Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb
ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈
]Xn_≤Xbpw
kønZv A^vXm_v AlvaZv \ø¿
& aplΩZv Bcn^v d∫m\n
hnh¿Ø\w:
A–p¬ apPo_v
]km-[-I¿:
\kmdØv \ivtdm CimAØv, JmZnbm≥
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw
Khilafatinte mahathaya sthaanavum anugrahangalum Kalathinte Khaleefayodulla prathibaddhathayum (Malayalam)Khilafath ka azeemushan maqam wa marthaba uski barkatKhaleefaye waqt ki muhabbath wa ithaath aur hamari zimmadariyan (Original- Urdu)
Author : Syed Aftab Ahmad Nayyer & Muhammad Arif Rabbani
Translator: T.M.Abdul Mujeeb
DTP & Layout : Isha’at Committee Kerala
Printed at: Fazl e Umar Printing Press Qadian
Published by: NAZARAT NASHR-O-ISHA’AT, QADIAN,143516,Gurdaspur-Dt, Punjab, INDIA
Copies: 1000
Ist Edition : 2019
Price:
BapJw
AlvaZn¿ apkvenw PamA¯nsâ kvYm]I\mb lZvd¯v
akolv auDuZn(A)sâ hntbmKm\´cw \qän]Xns\m¶v hÀj§
fmbn Jnem^¯v hyhØnXn \ne\nev¡p¶p F¶Xv Cu
PamA¯nsâ amXw khntijXbmWv. AlvaZn¿m PamA¯n\p
ta AÃmlpXBebpsS A\pKlmXntcIamWnXv. aäpÅhÀ
C¡mcy¯n lX`mKycmWv. Jnem^¯v Øm]n¡m\mbn
AhÀ `KocYbXv\w sNbvXpsIm≠ncn¡pIbmWv. F¶mÂ
kzbw AÃmlphmWv CXp Øm]nt¡≠Xv. ssZh\ntbmKan
ÃmsX C¡mcy¯n temIcpsS FÃm bXv\§fpw XoÀ¯pw
hyÀYamWv.
Cu al¯mb ssZhnIhyhØnXn aptJ\ anI¨ \nebnÂ
temI AlvaZn¿ PamA¯wK§fpsS hnZym`ymkin£WImcy
§Ä \S¡p¶p. amXaà temI¯n\pÅ k·mÀKZÀi\¯n\m
bn \qX\ kmt¦XnIamÀK§fneqsS ]kn²oIcW ]t£
]W ]hÀ¯\§Ä ZpXKXnbn \S¶p t]mcp¶p. ^Â
lwZpenÃmlv!
Jnem^¯nsâ ]m[m\yhpw amlmXvayhpw ap¶n h¨v
sIm≠mWv PamA¯wK§Ä¡v AhcpsS D¯chmZnXz§Ä
a\ÊnemIm\mbn \kmd¯v \ivtdm CimA¯v JmZnbm³
"Jnem^¯v Im AkoapÈm³ aJmw h aÀ¯_, DkvIn _
dIm v Jeo^sb hJv v In aplº v h CXmA v HmÀ
lamcn knt½Zmcnbmw' F¶ eLpKÙw Cd¡p¶Xv. CXv
lZvd v Jeo^¯p akolv Jmankv(A¿Zlp) aPvenkv iqd- 2015
iqdbv¡p th≠n AwKoImcw \evInb KÙ§fn s]«XmWv.
Cu eLpKÙw tImUoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv auehn k¿nZv
B^vXm_v AlvaZv \¿À kmln_v, auehn apl½Zv Bcn^v
dºm\n kmln_v F¶nhcpsS klIcWt¯msSbmWv.
^PkmlpapÃmlp Alvk\pÂPkm. k¿nZp\m lZvd¯v
Jeo^¯p akolv Jmankn(A¿Zlp)sâ A\paXntbmsS Cu
eLpKÙw ]kn²oIcn¡pIbmWv. AÃmlpXBe CXns\
FÃm\nebnepw A\pKl]qÀ®am¡n¯oÀ¡pamdmIs«.
Bao³.
JmZnbm≥ lm^nkvaJvZqwico^v
13.11.2018\mkn¿\ivtdmCimAØvJmZnbm≥.
Jnem-^Øv
am\-h-cm-in-bpsSkrjvSn-∏ns‚Dt±iysØ]q¿W-X-bn-
te-s°-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn A√mlp ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS ]
c-º-cbv°vXpS°wIpdn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.Aßs\F√m
Ime-L-´-ØnepwA√m-lp-hns‚hcnjvTZmk¿\nb-an-°-
s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp.Ah¿A√m-lp-hns‚Jeo-^-am¿
F∂vhnfn-°-s∏-´p.Ah¿a\p-jysck≥am¿K-Øn-te°v
\bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnXoh-bXv\w\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.\
o≠Xoh-b-Xv\-߃°p-tijwCussZh-Zq-X-∑m¿Hcp
ssZhnI Pam-AØn\p cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw XpS¿∂v ]
IrXn\nb-a-Øn\vhnt[-b-cmbna‰pa\p-jysct∏mseCu
\iz-c-amb qan-bn¬\n∂phnS]d™vXß-fpsSbYm¿Y
\mYs‚ASp-°-te°paS-ßp-IbpwsNbvXp.
]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS Cu th¿]mSv Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-
IsfarX-]mbcm°nam‰p-∂p.]Xy-£-Øn-ep≈Ah-cpsS
Cuhnj-a-k-‘nsbImWp∂FXn-cm-fn-Iƒl¿j-hmZyw
apg-°m≥XpS-ßp-∂p.AØcwkµ¿`-ß-fn¬A√mlp
Ahsc\ncm-ew-_-cmbnDt]-£n-°p-∂-X-√.adn-®v,Ahsc
]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v,hnShmßn-b-h-cpsSHcp]Xn-\n-[nsb
As√-¶n¬klm-bnsbA-h≥Fgp-t∂ev]n°p∂p.Ac-
£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈Bkaq-l-Øn\vAt±lwXmßmbn
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 6
amdp-∂p.Aßs\Bkaqlw]Xps°]Xps°Ah-cpsS
I¿a]≤-Xn-I-sfbpwDt±-i-e-£y-ß-sfbpw]q¿W-X-bn-
te-s°-Øn-°p∂]Ÿm-hn-te°vB\-bn-°-s∏Sp∂p.
A√m-lp-hns‚CuNcyXs‚ ]nb- ]hm-N-I≥(-k)-°v
tijhpw]pe¿∂p.Xn-cp-\_n-(-k)-bpsSh^m-Øn-\pti
jwlZvdØvA_q-_-°¿kn±o-Jv(-d)s\Fgp-t∂¬]n-®p
-sIm≠v Jnem-^sØ dmin-Zsb ÿm]n-®p. Cu Jnem-
^sØdminZ30h¿j-°mew\ne-\nev°p-I-bp-wXpS¿∂v
Xncp-\_n-(-k)-bpsS ]h-N-\-]ImcwCXn\vXmXv°m-enI
hncmawkmw -hn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.F∂m¬A√m-lp-hn-s‚
bpwAhs‚dkq¬(-k)-bp-sSbpw,]h-N-\-ß-fp-sSbpwhmKv
Zm-\-ß-fp-sSbpwASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬k®-cn-X-cpsSJnem-^
Øv]c-ºcAh-km\Ime-Øv]hm-NI]mX-bn¬]p\-x
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw
C]-Im-c-am-Wv.
kqdPpap-B-bn¬A√mlpC]-Imcw]d-bp-∂p:
AXm-bXvAh-\tXA£-c-⁄m-\-an-√mØBP\-X-
bn¬(Ad-_n-I-fn¬)Ah-cn¬\n∂p-Xs∂bp≈Hcp]
hm-N-Is\Fgp-t∂¬]n-®n- p-≈Xv.At±lwAh¿°vA√m-
lp-hns‚ hN-\-߃ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n-°p-IbpwAhsc
ip≤oIcn°pIbpwAh¿°v KŸhpwXØz-⁄m-\hpw
]Tn-∏n-®psImSp-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.Ah¿CXn-\p-apºv
kv]jvS-amb hgn-tI-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p.Ah-tcm-sSm∏w CtX-
hsc tN¿∂n-´n-√mØ Ah-cn¬ \n∂p≈ as‰mcp P\-X-
bnepw (Ah≥ ZqXs\ Fgp-t∂¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv)(kqd
PpapB:3,4).
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw7
Cu hN-\-߃ Cd-ßn-b-t∏mƒ klm-_m°ƒ(-d) Xncp-
\_n-(-k)tbmSvtNmZn-®p,Xm¶-fpsSc≠mwhchv(Xm¶-fp
sS]-Xn-cq-]-Øn¬)D≠m-Ip∂BP\-hn-`mKwGXmWv?
At∏mƒ Xncp-\_n-(-k) AhnsSbp≠m-bn-cp∂ lZvdØv
k¬am\p¬^mcn-kn(-d)-bpsSNpa-en¬ssIsh-®psIm≠v
]d™p:
(_p-Jm-cn,InXm-_p¬X^vko¿,_m_mX^vko¿kqd:Ppap-B)
AXm-b-Xv, Cuam≥ temI-Øp \n∂v A]-Xy-£-am-bn
Im¿ØnI\£-X-Øn-te°vDb¿∂p-t]m-bmepw m¿kn
hwi-P-cmb C°q´-cn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp hy‡n AXns\
ho≠pw`qan-bn-te°vCd-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.as‰m-c-
h-k-c-Øn¬Xncp-\_n-(-k)]d™p;
(Xzn_vdm\nI_o¿,hapkvX-ZvdIv-lm-Iow)
AXm-bXvk¬am≥^m¿kn\Ωn¬\n-∂p-≈-h-\m-Wv.
AYhmAlvepss_Øn¬s]´-h-\m-Wv.
hmKvZm\wsNø-s∏´akolpwalvZnbpw m¿knhwi-P-
\m-bn-cn°pwF∂m-WvCulZoYvNq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv.
Ah-km\Ime-L-´-Øn¬^m¿knhwi-Øn¬\n∂vHcp
]Xn-]p-cp-j≥\ntbm-Kn-°s∏SpwF∂-Xm-WvXncp-\_n-(-k)
bpsS]h-N\w.IqSp-X¬hni-Zo-I-cW߃a‰vNnelZo-
Yp-I-fn¬\n∂pwe`n-°p-∂p-≠v.Xncp-\_n-(-k)]d-bp∂p:
(klolv_pJmcn,InXm-_vAlm-Zo-Yp¬A≥_n-bm-Av,_m_p\pkqep
Cuk-_v\p-a¿bw)
AXm-b-Xv,\nß-fn¬C_v\p-a¿bwCd-ßp-tºmƒ\nß-
fpsSAhÿF¥m-bn-cn°pw?C_v\pa¿bwBcm-sW∂v
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 8
\n߃°-dn-bp-tam?At±lw\nß-fp-sS-Xs∂HcpCamw
Bbn-cn-°pw.\nß-fn¬\n∂p-Xs∂Bbn-cn°pwAt±-l
Øns‚P\-\-hpw.
as‰mcplZo-Yn¬\n∂pw,hcm\n-cn°p∂akolvXs∂-bm-
bn-cn°pwCamwalvZnF∂Imcyhpwkv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
AXm-bXv,akolv,alvZnF∂p-≈XvHmtchy‡n-bpsS
c≠p\ma-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.
Xncp-\_n-(-k)]d-bp-∂p;
(C_v\p-am-P,_m_vin-±-Øp-Ê-am≥,t]Pv257,I≥kp¬DΩm¬hmfyw˛7,
t]Pv156)
AXm-bXv,Cuk_v\p-a¿bwA√msXas‰mcpalvZnbn-√.
