial como no oficial )To allow Permitir

To ban Prohibir

To break the law Quebrantar la ley

To comply with Cumplir (con)

To control Controlar

To fail to comply with Desobedecer, incumplir

To guide Guiar

To legislate Legislar

To obey Obedecer

To take effect Entrar en vigor

FILM 9. “ROMEO MUST DIE”

In this loose adaptation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Han Sing (Jet Li) is a former policeofficer from Hong Kong who comes to the United States to look for justice against the menwho killed his brother. But he falls in love with Trish, who is the leader of the gang’s daughter.

Have a look at some reviews and comments on this film:

“In a world of vicious rivalries and violent betrayals, only one thing is clear… Romeo must

die.” (introduction to the film)

“If the academy ever decides to give out Oscars for sheer physical exertion, the other

contenders will have to line up behind Mr. Li.” (Elvis Mitchell, New York Times)

“You don't have to believe in the movie, you just sit back and enjoy the non-stop action.” (MJV & the movies, www.amazon.com)

“Li's fight scenes are amazing and there honestly shouldn't be anybody going to see this

film for any other reason.” (Jon Popick, www.rottentomatoes.com)

“If you love comedy, martial arts, and romance you should check this movie out.” (comment

on the DVD in www.amazon.com)

http://www.amazon.com/

http://www.amazon.com/

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UNIT 10. THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS

SITUATION 10. AT THE PARK


David: Hey, Alice, what are you reading?Alice: I’m reading an article on nuclear energy and nuclear weapons.

David: (It) seems interesting.Alice: It is. Would you like me to read a piece of it aloud?David: Yes, please.

Alice: The article is entitled “Nuclear Scientists”. The second paragraph reads: “The U.S. have

stopped making nuclear weapons. However, the scientists who made the bombs still

have a lot of their research information and don’t want to get rid of it. The men and

women who invented nuclear weapons formulated hypothesis, contrasted facts, and

carefully registered their observations and the results of their experiments. Now,

scientists working in nuclear weapons labs are trying to save that huge amount of

data. They think that knowledge could be useful in the future.”

David: It’s very interesting! So, according to the article, in the future we may have access todocuments that have been kept secret for years. What do you think?

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Alice: Well, this is a difficult issue. Scientists may save the information but the U.SGovernment might decide not to make it public.

David: Yes, it is very likely that they won’t tell the whole truth about nuclear weapons. We

may never know the damage they have caused.Alice: David, this conversation is very interesting but I have to go. I’m going to the cinema

with Mary. She told me to meet her at the front door at 5 p.m. and it’s 5.10 p.m. now.She must already be there waiting for me. You can come with us, if you want to.

David: Oh no, thanks. I could go any other day but today my mum is visiting me after work.She finishes at 5.30 p.m. so she may be here by 6 p.m.

Alice: Ok. Have a good time with your mum.David: I will. Hope you enjoy the film!

GRAMMAR 10. MODALS EXPRESSING CERTAINY AND UNCERTAINTY


We can use CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST to talk about how certain we are aboutsomething happening.

CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST are modal verbs. Modal verbs act as a support to otherverbs. They help us express our opinion and attitude more accurately.

Not all these modals convey the same degree of certainty about the probability of somethinghappening. Look at the diagram below, which represents this fact:

Can / Can’t

CAN is used to express general possibility. Subject + CAN mean ‘it is possible’, that is to say,

circumstances permit:

You can get there in half a day. (It is possible to get there in half a day ).

In this region, you can see mountains covered with snow for the whole year. ( It is possible to

see snow on the mountains for the whole year ).

CAN is also used to express occasional possibility:

Chickenpox during pregnancy can be quite dangerous. (Sometimes it is possible for theillness to be quite dangerous ).

ISN’T CAN’T BE COULD BE MIGHT BE MAY BE MUST BE IS

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CAN’T or CANNOT, the negative forms of CAN, are used to express that we are sure (or almost

sure) that something is impossible:

That boy cannot/can’t be her son, she is very young.

That can’t be true.

May, might, and could to express certainty

MAY, MIGHT, and COULD are used to indicate uncertainty about or likelihood of a futureactivity or event. They can be used in the same contexts, although each of them shows adifferent degree of certainty. We could say, at least as regards British English, that COULD

indicates less certainty than MIGHT, and MIGHT less than MAY:

John may be tired. He has been at the office from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Mary may not wear a new dress today. I think she didn’t have time to buy one.Susan might be at home, but I’m not sure at all.