BK-X-cm-tI≠CuCam-ans‚\ntbmKIme-L- -sØ-Ip-dn
®v\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(-k)]d-bp-∂p,
(A∂-Pvap-Êm-Jn-_v,hm2,t]Pv209)
Bbn-cØnCcp-∂q‰n\m¬∏Xvh¿j-߃IS∂pIgn-
™m¬A√mlpalvZnsb\ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.]kvXpX
ako-ln-s‚bpwalvZnbp-sSbpwÿm\hpw]Z-hnbpwkw_-
‘n®vXncp-\_n-(-k)]d-bp-∂p,
(A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv,InXm-_p¬aem-lnw,_m_vJpdq-Pp-±-÷m¬)
AXm-bXv htc-≠p∂ ako-ln\pw F\n°pw CS-bn¬
as‰mcp \_nbpwC√. \n›-b-ambpw \nß-fn¬ akolv
Cd-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv.At±lwBK-X-\m-Ip-tºmƒ\n߃A
t±-lsØXncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.klolvapkvenan-ep≈a
s‰mcplZo-kn¬Xncp-\_n-(-k)]d-bp-∂p,
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw9
(apkvenw,_m_vZnIvdp-±÷m¬)
AXm-bXv,bAvPqPvaAvPqPvi‡n]m]n-°p∂Ime-
L- -Øn¬hmKvZØakolvBK-X-cm-Ip-tºmƒ,A√m-lp-
hns‚]hm-N-I-\mbakolpwAt±-l-Øns‚A\p-bm-bn-
Ifpw,iXp-°-fpsShe-b-Øn¬AI-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.]n∂oSv
A√m-lp-hns‚]hm-N-I-\mbakolpwA\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
ssZhkhn-[-Øn¬ZpB-tbmSpwhne-]n-®p-sIm≠pwaS-ßp-
∂-Xm-Wv.]kvXpXZpB-bpsS^e-ambnA√m-lp-hns‚
]hm-N-I-\mbakolpwAt±-l-Øns‚A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
hn]-Øp-I-fpsSNI-hyq-l-Øn¬\n∂vtam£wIc-ÿ-am
°niXp-°-fpsSXmh-f-Øn-te°vCc-®p-I-b-dp-∂-Xm-Wv.F
∂m¬AhnsS]pXnbXc-Øn-ep≈]iv\-ßfmbn-cn°pw
t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv.]n∂oSvA√m-lp-hns‚]hm-N-I-\mb
akolpwAt±-l-Øns‚A\p-bm-bn-Ifpwho≠pwssZh-
ka-£-Øn-te°v]m¿Yn-®p-sIm≠vaS-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
Aßs\A√mlpAh-cpsS ]bm-k-ßsf Zqco-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
Xncp-\_n-(-k)ChnsSHcplZo-Yn¬Xs∂hmKvZØako-
lns\kw_-‘n®v\mepXhW\_n-bp-√mlv(A√m-lp-
hns‚\_n)F∂]Zw]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
ta¬ kqNn∏n® ]h-N-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂-
Xv, Ah-km\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
HSp-°-Øn¬ako-ln-s‚bpwalvZnbp-sSbpwBhn¿`mhw
D≠m-Ipsa-∂-m-Wvv.At±lwXncp-\_n-(-k)-bpsS ]Xn-]p-cp
-j≥Bbn-cn-°pw.A√mlpAt±-l-Øn\v]hm-NI]Zhn
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 10
\evIn A\p-K-ln-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu ]h-N-\-ßsf
km£m-Xv°-cn-®p-sIm≠vlZvdØvan¿kmKpemwAlvaZv
JmZn-bm\n ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-°-Øn¬Xs∂
akolpw alvZnbpw BsW-∂p≈ hmZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-∏n-
®p.A√mlp Znhyshfn-]m-Sn-eqsSAt±-lsØA`n-kw-
t_m-[\sNbvXp-sIm≠v]d™p:
Rm≥\ns∂akolvC_v\pa¿bwB°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p
(C-km-esbHulmw,]p:632)
AtX-t]mse ]h-N-\-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xncp-
\_n-(-k)bpsS]cn-]q¿WA\p-k-c-W-Øns‚bpwA\p-[m-
h-\-Øns‚bpw^e-ambnAt±-lØn\vA√mlpDΩØn
\_nF∂]Z-hnbpw\evInA\p-K-ln-®p.]kvXpX]
Z-hnsbkw_-‘n®vBalm-flmhv]d-bp∂p;
]hmN-IXzw\ΩpsSXncp-\_n-(-k)bn¬Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p
-∂p.hnip≤Jp¿-B-\-√msX(\-ap-°v)as‰mcpKŸ-an-√.
AXv as‰√m ap≥K-Ÿ-ß-tf-°mfpw tijvTam-Wv. apl-
Ω-Znø ico-A-Ø-√msX (\-ap-°v) as‰mcp ico-A-Øn-√.
F∂m¬ Xncp-\_n-(-k)-bpsS \mhm¬ Fs‚ \maw \_n
F∂vh®n-cn-°p-∂p.CXvXncp-\_n-(-k)sb]cn-]q¿W-ambpw
A\p-[m-h\wsNbvXXp-sIm-≠p≈A\p-K-l-ß-fn¬s]´
XmWv.Rm≥F∂n¬bmsXmcptijvTXbpwImWp-∂n-√.
F\n°vIc-ÿ-am-b-sX√mwB]cn-ip≤hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬
\n-∂p--≈-XmWv.A√m-lp-hns‚]°¬Fs‚]hm-N-IXzw
sIm≠p≈hnh£,AXy-[n-I-ambssZhnI`mjWwF
∂p-am-X-am-Wv.AXn\pap]cnbmbnh√-Xp-ap-s≠∂vBsc-
¶nepwhmZn-°p-I-tbm,kzbwXs∂tijvTXIev]n-°p-I-
tbm,Xncp-\_n-(k)bpsSA\p-k-cWhrØ-Øn¬\n∂vkz
bw]pd-Øp-IS-°p-ItbmsNøp-I-bmsW-¶n¬Ah-\p-ta¬
A√m-lp-hns‚im]wD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.\ΩpsSXncp-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw11
\_n-(-k)JmX-ap-∂-_n-øo-\m-Ip-∂p.ZqX-∑m-cpsS]c-ºcB
alm-flm-hn¬ Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.B alm-flm-hn-\p-
tijwkzX¥]hm-N-IXzwhmZn-°pIF∂XvB¿°pw
Xs∂A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√.Ct∏mƒA[n-I-ambne`n-°p∂
ssZhnI`mj-W߃amX-amWv tijn-°p-∂-Xv.AXpw
Xncp-\_n-(-k)sb]q¿W-ambpw]n≥]-‰pIF∂\n_-‘-\-
tbmsSamXw.AX-√msXkw`-hy-a-√.A√m-lp-hmsW!
F\n°vCu]Zhnapl-ΩZvapkvX- m(-k)Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS]
ImiInc-W-ßsfA\p-[m-h\wsNbvX-Xn-\m-emWve`y-am-
b-Xv.A√mlpFs‚t]cvBe-¶m-cnIcq]-Øn-emWv\_n
F∂vh®n-´p-≈-Xv.bYm¿Ycq]-Øn-e-√.AXn-\m¬CXv
A√m-lp-hn-s‚tbmXncp-\_n-(-k)bp-sStbmA¥Êns\aß-
te¬∏n-°p∂Hcp]Z-hn-b-√.ImcWw,Xncp-\_n-(-k)bpsS
Nnd-In≥Iogn-emWvRm≥]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-´-Xv.Fs‚Np
hSpIƒXncp-\_n-(k)bpsSIm¬]m-Sp-IsfbmWv]n¥p-S-cp
∂-Xv.Rm≥kzta[bmH∂pwXs∂]d-™n-´n-√.adn-®v,
A√mlpF\n-°n-d-°n-Ø∂shfn-]m-SpIsf]n≥]-‰pIamX
-amWv Rm≥ sNbvXn-Sp-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ Rm≥
krjvSn-I-fpsS oj-Wn-Isf b-°p∂n-√.(A¬CkvXn^v
Xm-Av,Ad_n`mK-Øns‚]cn-`mjhmfyw22,]p:688,689)
Balm-flmhv1889 ¬Hcp]cn-ip≤Pam-AØvÿm]n-
®p.AXn\vAlvaZnømapkvenwPam-AØvF∂v\ma-I-c
WwsNbvXp.At±lwPohnXImewapgp-h\pwCkveman
s\temI-Øns‚F√mtImWp-I-fnepwhnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈Xoh-b-Xv\-Øn¬Ign-®p-Iq-´n.At±-l-Øm¬c
Nn-°-s∏´F¨]Xne[nIwKŸ-߃CXn\vkm£yw
hln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.Aßs\At±lwCkvemans‚hnP-
b-Øn-\mbnXs‚PohnXwapgp-h\pwDgn-™p-sh®pF∂-
Xn\vkz¥-°m-cp-sSbpwA\y-cp-sSbpwkm£y-߃D≠v.
A√m-lp-hns‚C—-bv°-\p-k-cn®vAt±lwX∂n¬A¿∏n-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 12
X-ambIS-a-IƒhfscDØ-ahpw`wKn-bp-amb\ne-bn¬
\n¿h-ln°pIbpw Pohn-Xm-h-km\w hsc Cu ssZhnI
e£y-]m-]vXn-°mbnHmtcm\nan-jhpwka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-w
sNbvXp.AXn-\mbnHcp]cn-ip≤Pam-AØn\pcq]w\
evIn.Balm-flmhvac-W-s∏- -t∏mƒ,C\nAt±-l-Øns‚
e£yhpwPam-AØpwC√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xm-sW∂viXp-
°ƒIcp-Xn.F∂m¬A√mlpXs‚hmKvZm\]Imcw
Jnem-^Øvhyh-ÿnXnÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.A√mlp
]d-bp-∂p;
(kq-d-Øp-∂q¿:56)
A¿Yw:\nß-fn¬\n∂vhniz-kn-°p-IbpwkXvI¿a-߃
A\p-jvTn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-h-tcmSv,Ah¿°vapºp-≈-hsc
Jeo-^-am-cm-°n-bXvt]mseXo¿®-bmbpwAh-scbpw`q
an-bn¬Jeo-^-am-cm-°p-IbpwAh¿°mbnAh≥Xr]vXn
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]I-cw\evIp-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xm-sW∂vA√mlphmKvZm\w
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\p-tijw Bsc-¶nepw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿
Xs∂-bmWv[n°m-cn-Iƒ.
lZvdØv A_vZp¿ dlvam\n_v\p kl¬(-d) ]d-bp-∂p,
Xncp-\_n-(-k)]d-™p.F√m]hm-N-I-Xz-Øn\ptijhpw
Jnem-^ØvD≠m-Ip-∂p. (I≥kp¬DΩm¬,InXm-_p¬
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw13
^nXv≥an≥Jnkvap¬A^v-B¬˛^kv¬^oapX-^-cn-
Jm-Xp¬^nXn≥,hm˛11,]p:115,lZokv˛31444)
lZvdØvlpssZ-^(-d)\nth-Z\wsNøp-∂p,Xncp-\_n-(k)
]d-™p:\nß-fn¬\p_p-∆Øv\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv.]n
∂oSv]hm-NIam¿K-Øn-ep≈Jnem-^Øvÿm]n-X-am-Ip-
∂-Xm-Wv.]n∂oSv,]bm-k-߃krjvSn-°p∂cmP-`-cWw
\ne-hn¬hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXn-\p-tijwAI-a- -cWw\S-am-
Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXn-\p-tijw]hm-NI]mX-bn-ep≈Jnem-
^Øv ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v \_n(-k) au\w
Zo£n-®p.(apkv\ZvAlvaZvlZokv17680)
Xncp-\_n-(-k)-bpsSCu]h-N-\-ß-fpsSASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏´ akolpw alvZnbpamb lZvdØv
an¿kmKpemwAlvaZvJmZn-bm-\n(-A)bpsSh^m-Øn-\pti
jwAlvaZnømJnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-rlo-XhpwAXnti-
jvT-hp-ambkwhn-[m\w\ne-hn¬h∂p.lZvdØvakolv
auDu-Zv(-A)c≠mwi‡n-]-`mhwF∂m-WXns\hnti-jn-
∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.lZvdØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)AlvaZnøm
Jnem-^-Øns\ kw_-‘n®v kphm¿Ø \evIn-s°m≠v
]dbp∂p:"CXvA√m-lp-hns‚k\m-X\\nb-a-am-Ip-∂p.
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hm-N-I-∑mscklm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pwAh¿°phnPbw\
evIp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n Cu \nb-asØ kZm ]I-S-am-°n-
s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.A√mlp]d-bp∂p;
(A¬apPm-Ze 22)Xs‚]hm-N-I-∑m¿hnPbw]m]n-°p-
I-Xs∂sNøp-sa∂vA√mlptcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
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F∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬CXns‚]q¿Øo-I-cWwAh-cpsS
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Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
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cp∂e£y-߃]cn-]q¿WX]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠km
a-Kn-IƒkrjvSn-°p-∂p.
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cpsSIc-ß-fn-eqsSkzbwXs‚Znhyi‡n-bpsSlkvXw
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Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS th¿]mSv, Ime-sa-Øm-sX-bp≠mb Hcp
th¿]m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂va\Ên-em-°p-IbpwZpxJ`mc-Øm
¬klm-_n-am¿]cn-`m-¥-cm-Ip-Ibpwhfsctbsd_Z-hn-
IƒCkvemwaXwDt]-£n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.Cukµ¿`-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw15
Øn-emWvA√mlplZvdØvA_q-_-°¿kn±o-Jn(-d)s\
Fgp-t∂ev∏n-®-b-®p-sIm≠vho≠pwXs‚Znhy-i-‡n-bpsS
amXrIImWn-°p-IbpwCkvemans\\mi-K¿Øn¬\n∂v
c£n-°p-IbpwsNbvX-Xv.
(A-∂q¿:56)F∂Jp¿-B≥hN-\-Øn¬]d™]Imcw
`b-Øn-\ptijw\mwAh-cpsSIm¬]mZ-ßsfkpZr-V-
am-°p-sa∂hmKvZm\wA√mlp]q¿Øn-bm-°n-Im-Wn-®p......
AXpsIm≠vA√tbm]nb-s∏- -h-tc,FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS\n
c¿Y-I-ß-fmbc≠vBÀm-Z-ßsfXI¿°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
Xs‚k\m-X\\S-]-Sn-b-\p-k-cn®vC]-ImcwA√mlpc
≠p-hn[wZnhy-i-‡n-Iƒ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p.AXvsIm≠vC\n
A√mlpXs‚k\m-X-\-amb\S-]-Sn-I-asØDt]-£n-®p-I-
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CuImcy-߃sIm≠v\n߃IpWvTn-Xcpw-a\x-t¢-i-ap-
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P-kns\ Z¿in-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Ip-∂p. \n߃°v
KpW-I-c-amWv AXns‚ BK-a\w. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬,
AXpimiz-XhpwAXns‚irwJeA¥y-\mƒhscapdn-
™p-t]m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-Wv...Rm≥A√m-lp-hns‚ mK-Øv\n
∂vHcpZnhy-i-‡n-bpsScq]-Øn-emWvh∂n-´p-≈-Xv.Rm≥
ssZhnI-amb Hcp i‡n]`m-h-am-Ip-∂p. F\n-°p-tijw
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]Xo-I-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.AXn-\m¬,\nß-sf-√m-hcpwHØp-
tN¿∂vA√m-lp-hns‚c≠mwZnhy-i-‡nsb]Xo-£n-®p-
sIm≠v]m¿Y-\-bn¬\ncXcm-Ip-I.IqSm-sX,CuZznXob
Znhy-i‡nBIm-i-Øp-\n∂vshfn-hm-Ip-Ibpw\nß-fpsS
ssZhwIgn-hp-‰-h-\m-sW∂pImWn-®p -X-cp-am-dm-Ip-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xp-hscapgp-h≥Pam-A-Øp-I-fn-sebpwkpIr-X-
hm-∑m¿Hmtcm\m´nepwHcp-an-®p-IqSnZpBsNbvXp-sIm-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 16
≠n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.''(A¬hkn-ø-Øv,dqlm\nJkm-bn≥
hmfyw20,]p:304˛306)
CXp-ambn_‘-s∏´vlZvdØv apkvenlv auDu-Zv(-d) ]
d-bp∂p:""lZvdØvakolvauDu-Zn(-A)s‚enJn-X-ß-fn¬\n
∂vsXfn-bp-∂-Xv,Xn-cp-\_n-(-k)-bv°p-tijwJnem-^Øv]
c-ºcÿm]n-X-am-b-Xpt]m-se-Xs∂Balm-flm-hn-\p-
ti-jhpwÿm]n-X-am-Ip-sa∂mWv.IqSmsX,At±-l-Øns‚
Jeo- -amscA\p-k-cn-t°≠Xv\n¿_-‘hpamsW-∂m-Wv.
Pam-A-Øn s‚ bYm¿∞ ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ah¿ X-s∂-
bmbn-cn-°pw.'' (Jn-em-^Øv Aem an≥lm-Pp-∂p-_p-∆-Xv,
hmfyw3,]p:601)
CXns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬lZvdØvakolvauDu-Zn(-A)
s‚ h^m-Øn-\p-tijw 1908 sabv amk-Øn¬ lZvdØv
lm^nkvl°ow\qdp-±o≥kmln-_v(-d)]YaJeo- -bmbn
Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p.1914˛¬lZvdØvJeo- -Øp¬akolv
A∆¬(-d)s‚hntbm-K-Øn-\p-tijwlZvdØvan¿km_io-
dp-±o≥alvaqZvAlvaZv(-d)c≠mwJeo-^-bmbnXnc-s™-Sp-
°-s∏- p.At±-l-Øns‚hntbm-Km-\-¥cwlZvdØvakolv
auDu-Zn(-A)s‚aq∂mwJeo-^-bmbnlZvdØvan¿km\m
kn¿AlvaZv(-d-lv)Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p.At±-l-Øns‚h^m-
Øn-\ptijw1982˛¬lZvdØvan¿kmXmln¿AlvaZv
kmln-_v(-d-lv) \memw Jeo-^-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.
2003 ¬At±-l-Øns‚h^m-Øn-\ptijw\ΩpsSCt∏m-
gsØCam-amblZvdØvan¿kmakvdq¿AlvaZvkmln_v
(A-ø-Z-lp-√m-lp-X-Be_n\kvcoln¬Ako-kv)lZvdØv
akolvauDu-Zv(-A)s‚A©mwJeo-^-bmbnXnc-s™-Sp-
°-s∏-´p.At±-l-Øns‚t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬AlvaZnømPam-
AØvA`n-hr-≤n-bpsScmP-]mX-Ifn-eqsSapt∂m´vKan-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS ]nb-¶-c-\mb Camw kmln_v kmZm an¿km
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw17
akvdq¿AlvaZvkmln_vJeo-^-Øp¬akolvA¬Jm
-ankn\v (Aø-Z-lp-√mlp XBe _n\kvcnln¬ Ako-
kv)A√mlpBbncmtcm-Ky-kuJy-ap≈I¿a-\n-c-X-amb
PohnXw\¬InA\p-K-ln-°pamdmI-s´.At±-l-Øns‚Im
cp-Wy-Øns‚\ng¬Hcp\o≠-Imew\ΩpsSta¬\ne-\n
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¬bYm¿YCkvemambAlvaZn-ø-Øns‚hnPbwD≠m-
Ip-am-dm-Is´˛Bao≥.
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al-Ømbc≠mwZnhy-i-‡nbpsS]XoI߃A√m-lp-
hns‚C—-bv°-\p-k-cn®vF∂pw\ne-\n-¬°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv,
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≠mwZnhy-i-‡n,aq∂mwZnhy-i-‡n,\memwZnhy-i-‡n,
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lZvdØvapkvenlvauDu-Zv(-d)Hcn-S-Øv]d-bp-∂p.
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Wv.A√mlpXBem\n߃°vth≠nc≠mwi‡n]- m-
hsØAb-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬,A√mlphns‚]°¬
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hy-i‡nshfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.\memwZnhy-i-‡n-°p-tijw
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tijwBdmwZnhy-i‡nhcp-∂-Xm-Wv.Aßs\ssZhnI
lkvXwP\-߃°vZrjvSm-¥-߃ImWn®psImt≠-bn-
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dØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)s\]Yainebmbn\ntbm-Kn-®n-cn-
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ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw19
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cmjvSß-fn¬kpZr-V-ambASn-Ø-d-bn¬CuPam-AØv
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sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. AlvaZnøm Jnem-^-Øns‚ Iogn¬
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Iq´w-Iq-´-ambnBfp-IƒCkveman-te°v]th-in-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhklmb߃ A\p\nanjw BIm-i-
Øp-\n∂vCd-ßp-∂-XmbnI≠psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Npcp-°-Øn¬,Jnem- ØvaptJ\AlvaZnømPam-AØv
A√m-lp-hns‚AkwJywImcp-Wy-ßsfBI¿jn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw, ssZhnI ]Im-i-Øm¬ ]tim-`n-X-am-bn-
s°m≠ncn°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.adp-`m-KØ,vJnem-^Øv\n
tj-[n-IƒA]Nb-Øn-\pw,\nµy-X-bv°pw,`n∂-Xbv°pw
Cc-Ifm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.AlvaZnømJnem-^-Øns‚
A\p-K-l-ßsf uXnIhn`h-ß-fp-ambnXmc-XaywsNøp
IF∂Xv_p≤n-tam-i-am-Wv.CussZhnI]mi-Øns‚
CgA√m-lp-hpwhnizm-kn-I-fpambn]c-kv]cw_‘-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p.CuBflobkwhn[m\w\n_-‘-\-Iƒ]q
¿Øn-bm-°p∂hnizm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw b- -‡-cp-sSbpwBi-
b-am-bn-Xo¿∂ncn-°p-∂p.A`n-hr-[n-I-fpsSssaXm-\-ßsf
AXn-P-bn®p-sIm≠vXß-fpsSPohnXkm^-ey-Øn-te°v
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 20
Ah¿°phgn-Im-´p-∂p.Zo\n\vkp`-ZXe`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ Ft∏mgpw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
`b-Øns‚ Ccpƒ ap‰nb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ kam-[m-\-Øns‚
A¥-co-£-Øn-te°vs]mSp∂s\]cn-h¿Øn°p∂-Xmbpw
ImWp-∂p.Xulo-Zns‚]XmI]mdn-∏-d-°p-∂-XmbpwhnK-
lm-e-b-߃\new-]-Xn-°p-∂-XmbpwImWp-∂p.Aßs\
]hm-N-I-ZuXyw-ho≠pw\nd-th-d-s∏-Sp-am-dmIp∂p.
CuA\p-Krl-e_v[n°v \mwA√m-lp-hnt\mSvFX
\µn]d-™mepwaXn-bm-In-√.CXpkw_-‘-am-bp≈\
ΩpsS ]YaI¿Øhyw,CussZhm-\p-KlØns‚ ]m
[m-\y-sØ-Ip-dn-®p≈icn-bmbAht_m[wD≠m-°n-sb-
Sp-°p-Ibpw Bflm¿Y-ambn AXns\ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw
Jnem-^-Øns\ A\p-k-cn°p-I-sb-∂Xv \n¿_-‘-ambn
I-W°m°p-IbpwsNøpIF∂-Xm-Wv.
AlvaZnøm Jnem-^-Øns‚ Cu ImcpWyw XpS¿∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn°p-I-bm-Wv.F∂m¬AXn¬\n∂v]tbm-P\w
Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnCuBIm-iobkwhn-[m-\sØ
a\-Ên-em-°Ww.AXns‚ÿm\-sØbpw\ne-sbbpwXncn-
®-dn-bWw.AXp-t]mse`uXnIambHcp_‘-ß-fnepw
ImW-s∏-SmØBflm¿Y-X-bp-sSbpwkvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw
DZmØ_‘wAlvaZnømJnem-^-Øp-ambnÿm]n-t°
≠XpwA\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.CXp-ambn_‘-s∏´\n_-‘-\
Ifn¬ _≤-i≤-cm-Ip∂ ]£w \tΩm-sSm∏w \ΩpsS
Xe-ap-d-IfpwAXn¬\n∂v]tbm-P\wIc-ÿ-am-°p-∂-h-
cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Jnem-^-Øns‚
AXn-a-l-Ømb ÿm\hpw ]Z-hnbpw
Jnem-^Øvhf-sc-b-[nIw]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.Imc
Ww,\_n-bpsSh^m-Øn-\p-tijwAt±-l-Øns‚]n¥p
-S¿®-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ZuXy\n¿h-l-W-Øn\v ]cn-]q
¿WXhcp-Øm-\m-bn- mWvAXpÿm]n-X-am-Ip∂-Xv.F√m-
bn-t∏mgpw ssZh-k-lmbw XpW-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp Xs∂
AXns‚amlm-fly-Øn\vASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p-≠v.Jeo- -bpsS
F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpsSbpw hnP-b-Øn\v ]nd-In-ep≈
NmeIi‡n F¥mbncn-°p-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ temIw
B›-cy-s∏-´p-\nev°p-I-bm-Wv.
Jnem-^-Øns‚]Z-hn-bn-te°vAh-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂hy
‡nbn¬ ]hm-NIXzØns‚ ]Imiw ]Xn-^en-°p-∂p.
]hm-N-Is‚ KpW-KW߃ At±-l-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-
∂p.\_n-bpsSA\p-K-l-ß-fn¬\n∂vAt±-l-Øn\p]¶p
e`n-°p-∂p.]cn-ip-≤-cmbPam-A-Øw-K-ß-fm¬Xnc-s™-
Sp-°s∏Sp∂psh-¶nepwJeo-^sb\nb-an-°p-∂-Xvkzbw
A√mlpXs∂-bmWv.CXvA√m-lp-hn-\m¬\evIs∏´
Hcp]Z-hn-bm-Ip-∂p.B¿°pwHcn-°epwHcpJeo-^-sb
ÿm\- -jvS-\m-°m≥km[y-a-√.A√mlpJeo- -bpsSA
[ym-]-I-\m-bnamdp-∂p.A√mlpAt±-l-Øn\vZnhy-⁄m-\
߃\evInA\p-K-ln-°p-∂p.hnizm-kn-I-fpsSlrZ-b-Øn
¬At±ltØmSp≈kvt\lwkwPm-X-am-°p-IbpwAXp
-t]mseAt±-l-Øns‚lrZ-bØnepwhnizmknItfmSp
A\p-I-ºbpw Imcp-Wyhpw P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
Ah-cpsSZpxJ-ß-fn¬Jeo^Akz-ÿ-\m-Ip-IbpwAh¿
°mbnZpBsNøp-IbpwsNøp-∂p.At±l-Øn\vZpB
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 22
kzoIm-cy-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-߃ \evI-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-
Øn\v Hcp Akm-[m-c-W-amb ]Xm]w \evI-s∏-Sp-∂p.
amtem-Icm¬At±lwA\p-k-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.At±lsØ
A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw ]n≥]-‰p-Ibpw sNtø≠Xv hnizm-
kn-Iƒ°v\n¿_-‘-am-bnØocp-∂p.AXn¬\n∂v apJw
Xncn®psIm≠p≈acWwPmln-en-ø-Øns‚ac-W-am-Ip-∂p.