I might go to Fred’s party. I’ve not decided it yet.Many animal species could disappear in the next decades.I think you could do it better.

Must

We use MUST when our degree of certainty about something is very high. We judge the

proposition expressed by the clause to be necessarily true or at least to have a high likelihoodof being true. We have drawn the conclusion that something is true from things already

observed or experienced.

Imagine that we have three boxes, which are closed. We are told that there is a ball in one of

the boxes. We can pick one of the boxes and say:

The ball could/might/may be here.If we haven’t found the ball after having opened two of the three boxes, we will pick up the

third box and say:

The ball must be here.

No other choice remains.

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VOCABULARY 10. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA

SCIENCE CIENCIA

Analyse Analizar

Astrophysics Astrofísica

Atom Átomo

Biology Biología

Breakthrough Avance científico

Cell Phone Teléfono móvil (Inglés americano)

Celsius Celsius (escala de temperatura)

Chemistry Química

Data Datos

Degree Grado

Electricity Electricidad

Energy Energía

Engineer Ingeniero/a

Engineering Ingeniería

Experiment Experimento

Fact Hecho

Fahrenheit Fahrenheit (escala de temperatura)

Genetic engineering Ingeniería genética

Genetics Genética

Geography Geografía

Hypothesis Hipótesis

Information technology Tecnología de la información

Invention Invento

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SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGYCIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Knowledge Conocimiento

Laboratory / Lab Laboratorio

Magnet ImánMagnetism Magnetismo

Mass Masa

Matter Materia

Microscope Microscopio

Mobile phone Teléfono móvil (Inglés británico)

Molecular biology Biología molecular

Molecule Molécula

Nuclear engineering Ingeniería nuclearObservation Observación

Phenomenon Fenómeno

Physics Física

Pole Polo

Prototype Prototipo

Research Investigación

Researcher Investigador/a

Scientific method Método científico

Scientist Científico/a (persona)

Technician Técnico/a (persona)

Technological advances Avances tecnológicos

Theory Teoría

To discover Descubrir

To experiment Experimentar

To invent Inventar

To research Investigar

To work Funcionar

COMPUTERS ORDENADORES

Backup Copia de seguridad

Cordless Inalámbrico

Cursor Cursor

Cut and paste Cortar y pegar

Database Base de datos

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SCIENCE AND


Digital information Información digital

Electronic mail / E-mail Correo electrónico

File ArchivoFolder Carpeta

Hacker Pirata informático

Hard disk Disco duro

Hardware Soporte físico del ordenador

Icon Icono

Keyboard Teclado

Laptop Ordenador portátil

Monitor MonitorMouse Ratón

Multimedia Multimedia

Network Red

Operating system Sistema operativo

Personal computer (PC) Ordenador personal

Piracy Piratería

Printer Impresora

Program ProgramaScanner Escáner

Screen saver Salvapantallas

Server Servidor

Software Programa informático

Speakers Altavoces

Spreadsheet Hoja de cálculo

The Internet Internet

To browse Explorar

To click Hacer clic

To delete Borrar

To download Descargar

To print Imprimir

To save (data) Guardar (datos)

To sign in Registrarse

To upload Cargar

Tool bar Barra de herramientas

Video conference Video conferencia

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SCIENCE AND


Virus Virus

Web page Página web

Website Sitio webWireless technology Tecnología inalámbrica

Word processor Procesador de texto

World wide web Red mundial

FILM 10. “THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS”

The relationship between Playfair and Watson, the main characters in this film, is very much

like that between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Actually, the title is an indirect referenceto Don Quixote's famous adventure with the windmills, believing them to be "monstrous

giants". Despite the protest of Sancho Panza and being defeated at the hands of the "giants",Quixote maintains his belief that the mills are not buildings but giants.

Watson: God! You're just like Don Quixote, you think everything's always

something else.

Playfair: [Laughs] Well he had a point. Of course, he carried it a bit too

far. He thought that every windmill was a giant. That's insane. But,

thinking that they might be... Well, all the best minds used to think the

world was flat. But, what if it isn't? It might be round. And bread mouldmight be medicine. If we never looked at things and thought of what

they might be, why, we'd all still be out there in the tall grass with the

apes.

(adapted from wikipedia)

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