At±ltØm-Sp≈_‘w^e-Øn¬A√m-lp-hn-t\m-Spw
Ahs‚dkq-en-t\m-Sp-ap≈_‘-am-Ip∂p.Jeo^Xs‚
Ime-L- -Øn¬ qap-J-Øp≈A√m-lp-hns‚]Xn-\n-[nbpw
G‰hpw]nb-s∏´Zmk-\p-am-Ip-∂p.
lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A) Jnem-^-Øns‚ ÿm\-am-
\-ß-fpsS bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v ]
d-bp-∂p.
""Jeo^bYm¿Y-Øn¬dkq-ens‚]Xn-Om-b-bm-Ip-∂p.
Hcpa\p-jy\pwFs∂t∂°pwPohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-bncn
°m≥km[ya-√.AXn-\m¬ `qan-bn-ep≈F√m a\pjy-
sc°mfpwDXvIr-jvScpwDØ-a-cp-ambssZh-Zq-X∑m-cpsS
AkvXn-XzsØ]Xn-cq]m-h-kvY-bn¬imiz-X-ambnJnbm-
aØv \mƒ h-sc \ne-\n¿Øm≥ A√mlp B-K-ln-®n-cn-
°p-∂p. Cu Dt±-iy-Øm-emWv A√mlp Jnem-^-Øns\
\n¿tZ-in-®-Xv.temIwHcn-°epwHcpIme-Øpw]hm-N-I-
Xz-Øns‚A\p-K-l-ß-fn¬\n∂vHgnbmXn-cn-°m≥th≠n.''
(i-lm-Z-Øp¬ Jp¿-B≥ ]p:57, dqlm-\n-J-km-bn≥ hm.6,
]p:353)
lZvdØvapkvenlvauDu-Zv(-d)]d-bp∂p;
""Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈p-I!Jeo- sbA√m-lp-hmWv\nb-an-°p-
∂Xv.Jeo^a\p-jy-cm¬\nb-an-°-s∏-´-h-\mWvF∂v]
d-bp-∂-h¿If-hmWv]d-bp-∂-Xv.Jnem-^Øvÿm]n-X-am-
Ip-∂Xva\pjyia^e-am-bn-´m-sW-∂vhnip≤Jp¿-B≥
Hcn-SØpwXs∂]cm-a¿i-n-®n´ns√∂vImWmw.adn®v,F√m
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw23
Xc-Øn-ep≈Jnem-^-Øn-s\bpwkw_-‘n-®vA√mlp]
d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv\mamWvAhsc\nb-an-°p-∂XvF∂m-
Wv.'' (tIm≥sltPmJpZm sIImw sIm tdmIvk-sI,
A≥hm-dp¬Deqw.hm.2,]p:11)
""\p-_p-∆-Øn\ptij-ap≈G‰hpwhenb]ZhnJnem-
Øm-Ip-∂p.Hcphy‡nFt∂mSv]d-™p:k¿°m¿Xe-
Øn¬Xm¶ƒ°vHcp_lp-aXne`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnR߃
ian-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.Rm≥]d™p: uXnIambÿm\-am-\
-ß-sfms° shdpw \nÊm-c-am-Wv. Jnem-^-Øn\v ap∂n¬
NI-h¿Øn- ]Z-sØt∏mepwRm≥\nÊm-c-ambnIcp-Xp-
∂p.AXn-\m¬\nß-fpsS]h¿Ø-\ßfn¬kq£va-Xbpw
am-\yXbpw]men-°m≥ian°m≥Rm≥\nßsfD]-tZ-
in-°p-I-bm-Wv.Bt£-]-߃D∂-bn-°p∂anX-߃t]m
epw]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂XvRm≥Hcn-°epwCjvS-s∏Sp-∂n-√.
ImcWw,Jnem-^ØvF∂]Z-hn-bpsSASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Fs∂-°mƒ]mbm-[n-Iy-ap-≈-hcpwF\n°va°sft]m
se-bm-Wv.Xs‚aI≥\in-°-W-sa∂vHcp]nXmhpwHcn-
°epwBK-ln-°n-√.''(A≥hm-dp¬-D-eqw.hm.9,]p:425- 426)
""P\-߃Xs∂-bmWvJeo-^sbXnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-sX
¶nepwAXns\A√mlpXs‚Xnc-s™-Sp-∏m-bn-´mWv]d-
™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.]hm-N-I-∑m-cpwJeo-^-am-cpwXΩn-ep≈
hyXymkwCusXc-s™-Sp∏ns‚Imcy-Øn-emWv.A√m
lpBsc-sb-¶nepwt\cn´vJeo-^-bmbnXnc-s™-Sp-°p-
Ibpw"Rm≥ \ns∂ Jeo-^-bm-°p∂p'F∂p]d-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬AØcwJeo- -bpw\_n-bpwXΩn¬bmsXmcp
hyXymkhpw D≠m-In-√. \_n-sbA√mlpkzbwXnc
-s™Sp°pIbpwJeo- -bpsSXnc-s™-Sp∏vZmk¿aptJ-
\-bm--°p-IbpwsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.F∂m¬Zmk¿aptJ\
bp≈Xnc-s™-Sp∏vXs‚C—-bv°-\p-k-cn-®mWv\S-Øp-
∂-Xv.XpS¿∂vAh≥Ah¿°vklm-bhpw]n¥p-Wbpw
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 24
hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂p.'' (Jn-em-^ØvAem an≥lm-Pp-∂p-
_p-∆-Øv,hm.3,]p:593)
""Jnem-^Øv Hcp ssZhnI ]mcn-tXm-jnIw BIp-∂p.
AXn\pXSÊwkrjvSn-°m≥Bcmepwkm[y-a-√.AXp
ssZhtPymXnÊns\ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈Hcpam¿K-am-Ip-
∂p.AXns\\in-∏n-°m≥ian-°p-∂-h¿A√m-lp-hns‚
]Im-isØbmWv\in-∏n-°m≥BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv.\n›-b-w,
\nd-thd-s∏-Sp∂HcphmKvZm-\-am-WnXv.F∂m¬AXns‚
\ne-\n¬∏vhnizm-kn-I-fpsSBflm¿YX-bp-ambn_‘-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p.''(Jn-em- ØvAem-an≥lm-Pp-∂p-_p-∆-Øv,hm
3,]p:420˛421)
""ssZht]jn-X-cpsS]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbJeo- -amsc\ntj
-[n-°p-∂Xpw]cn-lkn-°p-∂Xpw\nÊmcImcy-a-√.AXp
HcpapAv-an-\ns\(hnizm-kn-sb)t]mepw mkn-Jm°n([n
°m-cn-)am‰p-∂Xm-Wv.\nß-fpsS\mhp-I-sfbpwt]\I-sf
bpwA\nb-¥n-XambnhnSp-∂Xv\√]cn-W-X-^-e-amWv
D≠m-°pIF∂vIcp-tX-≠.A√mlp]d-bp-∂p,Rm≥
AØc°mscFs‚Pam-A-Øn¬\n∂vAI‰n\n¿Øp-
∂-Xm-Wv. ^mknJv F∂p ]d-™m¬ A√mlphpambn
bmsXmcp_‘-hp-an√F∂¿Yw.A√m-lp-hn¬\n∂p≈
kwhn-[m-\sØhne-a-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-IbpwAXns\kw_-
‘n®vA\m-h-iy-ambnBtcm-]-W-߃ D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw
AXn-s\-XnscAi≤ambnhm°p-Iƒ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw
sNøps∂-¶n¬AØ-c-°m¿\ntj-[n-Ifmbn- mWvacn-°p-I
F∂Xvhnkva-cn°-cp-Xv.''(Jn-em- ØvAem-an≥lm-Pp-∂p-
_p-∆-Øv,hm.3,]p:8˛9)
lZvdØvJeo-^-Øp¬akolvkmenkv(d-lv)]d-bp-∂p;
""Ime-Øns‚Jeo^apgp-tem-I-Øn-s‚bpwKpcphm-Ip-
∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬, temI-Øp≈ ]fin-X-∑mcpw XØz-
⁄m-\n-Ifpw injy¿ F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv At±-l-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw25
Øns‚ap∂n¬hcn-I.DkvXmZvF∂\ne-bn-em-bn-cn-°n√.''
(A¬^Zv¬1966,Unkw-_¿21)
lZvdØv apkvenlv auDuZv(d)s\ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v lZv
dØvJeo-^-Øp¬akolvA¬Jm-ankvAø-Z-lp-√mlp
XBem_n\kvcnln¬Akokv]d-bp-∂p;
""hy‡n-]c-ambImcy-ß-fn¬Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bn¬\n
∂vFs¥-¶nepwsX‰pkw`-hn-t®°mw.F∂m¬Pam-A-
Øns‚Bflo-bhpw uXn-I-hp-ambhf¿®-bp-ambn_-‘
-ap≈hnj-b-Øn¬Jeo-^-bn¬\n∂vFs¥-¶nepwA_
≤wkw`-hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Xs∂bpwA√mlpAXn¬
\n∂vXs‚Pam-A-Øns\kwc-£n-°p-IbpwAt±-lØn\v
AtXIpdn®vAdn-bn®psImSp-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kq^n-I-fpsSkmt¶-XnI`mj-bn¬AXns\CkvasØ
kpKvdm (`m-KnI\njvI-f-¶Xzw)F∂p]d-bp-∂p.Npcp-°-
Øn¬,]hm-N-I-∑m¿°vCkvasØ Ip_vdm(kºq¿W\n
jvI-f-¶Xzw) e`n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Jeo-^-am¿°v Ckv
asØ kpKvdme`y-am-Ip-∂p.Pam-AØn\v\mi-tlXphm-
Ip-∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Ah-cn¬ \ns∂mcp kp]-[m\ ]nghv
D≠m-Im≥A√mlpHcn-°epwA\p-h-Zn-°n-√.Ah-cpsS
Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ mKn-I-hpw\nÊm-c-hp-ambsX‰p-IƒD≠m-
Imw.F∂m¬, ]cn-WnX^ewCkvemans‚hnP-bhpw
iXp-°-fpsS]cm-P-bhpwBbn-cn°pw.Npcp-°-Øn¬,Jeo-
^-am¿°vCkvasØ kpKvd-bmWve`y-ambn´p≈-sX-¶nepw
Ah-cpsS \bw Xs∂ Bbn-cn°pw A√m-lp-hns‚Xpw.
kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv Ah-cm-bn-cn°pw, Nen-°p-∂-Xv Ah-cp
sS\mhpambn-cn°pw. ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XvAh-cpsSXs∂
ssIIfpam-bn-cn°pw._p≤nbpwAh-cpsSXs∂-bm-bn-cn
°pw]h-¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.F∂m¬CXn-s‚-sb√mw]nd-In¬
A√m-lp-hns‚Ic-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.Ah-
cn¬\n∂v m-Kn-I-ambImcy-ß-fn¬\nÊm-c-ambsX‰pkw -
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 26
hnt®°mw. Nne- k-a-bØv Ah-cpsS \nb-tam-]-tZiI¿
Xs∂Ah¿°psX‰mbA`n-]mbw\evImw.F∂m¬,
Cßs\-bp≈ XS-Ê -ßsf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm≠v hnPbw
Ah¿°p Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw e`n-°p-I. IÆn-Isf√mw
tbmPn®phcptºmƒamXtaNß-e-_e-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.
B¿°pwXI¿°m≥km[n-°mØhn[-Øn¬AXpkpZr-
V-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿,hm.2,]
p:341˛343,Ah-ew_wX^vkosdI_o¿hm.6,]p:376˛377)
CXn¬\n∂pw a\-Ên-em-Ip-∂XvJnem-^Øvkwhn-[m-
\-Øns‚ amlm-flyhpw tijvT-Xbpw IW°n-se-Sp-Øv
sIm≠v Jnem-^Øv hyh-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv lrZ-bm-fl\m
_‘w]pe¿Øp-IbpwJeo-^sb\ncp-]m-[nIwA\p-
k-cn-°p-IbpwsNøpIF∂Xvhnizm-kn-I-fpsS]Ya]
[m-\ambIS-abmWv.Jeo- sbA√m-lp-hmWv\nb-an-°p-
∂-sX-∂pw,Jeo-^-bmbn\nb-an-°-s∏´hy‡n`qan-bn¬
A√m-lp-hns‚ ]Xn-\n-[nbpw G‰hpw ]nb-¶-c-\p-am-bn-
cn°pwF∂Xpwkv]jvSambÿnXn°v,AØcwA\p-
Kr-loXhy‡n-XzsØlrZbmfl\mkvt\ln-°p-Ibpw
]q¿W-ambpw B am¿K-Øn¬ Aen-™n-√m-Xm-Ip-Ibpw
sNøWw F∂-XmWv AXv \tΩmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
kqd:\qdnseBbØvCkvXnJvem^ns\(Jnem- -Øns‚
hmKvZm-\-ap≈hN-\sØ)Kl-\-ambn]Tn-°p-tºmƒCu
hnjbw hfsc sXfn-hm¿∂-Xmbn amdp-∂p. ]kv XpX
Bb-Øn¬Jnem-^-Øns‚hnj-b-Øn-\p-apºvA√mlp
dkq-ens\A\p-k-cn-°phm≥Iev]n®n-cn-°p-∂p.]n∂oSv
Jnem- -Øns‚]cm-a¿isØØp-S¿∂v]hm-N-Is\A\p-
k-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v DW¿Øp∂p. CXv bmZr-›n-I-a√
adn-®v,Jeo-^-sbA\p-k-cn-°p-∂XvbYm¿Y-Øn¬dkq-
ens\Xs∂A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂hkvXpXCXn¬
A¥¿eo\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.AXvt]m-se-Øs∂dkq-ens\
A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-XneqsS AtX Bfl-k-a¿∏W-tØmSp
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw27
-IqSnBdkq-ens‚Jeo-^-sbbpw\n›-b-ambpwA\p-k-
cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂phcp∂p.
Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-tbmSp≈ A\p-k-c-WsØ kw_-
‘n®vXn-cp-\_n-(-k)bpsSCulZo-Ypwi≤-bn¬D≠m-bn-
cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Xn-cp-\_n-(-k)]d-bp∂p:
A¿Yw:A√m-lp-hns‚Jeo^ qan-bn¬Ds≠∂v\n߃
Adn-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,\nß-fpsSicocwXp≠wXp≠am°-
s∏-´mepw\nß-fpsSkº-Øp-IƒsIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-´mepw
At±-l-hp-ambn\n߃_‘wÿm]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.(apkv
\ZvAlvaZv_n≥lº¬,lZoYv22333)
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu Zp≥bm-hn-ep≈ G‰hpw DØ-a-hpw
Aaq-ey-hpambJP-\mhvJnem- -ØmsW∂vCulZo-Yn¬
\n∂vkv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p.AXvPoh-s\-°mfpwkº-Øn-s\-
°mfpwaqey-ta-dn-b-Xm-Ip-∂p.AXn-\m¬CukºØvA
√mlpGsX-¶nepwPam-A-Øn\p]Zm\wsNøp-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬AXn-t\mSv H´n-t®-cp-I.GsXm-c-h-ÿ-bnepwAXp-
ambnH´n-t®¿∂p\nev°p-∂XpXs∂-bmWvPohs‚\n
e\nev-]n∂m[m-cw.
Jnem-^-Øns‚ A\p-K-l-߃
Jnem-^-Øns‚al-ØmbA\p-K-l-߃Ch-bmWv:
$Zo\ns‚]_e-X
$kam-[m\Øns‚kwÿm]-\w
$bmYm¿Y\ne-bn¬ssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsS]p\xÿm]-\w
$kwip≤Xulo-Zns‚hos≠-Sp∏v
$a\pjytkh-\-߃
$Ckvemans‚]Nm-cWw
$A`n-hr-[n-Iƒ
$sFIy-hpwAJ-WvUXbpw
$ssZhnIklm-b-߃
$hnizm-kn-I-sfBflm¿Y-ambnkvt\ln-°p-IbpwAh
¿°p th≠n D≈p-cpIn ]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp
hy‡nbpsSkm∂n[yw
$BflobPohn-X-Øns‚\ne\nev]v.
hnip≤Jp¿-B-\n¬]e-bn-S-ß-fnembnJnem-^-Øns‚
A\p-K-l-ßsfIpdn®v]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.kqd-Øp-∂q-dnse
56˛mwhN-\-Øn¬hfsckv]jvS-amb\ne-bn¬CXns\
Ipdn-®p≈kqN\bp-≠v.AXn¬]d-bp-∂p:Jnem- -Øns‚
AXn-a-l-ØmbA\p-K-l-ß-fmWvAXpaqewZo≥]_e-
am-Ip-∂Xpwhnizm-kn-I-fpsS bm-hÿkam-[m-\-Øn-te°v
amdp-∂-Xpw.ssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsSbpwkwip≤Xulo-Zn-s‚
bpwASn-ØdkpZr-V-am-IpIbpwAh-bpsSkwÿm-]\w
bYm¿Y\ne-bn¬D≠m-Ip-IbpwsNøp∂p.aXtaJ-e-I-
fnse√mw\h-Po-h≥D≠mIp∂p.]ptc-K-Xn-bpsS\hw-\h
ßfmbam¿K-߃Xpd-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.AXn-eqsSCuBIm-
iobt\XrXzwhnizm-kn-Isfapt∂m´p\bn®vbYm¿Y
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw29
Pohn-tXm-t±-iysØ ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nXm¥ ]cn
-iaw\S-Øp-∂p.hgn-bn-ep≈F√mXSÊ-ß-sfbpwZqco-
Icn°p-∂-Xn-\p≈am¿Kw]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.F√m]
iv\-߃°pwZpxJ-߃°pws\mº-c-߃°pw]cn-lmcw
\n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p.G‰hpwD]-cn-bmbnkmap-Zm-bnIsFIyw
ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pwsFIysØkwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
Ft∏mgpw ]cn-i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. A√m-lp-hns\
Bcm-[n-°p-∂-XnepwAhs‚kn^-Øp-Iƒkzmwio-I-cn-
°p-∂-Xnepwhnizm-kn-I-ƒhym]r-X-cm-Ip-∂p.Jeo- -bpsS
D]-tZi\n¿tZ-i-ß-fm¬hnizm-kn-Iƒ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS]m
X-bn¬Xs∂XpS-cm-≥ian°p-∂p.X∑qewAh¿`b-`-
‡n-bpsSDØpw-K-irw-K-ØnseØp∂p.kXvI¿a-ß-sf-bpw
\∑-bpsS\ne-hm-c-ßsfbpw\∑sNøm-\p≈A\p-tbmPy
ka-b-sØ-bpwIp-dn®vCuBIm-iobt\XrXzwhnizm-kn-
Iƒ°p]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-IbpwA√m-lp-hns‚C—sb
a\-Ên-em°nAh-\m¬\nb-an-°-s∏´Jeo-^-am¿hnizm-
kn-IsfA-hs‚hnfn°ve∫bvIv]d-bp-∂-Xn\vkpk-÷-
cm°p-IpbpwsNøp∂p.
CussZhnIkwhn-[m\w uXn-I-amb\ne-bn¬krjvSn-
I-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw s]mXp \∑-bv°p-ambn hnizm-kn-
IfpsSi≤Xncn°pIamX-a√adn®v,Ah]_-ey-Øn-em-
°p-hm\mbn]tXyIkwhn-[m\߃Xs∂Hcp-°p-∂p.
AXva\pjytkh\߃A\p-jvTn®psIm≠vkrjvSn-
Itfm-Sp≈ISa-Iƒ\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-te°vi≤£Wn®p
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu BIm-iob t\XrXzw hfsc AZv`p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv.
AXns‚khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw]tbm-P-\-ßfpwA\p-K-l-ß
fpwFÆn-Øn-´-s∏-Sp-ØpIAkm-[y-am-Ip-∂p.Jeo^-bp
sS lrZ-bw am\pjykvt\l-Øm¬ \n¿`c-amWv. Xs‚
A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\l-sØbpw
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 30
aa-X-sbbpw`uXnI_‘-hp-ambnXmc-XaywsNøp-∂Xv
_p≤n-iq-\y-Xm-bm-Ip-∂p.hm’-ey-ap≈amXm-hn-s\-°mƒ
D∂Xamb\ne-bn-emWvXs‚A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS]bm-k-
ß-fn¬ZpxJn-°p-Ibpwhyk-\n-°p-IbpwsNøp∂Jeo- .
P\-߃Dd-ßp∂ka-bØpwAt±lwAh-cpsSD∂-a-
\-Øn-\m-bp≈]≤-Xn-IƒBhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
]kvXpX]≤-Xn-I-ƒ]mh¿Øn-I-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbnZpB
sNøp-I-bm-bn-cn-°pw.At±l-Øns‚ ZpBH∂n-eqsSX
s∂-bmWvBflm¿Y-cpsS]iv\-߃]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. s]mXp-hmb ImcpWy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp
Jeo^\nXyhpwapgp-tem-I-sØbpwXs‚k¶ev]Zrjv
Snbn¬sIm≠ph∂vF√m-h¿°pwth≠nAkz-ÿ-NnØ\m-
Ip-∂p.F√m-h-cpsSbpwt\¿am¿K-Øn\pwk -e-X-bv°p-am
bnA¿Yn-°p-∂p.At±-l-hp-ambn_‘-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°vA\-
¥-ambA\p-K-l-߃e`n-°p-∂p.[mcmfwt]¿At±-l
-Øn¬\n∂vB\µwIc-ÿ-am-°p-∂p.CuA\p-K-l-ß-
sf√mwXs∂\p_p-∆-Øns‚A\p-K-l-ß-fpsS]Xn-Om-
b-bm-Ip-∂p.
lZvdØvakolvauDuZn(A)s‚bpwalm-∑m-cmbJeo-
^-amcpsSbpwkw£n]vX\n¿tZ-i-ß-fpsSshfn®-Øn¬
Jnem-^-Øns‚A\p-K-l-ß-fpsS Hcphnh-cWwXmsg
ka¿∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
lZvdØvakolvauDuZv(A)]d-bp∂p:""\ΩpsSXncp\_n-(k)
bpsSh^m-Øn\ptijw bm-\-I-ambHcpÿnXnhntij-
am-bn-cp-∂p.Atd-_y-bnse]etKmX-ßfpwCkvem-an-s\
Dt]-£n-®p.Nne¿k°mØv\evIp-∂Xv\n¿Ø-em-°n.]
ehymP-]-hm-NIhmZn-IfpwcwK-]-th-i\wsNbvXp.a\-
°-cp-Øpw AN-©-e-Xbpw ZrV-hn-izm-khpw [oc-Xbpw
iqc-X-bp-ap≈HcpJeo- -bm-bn-cp∂pIme-Øn\vBh-iyw.
XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬lZvdØvA_q-_-°¿(-d)Jeo-^-bmbn\n
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw31
b-an-X-\m-bn. XpS-°Øn¬Øs∂ At±-l-Øn\v henb
hn]-Øp-IsfA`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠Xmbn- h-∂p.lZvdØv
Bbn-i(-d)]d-bp∂p:""GXm\pw nXv\IfpwAd-_n-I-fpsS
hntZm-lhpw hymP-]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS cwK-]-th-i\hpw
Imc-W-Øm¬Fs‚]nXmhv dkq-ep-√m-lv(-k)-bpsSJeo-
^-bmbn\nb-an-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒFX-tØmfw]bm-k-ßfpw
at\mhnj-a-X-Ifpw D≠msb-∂m¬ B ZpxJßfpw s\m
º-c-ßfpwGsX-¶nepw]¿h-X-Øn¬sN∂v]Xn-°p-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬AXpXI¿∂pXcn-∏W-ambn\new-]-cn-imIp-am-bn-
cp-∂p.F∂m¬,A√m-lp-hns‚GsX-¶nepw]hm-N-Is‚
ac-W-tijwJeo^\nb-an-X-\m-Ip-tºmƒAt±-l-Øn\p
ss[cyhpwBfl-hn-izm-khpwssÿcyhpwDƒ°m-gvNbpw
a\°-cpØpw\evI-s∏-Sp∂pF∂XvssZh\ntbm-K-am-Wv...
ssZhØns‚Cuk\m-X\hn[nbmWvlZvdØvA_q-_-
°¿(-d)s‚lrZ-b-Øn\pwIcpØv]I¿∂Xv,A√msXAXv
At±l-Øns‚]Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.''(dq-lm\nJkm-C≥,
hm.17,]p:185˛186,Xplv^sbtKmƒU-hnø)
""Hcp]hm-N-Is‚tbmBflobt\Xmhns‚tbmac-W-
sØXp-S¿∂vtemIw]nSn®pIpep-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.AXphf
sc`bhnlze-ambHcpka-b-am-bn-cn°pw.F∂m¬A√m
lpHcpJeo^aptJ\AXns\C√m-Xm-°p-∂p.]n∂o
S,vAt±lwaptJ\Imcy-ß-ƒ]q¿hÿnX-bn-em-Ip-∂p.''
(a¬^q-kmØvhmfyw4,]p:384)
lZvdØvapkvenlvauDu-Zv(-d)]d-bp∂p:""ae-°p-I-fn¬\n
∂v A\p-K-l-߃ Ic-ÿ-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw,
A√m-lp-hn-\m¬ÿm]n-X-ambJeo-^-am-cp-ambnBflm
¿Y_‘wÿm]n-°p-IbpwAhscA\p-kcn-°p-Ibpam-
Wv.\n߃°vA√m-lp-hn¬\n∂v]pXplrZbwe`n-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv.AXn¬kam-[m\wCd-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv.A√m-lp-
hns‚ae-°p-IƒBlrZ-b-ßsfhln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 32
∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw..._‘wÿm]n-°p-∂-Xns‚^e-ambn\n
ß-fn¬ al-Ømb]cn-h¿Ø\wkwPm-X-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
\nß-fpsS at\m-ss[cyw -h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. \nß-fpsS
hnizmkwZrV-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.\nßsfklm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m
bpwae-°p-IfpwXøm-dmbn\nev°p-∂-Xm-Wv.\nß-fpsS
lrZ-b-ß-fn-te°v ssÿcy-Øn-s‚bpw ka¿∏-W-Øn-s‚
bpw Bflmhv DuXs∏´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Npcp-°-
Øn¬kXy-J-eo-^-am-cp-am-bp≈_‘wae-°p-I-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpwa\p-jys\ssZhnIInc-WßfpsS
BKn-cW-tI-µ-ambn -am-‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv.'' (Jn-em-
^ØvAeman≥lm-Pp-∂p-_p-∆-Øv,h.3,]p:392)
""A√mlp\n߃°vJnem- -Øm-Ip∂A\p-KlwX∂-
cp-fn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.AXn¬\n∂v a‰p-≈h¿ ]n-¥-≈-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p.CuJnem-^ØvAlvaZn-IfmbsNdp-kw-LsØ
im‡o-I-cn-®p.Akw-L-Sn-X-ambnAh¿°vAXpZpjv]m
-]y-am-bn-cp-∂p.F√mhn`m-K-ß-fnepwZp¿_-ecpwD≠m-Ip-
∂Xm-Wv.AXp-t]mseH‰bv°vF√m`mc-sØbpwhln-
°m≥Ignbp∂i‡cpwD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬,
F√mAwK-ß-sfbpwHcp]mi-Øn¬tIm¿Øn-W-°p-hm≥
tIµi‡n°v-am-X-amWvkm[y-am-Ip-I.Ai-‡scXf
cm≥A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpwi‡scA\n-b-¥n-X-am
bnhfcp∂-Xn¬\n∂vXS-bp-IbpwsNøpIF∂-XmWv
tIµwsIm≠p-≈-^ew.tIµwC√m-sb-¶n¬Zp¿_-e¿
IqSp-X¬ _e-£-b-Øn-te°v \oßp-∂-Xm-Wv. tIµw
C√m-sb-¶n¬i‡¿hf-sc-b-[nIwi‡n-]m-]n°p-Ibpw
Ah¿BIm-i-Øn-em-sW∂pwX߃`qan-bn-em-sW-∂pw
X߃°n-S-bn¬F¥v_‘-amWvD≈sX∂pwa‰p-≈-h¿
Icp-XpIbpwsNøpw.F∂m¬,CkvemanIkwhn-[m-\-Øn
¬]th-in-®p-sIm≠vNneka-bØv[\n-IcpwZcn-Zcpw
XΩn¬bmsXmcphyXym-khpwC√mØXc-Øn¬ka-∑m-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw33
cm-bn-am-dp-∂p.''(Jn-em-^ØvAem-an≥lmPp-∂p-_p-∆-Øv,
hmfyw3,]p:358˛359)
hnh[ `mj-I-fn¬ hnip-≤-Jp¿-Bs‚ hnh¿Ø\w ]
kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´XvJnem-^-Øn-s‚bpwPam-AØvhyh-
ÿn-Xn-bpsSbpwA\p-Klw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. adn-®m-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬Cuhnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬H∂p-t]mepw]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnsNe-h-gn-°m≥]‰nbkº-∂-\mb
Hcmƒt]mepwPam-A-Øn-en-√.AtX-t]mseX\n®vGsX-
¶nepw`mj-bn¬hnip≤Jp¿-Bs‚]cn-`mj]kn-≤oI-
cn-°m≥ X° kzm[o-\-ap≈ Bcpw-X-s∂-bn-√. F∂m¬
kwLSnXambAh-ÿ-bn¬\mwCXp-hschnip≤Jp¿
Bs‚]cn-`mjCw•o-jv,U®v,djy,kv]m\n-jv,t]m¿®p
-K¬,C‰m-enb≥,P¿a≥,^m≥kv mj-I-fn¬]kn-≤o-I-cn-
®p-I-gn-™p.GXp- mjAdn-bp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepwhnip≤
Jp¿-B-\n¬\n∂v ]tbm-P\wFSp-°m≥km[n-°mØ
BcpwD≠m-I-cp-sX∂\ne-bn¬F√mkp]-[m\`mj-I-
fnte°pwhnip≤Jp¿-B≥hnh¿Ø\wsNbvXp]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°WwF∂-XmWv\ΩpsSe£yw.''(Jn-em-^Øv
Aeman≥lm-Pp-∂p-_p-∆-Øv,hmfyw.3,]p:569)
ChnsSHcp-Imcyw]d-bm≥BK-ln-°p-I-bm-Wv,A√m-lp-
hns‚A\p-K-l-Øm¬Alva-ZnøPam-A-Øns‚Iogn¬
74 mj-I-fn¬hnip≤Jp¿-B≥]q¿W-ambpwhnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXp ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p -I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. 2015˛¬
knwK-f,_¿an`mj-I-fn¬hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥apgp-h-\mbpw
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. (A¬^-Zv¬
C‚¿\m-j-W¬,2015sk]vXw-_¿25˛H-IvtSm-_¿1)
lZvdØvJeo- -Øp¬akolvA¬Jm-ankvAø-Z-lp-√m-
lp-X-Be]d-bp-∂p.""c≠mwZnhyi‡nA√m-lp-hn¬\n-
∂p≈HcpalØ-mbA\p-K-l-am-hp-∂p.AXns‚e£yw
kap-Zm-bsØHcp-an®pIq´p-Ibpw`n∂-X-bn¬\n∂vkwc-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 34
£n-°p-Ibpam-Ip-∂p.apØpaWn-I-sf-t∏msePam-AØwK-
߃tIm¿Øn-W-°-s∏-Sp∂]miam-Wn-Xv.apØpIsf√mw
NnX-dn-°n-S°pIbm-sW-¶n¬Ahkpc-£n-X-tam`wKn-bm
¿∂tXmBIn-√. Htc ame-bn¬ tIm¿Øn-W-°-s∏-Sp∂
apØp-I-fmWv ImWm≥ `wKnbpw kpc-£n-Xhpw. c≠mw
Znhyi‡n C√m-sb-¶n¬ kXy-Zo-\n\v Hcn-°epw A`n-
hr[nssIh-cn-√.AXn-\m¬BZnhy-i-‡n-bp-ambn]q¿
WBflm¿YX-bp-sSbpwkvt\l-Øn-s‚bpwBZ¿i-Øn-
s‚bpw_‘wÿm]n-°p-I.Jnem-^-Øns\A\p-k-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈hnIm-csØÿmbn-bmbn\ne-\n¿Øp-I.
Jnem- -Øp-am-bp≈kvt\lhnIm-c-ßsfAtß-b‰wh¿
≤n-∏n-°p-I.GXphsc-sb-∂m¬as‰√m_‘-ßfpwAXn
\pap∂n¬\nÊm-c-am-bn-tXm-∂-Ww.Cam-ap-am-bn-´p≈_
‘-Øn-emWvk¿hsFiz-cy-ßfpwD≈-Xv.F√mIpg-∏-
ß-fn¬\n∂pw]co-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw\n߃°p≈]
c-nN-bm-Wn-Xv.''(a-iv-Asecmlv,hm.5,`mKw.1,]p:4˛5,]
km-[-I≥aPvenkvJp±m-ap¬AlvaZnø mcXv sabv2007)
""Cuc≠mwZnhy-i-‡n-As√-¶n¬Jnem- Øvkwhn-[m-
\wC≥im-A-√mlvC\n\ne-\nevIp-∂-Xm-Wv.Xncp\_n(k)
sbXpS¿∂p≈Jnem- -Øns‚Ime-]-cn-[n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈
]h-N-\-hp-ambnCXn\pbmsXmcp_‘-hp-an-√.BJnem-
^Øv30h¿jwamXsa\ne-\n-∂n-´p≈pF¶n¬Xs∂
AXp\_n(-k)-bpsS ]hN\wA\p-k-cn-®pX-s∂bm-bn-cp-
∂p.Cuimiz-X-ambIme-L- hpw\_n(-k)-bpsS]h-N\w
A\p-k-cn®vXs∂-bmWv.Jnbm-aXv\mƒhscFs¥-√m-am-
Wpkw`-hn-°pIF∂XvA√m-lphn\vamXta\∂mbn
Adn-hp-≈p.F∂m¬,HcpImcyw]d-bm≥BK-ln-°p-∂p,
CuJnem-^ØvirwJe\nß-fpsSXe-apdXe-ap-d-I-tfm-
fw,At\IXe-ap-d-I-tfmfw\ne-\n-∂p- t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv,
C≥im-A-√mlv.F∂m¬,AXn-\p≈\n_-‘\\nß-fn¬
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw35
\∑bpw`b-`-‡nbpwD≠m-bn-cn-°WwF∂-Xm-Wv.''(Jp-
Xp_PpapA:27˛05˛2005)
""A√mlpFt∏mgpwAlva-ZnømJeo- -am-cpsSt\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬Pam-A-Øns‚ bsØkam-[m-\-Øn-te°pam‰n.]
co-£-W-ß-fn¬Ckvem-an\vapº-tØ-°m-fp-]cn]_eX
bpwkpZr-V-Xbpw\evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.A√mlphns‚]n¥p
-W-bp≈ Jnem-^Øv kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ Iogn¬ Pam-A-
Øns\\mam-h-ti-j-am-°m-\p≈Xocp-am-\-hp-ambnFgp-t∂
ev°p∂A·n-tKm-f-߃°vPam-A-Øn\v Hcp\jvShpw
D≠m-°m≥km[n-°p-∂n√F∂Xvap≥I-gn-™-h¿I≠-Xp-
t]mseC∂pwtemIwImWp-∂p.`mhn-bnepwI≠p-sIm
-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.Ah-cpsSIpX-¥-ß-sfA√mlpAh-
cnte°pXs∂Xncn-®p-hnSp∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.AhcpsSA·n
-bm¬Xs∂Ah-cpsSBi-Iƒshs¥cn-bp-∂-Xm-bm-cn-
°pw.Ch¿°p-apºpw]ecpws\©n¬CuBi-Iƒt]
dnaÆn-e-en-™p-Xo¿∂ncp-∂p.ChcpwAen-™n-√m-Xm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬Hcn-°epwB¿°pwXs∂AlvaZn-ø-
Øns‚hf¿®sbHcp\nan-j-tØ°pt]mepwXS-™p
-sh-°m≥km[n-®n- n-√.A√mlpF∂pwAh-cpsSIpX-¥-
ßsf]mgm-°n-°-f-™p-sIm≠vF∂pwssZhnIPam-A-
Øp-Iƒ°mbnXs‚AXn-a-l-Ømbi‡n-bpsSlkvX-ß
ƒshfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.Fs∂∂pwPohn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-h-\pw,F√m-‰n-s\bpw\ne-\n¿Øp-h\pw,F√m-‰n\pw
Ign-hp-≈-h-\pw,AXn-i-‡-\p-ambXm\mWvAlvaZnøm
Jnem-^-Øns\]n¥p-W-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂vAh≥
temIØvImWn®psImSp-°p-∂p.Cuklm-b-sØbpw]n
¥p-W-sbbpwIpdn®p]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠vlZvdØvakolv
auDu-Zv(-A)]d-bp∂p:""temIwFs∂Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-√.F
∂m¬,Fs∂Ab-®-h≥Fs∂Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.Fs‚\m
iwBK-ln-°p∂pF∂XvAh-cpsSA_-≤hpwZu¿`m-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 36
KyhpamWv.bYm¿YDS-a-ÿs‚I-cßfm¬\Ss∏´hr£-
am-Ip∂pRm≥.P\-ßtf!Ah-km\whscFt∂mSpIqdv
]p-e¿Øp∂lkvX-amWvFt∂m-sSm-∏-ap-≈-sX∂v\n›-
b-ambpw a\-Ên-em-°n-s°m-≈p-I.'' (kaoa Xplv^ tKm
ƒU-hn-ø,dqlm\nJkm-C≥hmfyw17,]p:49,50)
""FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ Pam-A-Øns\ temI-Øns‚ GXm\pw
`mK-ß-fn¬]N-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂vXS-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈hn -
e-ambiaw\S-Øn-bn-cp∂p.F∂m¬,A√mlphmKvZØ
]pXs‚ssII-fm¬Ckvemans‚A[ym-]-\-ßfpwXs‚
alvZnbpsSAdn-bn-∏p-IfpwtemI-Øns‚tImWp-I-tfmfw
FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnXlvcoIv PZo-Zns‚ cq]-Øn¬ Hcp
AXn-a-l-Ømb]≤Xn°vBhn-jvImcw\evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
AXns‚HcplrZ-b-lm-cn-bmbA\p-KlwC∂vFw.-Sn.F
bpsScq]-Øn¬\ap°v\evI-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.A√mlpCu
A\p-Klw X∂-cp-fn-s°m≠v Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-bpsS
i_vZsØapgp-tem-IØpwFØn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.''(tkm-h-\o¿
Jnem-^ØvAlvaZnøkZvkmePq_n-en,2008)(-XlvcoIv
PZoZvA©pa≥AlvaZnø]m°n-kvXm≥]p:15)
""C∂vA√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-Øm¬Pam-A-Øn-s‚bpw
Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-bp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ ssZh-Xr-]vXn-
Imw£n-®p-sIm≠p≈kvt\l-Øns‚imiz-X-amb_‘w
ÿm]n-X-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.AlvaZn-I-fmb]pcp-j-∑m
cpwkvXoIfpwIp´n-Ifpwhr≤cpwbphm-°fpwF√m-hcpw
Xs∂Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bp-ambnAtß-b‰wkmao]yw
Ic-ÿ-am-°n-°-gn-™p.CXvA√m-lp-hns‚klm-b-an-√msX
Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. temIw apgp-h\pw Jnem-^-Øns‚
A\p-c-‡¿]c-∂p-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv.Ah¿Jnem-^-Øns‚
cq]-Øn¬e`y-am-bn-´p≈ssZhnI]misØapdp-sI-]n-Sn-
®p-sIm≠vapgp-tem-IØpwCkvemans‚im¥n-bp-sSbpwkvt\
l-Øn-s‚bpwkpµ-c-ambA[ym-]-\-ß-fpsS]XmIDb¿
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw37
Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.Jnem- Øns‚A\p-K-l-
Øm¬A√mlpAlvaZnømPam-A-Øns\HcpIøn¬Hcp
an®p-Iq-´n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.F√m-h-scbpwJnem-^-Øns‚
A\p-Kr-loXtiWn-bn¬tIm¿Øn-W-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
temI-Øns‚F√mB[p-\nIkwt]jWam¿K-ß-sfbpw
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠vk¿h--aX˛tKmX -\nd˛hwi-ß-
fn-ep-ap≈Bfp-I-fn-te°vCkveman-s‚ktµiwFØn-®p
-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂XvssZhnIklmbwIc-ÿ-am-bn- p≈Cu
Pam-AØvamX-am-Wv.Jnem-^-Øn¬A\p-c-‡-cmbCu
kaqlw Hmtcm \nan-jhpwCkveman-s‚ ]N-c-W-Øn¬
hym]r-X-cm-Wv.AlvaZn-øØvAYhmbYm¿YCkveman
s‚]ptcm-K-XnbpsSbpwhnP-b-ß-fp-sSbpwkphm¿Ø\
evIn-s°m≠mWvHmtcmZn\hpwDZn-®p-b-cp-∂-Xv.CXns\
bmWvZo\ns\]_-e-s∏-Sp-ØpIF∂p]d-bp-∂-Xv.''
""Npcp-°-Øn¬ Jnem-^-Øn-s‚ kwÿm]-\-sØbpw
`b-Øn-\p-tijw e`n-°p∂ kam-[m-\sØbpw Zo\ns‚
]_e-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v A√mlp hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p \ev
Inb hmKvZm\ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øns‚ km£y-]X-amWv
AlvaZnømPam-A-Øv.AXn-\m¬,CuA\p-K-l-ß-fn¬
\n∂v imiz-X-ambn ]¶p e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw
Xß-fpsS `mhn-X-e-ap-dsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw th≠n
Jnem-^-Øn-t\mSv H´n-t®¿∂p \ne-sIm-≈p-I. Ft∏mgpw
Jnem-^-Øp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I. Xß-fpsS
k¥-Xn-Iƒ°pwCtX]mTw-Xs∂\evIn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I.
Xß-fpsSZpB-IfpwBflm¿Y-XbpwIqdpwaptJ\Ime-
Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsSklm-bn-I-fm-bn-amdp-I.A√mlp\n
߃s°-√m-h¿°pw AXn-\p≈ ku`mKyw \evIp-am-dm-
I-s´.Bao≥''(tkm-h-\o¿Jnem- ØvAlvaZnøkZvkm
emPq_nen2008)(-XlvcoIvPZoZvA©p-a≥AlvaZnø
]m°n-ÿm≥]p:16)
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 38
""Jeo-^sbA√mlpkzbw\nb-an--°p∂pF∂-XmWv\
ΩpsShnizmkw.Jnem-^Øns‚Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬bmsXm-
cp-hn-[-\yq-\-XbpwD≠m-Ip-∂-X-√.A√mlpBscbmtWm
CuXncp-hkvXwAWn-bn®Xv,Bhy‡n-bn¬\n∂pw
AXvAgn-®-p-am‰mt\mX´n-sbSp°mt\mB¿°pwkm[y
-a-√.P\-߃Nne-t∏mƒ\nÊm-c-\mbnImWp∂HcpZp¿_-
e-s\bmbn-cn°pwA√mlpXnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.F∂m¬,
Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijwAt±-l-Øn\vXs‚]Xm-]-
Øn-s‚bpwtXPÊn-s‚bpwHcp]k-cn∏v\evIp-∂p.At∂
cwAt±-l-Øns‚hy‡nXzwtemIcn¬\n∂vad-bp-Ibpw
A√m-lp-hns‚ i‡n]`m-h-Øn¬ hnebw ]m]n°pI
bpwsNøp-∂p.At∏mƒA√mlpAt±-lsØ]nSns®gp-
t∂ev∏n®vXs‚Imcp-Wy-Øns‚aSn-Ø´n¬Ccp-Øp-∂p.
]n∂oSvXs‚klm-bhpw]n¥p-WbpwA√mlpkZm-B
hy‡n°v\¬In-A\p-K-ln-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.At±-l-
Øn-\vPam-A-ØwK-ß-fpsSImcy-ß-fn¬kz¥wImcy-ß
-fn-ep-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒD]-cn-bmbDXvI-WvTbpwlrZ-b-thZ
\bpwD≠m-Ip-∂p.BthZ-\sbXs‚kz¥wthZ-\-tb
-°mƒA[n-I-ambnA\p- -hn-°m≥XpS-ßp-∂p.XXv -eambn
Pam-A-ØnseHmtcmhy‡n°pwXt∂m-sSm∏wXs‚thZ
\a\Ên-em-°p-IbpwX\n-°mbn]m¿Yn-°p-IbpwXt∂mSv
klm-\p-`qXnh®p]pe¿Øp-IbpwsNøp∂Hcphy‡n
Ds≠∂t_m[wDf-hm-Im≥XpS-ßp-∂p.''(A¬^Zv¬Zn
\-]Xw30˛5˛2003,]p:2)(-kZv¿]XnIJnem-^ØvAlva
ZnøkZvkmePq_nen]Xn∏v2008,]p:17)
"Jnem-^-Øp-am-bp≈ Pam-A-Øw-K-ß-fpsS _‘hpw
Pam-A-Øw-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsS_
‘hpw `uXn-I-cpsS k¶ev]-߃°-Xo-X-am-b-Xm-Ip-∂p.
Ah¿°-Xns\a\Ên-em-°m≥Xs∂km[n-°n-√.
Pam-AØpwJeo- bpwHtcAkvXn-Xz-Øns‚c≠pt]
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw39
cp-I-fm-sW∂vlZvdØvJeo-^-Øp¬akolvkmen-kv(-d-lv)
]d-™XvFXhmkvX-h-am-Wv.GXm-bmepwPam-AØpw
Jnem-^ØpwXΩn-ep≈Cu _‘w Cu P¬k-I-fn¬
IqSp-X¬ ]I-S-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p, A¬lw-Zp-en-√m-lv.
F\n-°-Xn¬hfsckt¥m-j-ap-≠v.A√m-lp-hns‚A\p-
K-l-Øm¬ Im\U Pam-AØpw Bflm¿Y-X-bp-tSbpw
hniz-kvX-X-bpsSbpwCu_‘-Øn¬hfscD∂-X\ne
bn-emWp-≈Xv.CXvXmXvIm-en-I-ambBth-i-Øn-s‚bpw
hnIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw_‘-am-Im-Xn-cn-°-s´.\n߃Ft∏mgpw
kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw Iqdn-s‚bpw ]I-S\-amWv \S-Øn-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. sabv 27˛\v Rm≥ Jnem-^-Øp-ambn_‘-s∏´
JpXzp_\evIn-b-t∏mƒPam-A-Ømb\ne-bn-epw,hnhn[
ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂vhy‡n-]-c-amb\ne-bnepwIqdpwBflm
¿Y-X-b-pw \nd™ _‘-sØ-Ip-dn-®p≈ IØp-Iƒ e`n-
®p.-A-Xn¬G‰hpwBZy-hpw,G‰hpwIqSp-XepwIØp-
Iƒe`n-®XvIm\-U-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv.Cukvt\l-Øn-s‚
bpw Iqdn-t‚bpw ]I-S-\hpw hmZhpw Hcp XmXvIm-enI
Bth-i-Øn-ep≈X√m-Xn-cn-°-s´. adn®vF∂pw\ne-\nev
°p-∂Xpwimiz-XhpwBbn-cn-°-s´.IqSmsX\nß-fpsS
Xe-ap-d-I-fnepw\ne-\nev°p-∂XpwimXz-XhpwBbn-cn-°-
s´.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿h:3,]p:388˛389.JmZn-bm≥]
kn-≤o-I-cWw2005)
ss\Po-cnbPam-A-Øp-ambn_‘-s∏´vJnem-^-Øns‚
A\p-K-l-ßsfIpdn®v]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠vlpkq¿Xncp-a-
\Êv]d-bp-∂p:
""ss\Po-cnbPam-AØvJnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-l-ßsf
t\cn´vZ¿in-®n-´p-≠v.CuA\p-K-lsØ\n߃hf-sc-b-
[nIwhne-a-Xn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.ChnsS]≈n-Iƒt]mepwIø-
S°nJnem- -Øn¬\n∂vAI-∂-h-cpsSC∂sØAhÿ
F¥m-sW∂v\n߃°-dnbmw.Ah¿H∂a√m-Ø-X-h-cmbn
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 40
Øo¿∂p.F∂m¬Jnem-^-Øm-Ip∂A\p-K-l-tØmSp
tN¿∂p\n∂-h¿°v,Xß-fpsS_bv-AØv]Xn-⁄sb
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]cn-i-an-°p-∂-h¿°vA√mlp
AkwJywA\p-K-l-߃\evIpI-bp-≠m-bn.C∂vHmtcm
]´-W-Ønepw \n߃Pam-A-Øns‚]ptcm-KXn- Im-Wp-
∂nt√?ChnsSbp≈Bbn-c-ßfpsSkm∂n≤ywJnem-^-
Øn-t\m-sSm-∏-amWvA\p-K-l-ap-≈XvF∂-Xn\vsXfn-hm-
Ip-∂p.AXn\m¬Ft∏mgpwXß-fpsSDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßsf
a\Ên-em-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I.A√mlp\n߃°-Xn-\p≈
Xu^oJv\¬Ip-am-dm-Is´.\n߃CuA\p-K-l-Øn¬\n
∂v]tbm-P\wDƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-cm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-Ibpw
sNøp-am-dm-I-s´.Bao≥''(XAÊp-dmØvJnem- ØvAlv
aZnøkZvkmePq_nen2008,]p:76˛77)
2008sabvH∂n\vlpkq¿Xncp-a-\-Êv]›naB^n-°
≥ kµ¿i-\-tijw aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ bp.sI ePv\
Cam-bn-√mlvHcpkzmKX]cn-]mSnkwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.]
kvXpX]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬lpkq¿Xncp-a-\ÊvlZvdØvakolv
auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ A¬h-kn-øØv KŸ-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-
sIm≠p]d™p:
""lZvdØvvakolvauDuZv(A)s‚HcpD≤-c-Wn-tIƒ∏n-°p-
I-bm-Wv.Cu`qan-bn¬\n∂vhnS-]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈kabw
kao-]-ÿ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw,D∂X\ne-hmcw]pe¿
Øp-∂-hcpwXymKwka¿∏n-°p-∂-hcpwAS°wsNø-s∏-
Sp∂ Hcp aJv_d \n¿an-°-W-sa∂pw A√mlp lZvdXv
akolvauDu-Zv(-A)-t\mSv]d-™-t∏mƒAt±lwA¬hkn-
øØvFs∂mcp KŸwcNn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.AXn¬B
alm-flmhv]d-bp-∂p:
AXpsIm≠vA√tbm]nb-s∏-´-htc,FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS
\nc¿Y-I-ß-fmbc≠vBÀm-Z-ßsfXI¿°p∂-Xn\pth
≠nXs‚k\m-X\\S-]-Sn-b-\p-k-cn®vC]-ImcwA√mlp
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw41
c≠phn[w Znhy-i-‡n-Iƒ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v
C\nA√mlpXs‚k\m-X-\-amb\S-]-Sn-I-awDt]-£n®p
If-bp-sa∂Xvkw`-hy-a-√.X∑qewRm≥\nß-tfmSvhnh-
cn®CuImcy-߃sIm≠v\n߃IpWvTn-Xcpwa\:t¢i-
ap-≈-hcpwBI-cp-Xv.ImcWw,\nßfpwc≠m-asØZnhy
tXP-Êns\Z¿in-t°-≠XvAXym-h-iy-am-Ip-∂p.\n߃°v
KpWI-c-amWv AXns‚ BK-a\w! F¥psIms≠-∂m¬,
AXvim-iz-XhpwAXns‚irwJeA¥y-\mƒhscapdn-
™p-t]m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.Rm≥t]mbm¬,A√mlp\nß
ƒ°pth≠nc≠mwZnhy-i-‡nsbAb°pw.""_dm-lo-s\
AlvaZnøm''bnseA√m-lp-hns‚hmKvZm-\-a-\p-k-cn®vAXv
Ft∏mgpw\nßtfmsSm∏wD≠m-bn-cn-°pw.(A¬h-kn-ø-Øv.
dqlm\nJkm-C≥hm:20,]p:305)
lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)\evInb Cu kphm¿Ø
Ign™\qdph¿j-ß-fmbn]q¿Øn-bm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-
Xmbn\mwImWp-∂p,I≠psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.H∂mwJn
em-^Øn¬P\-߃Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv,lZvdXvakolvau-
Du-Zv(-A)h^m-Øm-bn-°-gn-™p,C\nAlvaZn-øØvGXm\pw
Znh-k-tØ-°p≈AXn-Yn-am-X-am-sW∂m-bn-cp∂p.]n∂oSv,
c≠mwJnem-^ØvImeØvB`y-¥-c-I-elwBcw-`n-®-
t∏mƒss]Km-an-IƒF∂pw,emtlm-cn-IƒF∂pwssK¿
ap_m-bn-AvF∂pw]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Jnem- Øvhntcm[nIƒ,
C\nPam-AØvkwhn-[m-\sØ\nb-¥n-°m-\p≈Ah-
ImiwA©p-a-\m-Wv,Jnem-^-Øns‚bmsXmcpBh-iy-
hp-an√F∂vi‡n-bp‡whmZn°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.At∏mƒ
lZvdØv apkvenlv auDu-Zv(-d)s‚ ]mbw tIhewCcp-]-
Øn-\mevhb-km-bn-cp-∂p.henbhenb]fin-X-∑m¿Zo\n-
s\-°p-dn®vAdn-hp-≈-h-cpw,A°m-eØvCkvemwAlvaZn
-ø-Øns‚Pam-AØvhyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsSs\Spw-Xq¨F∂v
Icp-X-s∏-´-hcpwPam-A-Øvhn´pt]mIp-I-bp-≠m-bn.Nne¿
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 42
lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv km\n(-d)-t\m-sSm∏w \n
ev°p-IbpwsNbvXp.
F∂m¬lZvdØvJeo-^-Øp¬akolvkm\n(-d)bpsS
Aº-Øn-c≠ph¿jßtfmfw\ne-\n∂Jnem- ØvHmtcm
Zn\hpw]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS]pXnb]S-hp-IƒXm≠n-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-∂-Xmbn\mwI≠p.At±-l-Øns‚Ime-L-´-Øn¬
B^n-°-bn¬ Pam-AØv ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®p. bqtdm-
∏nepw anj≥ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. Jnem-^-Øns‚ ]Ømw
h¿jw Xs∂ ChnsS e≠-\n¬ Cu ]pXn-b -]-≈n°v
Xd-°√nSpIbpwsNbvXp.
]n∂oSv,aq∂mwJnem-^-Øns‚Ime-L´wh∂p.A°m-
e-L-´-Ønepwhnti-jn®vHcpImeØv_n´ojvtImf-\n-
I-fm-bn-cp∂B^n-°≥cmPy-ß-fn¬AlvaZn-øØvhf-
sc-b-[nIw]Nmcwt\Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
]n∂oSv \memw Jnem-^Øv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \nXyhpw
A`n-hr-[n-bpsSHcp]pXnbNI-hmfw\mwZ¿in®p.B
^n-°-bnepwbqtdm-∏n-epwGjy-bnepwtIhewFw.-Sn.F
aptJ\ temI-Øns‚ tImWp-I-tfmfw Pam-A-Øns‚
i_vZw]N-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Cu]ptcm-K-Xn-IƒlZvdØvakolvauDu-Zn(-A)s‚]h-
N-\a-\p-k-cn-®pX-s∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.B alm-flmhv ]d-bp-
I-bp-≠m-bn,c≠mwZnhy-i‡nhtc-≠XvA\n-hm-cy-am-Ip
-∂p.ImcWwAXv-im-iz-X-am-bn-cn°pw.Fs∂∂pwAXp
\nß-tfm-sSm∏wD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.Ft∏mgpwA`n-hr
-[n-bpsS]S-hp-IƒXcWwsNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂hkvXp-
hmWvimiz-X-ambn\ne-\nevIp-∂-Xv.AXn-\m¬A√m-lp-hn
s‚Imcp-Wy-Øm¬Jnem- -Øp-ambn_‘-s∏´p\n¬°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬Pam-AØvA`n-hr-[n-s∏-´p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.
]n∂oSv\memwJeo- -bpsSac-W-tijwA√mlpF\n
°v Cu ]Zhn \evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn. At∂cw Pam-AØv
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw43
Fßs\-bmWvapt∂m´pt]mIpIF∂ bwFs‚a\-Ên
¬D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´vIqSnF√mImcy-ßfpwA√mlpkzbw
Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw F√m- \n-e-bnepw Biz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.GsXmcpthK-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂pthm]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-
te°v\oßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂XvAX-ßs\Øs∂XpS-cp-I-bp-
≠m-bn.XpS¿∂psIm≠vt]m-Ip-IbpwsNøp-∂p.ImcWw
Rm≥\ns‚Pam-A-Øns\temI-Øns‚tImWp-I-tfmfw
FØn-°p-∂-XmWvF∂XvlZvdØvakolvauDu-Zn(-A)-t\m-
Sp≈A√m-lp-hns‚hmKvZm-\-am-Wv.A√mlphns‚Imcp-
Wy-Øm¬Pam-AØvtemI-Øns‚A‰-ß-tfm-fwFØn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.P\-߃Iq´wIq´-ambnPam-A-Øn¬
]th-in-®p -sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬
A√m-lp-hn\vXs‚]nb-cpsSA¥-Êns\°pdn-®p≈Nn¥-
bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.bYm¿Y-Øn¬A√m-lp-Xs‚tPm
enNnehy‡n-IƒaptJ\\S-∏n¬h-cp-Øp-Ibm-Wv.Cu
`qan-bn-te°vA√mlp\ntbm-Kn-°p∂Xs‚]nb-Zmk-cmb
]hm-N-I-∑m¿aptJ\temIØvAh≥Xs‚A[ym-]-\-
ßfpwXs‚hyh-ÿn-Xnbpwÿm]n-°m≥BK-ln-°p-∂p.
]n∂oSv]hm-N-I-∑m¿°vtijwAh-cpsSA\p-bm-bn-Iƒ
aptJ-\bpw,]n∂oSvJnem-^ØvaptJ\bpwBhyh-ÿn
Xn\ne-\n∂pt]mcp-∂p.]ptcm-KXnssIh-cn-®p-sIm-t≠-
t]m-Ip-∂p.''(A¬^Z¬ C‚¿\m-j-W¬, Jnem-^Øv
AlvaZnøkZvkmePq_nen]Xn∏v25Pqsse 7BKÃv
2008,]p:16)
lpkq¿Xncp-a-\ÊvAlvaZnømPam-A-Øn\vkphm¿Ø
\evIn-s°m≠v]d-bp∂p:
""A©mwJnem- -Øn-t\m-sSm∏w\mw]th-in-®n-cn-°p∂
Cu]pXn-b-\q-‰m≠vAlvaZn-ø-Øns‚]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw
hnP-b-ß-fp-sSbpwIme-L-´-am-bn-cn°pw,C≥imA√m-lv.
Rm≥ \n߃°v Dd∏v \evIn-s°m≠v ]d-bp-∂p, A√m-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 44
lp-hns‚ klm-b-ß-fpsS Ihm-S-߃ Xpd-∂n-cn-°p-∂p,
Xpd-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXpaqew]n
d-hn-sb-Sp-°p∂Hmtcm Zn\hpw Pam-A-Øns‚hnP-b-ß-
fpsS \mfns\ kao-]-ÿ-am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Rm≥
Bflhni-I-e\w\SØp-tºmƒe÷n-X-\m-Ip-∂p.Rms\m
cpFfnbh\pwAtbm-Ky-\pw]m]`mc-ta-dn-b-h-\p-amba\p
-jy-\m-Ip-∂p.Fs∂Cuÿm\ØvAh-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn¬
A√m-lp-hns‚Dt±iywF¥m-sW∂vF\n°-dn-bn√.F
∂m¬ F\n°v hfsc kv]jvS-am-b- \n-e-bn¬ ]d-bm≥
Ignbpw,A√mlpCuIme-L-´sØXs‚A\¥-amb
klm-b-ßfpw ]n¥p-W-Ifpw \evIn-s°m≠v A`n-hr-[n-
bpsScmP-]m-X-I-fn-eqsSapt∂m´psIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv,
C≥im-A-√m-lv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ AlvaZn-ø-Øns‚
hf¿®sbXSp-°m≥Bcmepwkm[y-a-√.`mhn-bnepwCu
hf¿®\ne-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-X-√.Jeo- -am-cpsSirwJe\ne-
\n-∂p -t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.AlvaZn-ø-Øns‚Ime-Sn-Iƒ ap
t∂m-´p-Xs∂\oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv,C≥imA√m
lv.''(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\mj-W¬.Jnem-^ØvAlvaZnø
iX-hm¿jnIPq_nen]Xn∏v˛2008Pqsse25˛BKÃv
7,]p:12)
]d-bp∂p:""Pam-A-Øw-K-߃Jeo-^sbhf-sc-b-[nIw
kvt\ln-°p-∂p.Jeo^Ah-scbpwhfsckvt\ln-°p-
∂p.Ahsc√mhcpwA√m-lp-hn-t\mSpkvt\lwh®p-]p-e¿
Øp-∂p.Cu]c-kv]ckvt\lwFs∂∂pw\ne-\nev°p-
∂-Xm-Wv.C≥imA√m-lv.''(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬
2008Pqsse11˛17,]p:10)
Jnem-^-Øns‚AXn-a-l-ØmbA\p-K-lsØ]cm-a¿
in-®p-sIm≠v lpkq¿ Xncp-a-\Êv Aø-Z-lp-√m-lp-X-Be
_n∂-kvco-ln¬Akokv]d-bp∂p:""A√mlpXs‚Imcp-
Wy-Øm¬Bbn-cØn\m∂qdph¿j-߃°p-tijwho
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw45
≠pwHcpA\p-K-lsØCd-°n-Ø-∂n-cn-°p∂p.AXpap≥
Km-an-Isf]n≥Km-an-IfpambnHcp-an-∏n®p.AXn-\m¬Cu
A\p-K-lsØhne-a-Xn-°p-I-bpw,AXns\Ft∏mgpwkva
cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw,AXn¬\n∂v]tbm-P\wIc-ÿ-
am-°ns°m-≠ncn°p-IbpwsNtø≠XvHmtcmAlvaZn-bp
-sSbpwIS-a-bm-Ip-∂p.]n∂oSvA-Xn-\p-tijwJnem- -Øm-
Ip∂A\p-K-l-sØbpw\nehn¬hcpØn.AXp-ambpw
Bflm¿Y-X-bp-sSbpwIqdn-s‚bpw_‘wÿm]n-t°-≠
XvA\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.lZvdØvakolvauDuZn¬(A)hniz
-kn-°p∂pF∂phmZn-°p∂\ap°v,_bv-AØv\n_-‘-\-
Isf b- ‡ntbmsS]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠XvA\n-hm-cyam-Ip-
∂p.\n߃c≠mwZnhy-i-‡n-ImtW-≠XvA\n-hm-cy-am-
sW∂vlZvdØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)]d-™n-cp-∂p.lZvdØv
akolv auDu-Zn(-A)s\ hniz-kn-®m¬ amXw aXn-sb∂pw
Jnem- -Øn¬_bv-AØvsNtø-≠XvA\n-hm-cy-a-s√∂pw
]d-bp-∂-h¿ lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)-t\mSv sNbvX
]Xn-⁄-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-h-cm-Wv. Jnem-^-
Øn¬_bv-AØv sNø-m\p≈Xu^oJve`n®\n߃
ku`m-Ky-hm-∑m-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-\mbn `b-`-‡nbpw
Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-Wv.C∂v\mwtIhewAlvaZnøm
Jnem-^-Øns‚\qdph¿jw]q¿Øn-bm-b-XmbnImWpI
amX-a√ adn-®v,A√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-ßsf Z¿in-®p-
sIm≠vhnP-b-ß-fp-sSbpwk^-e-X-I-fp-sSbpwtXP-kn¬
AXvapt∂m´pIpXn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-XmbpwImWp-∂p.''
(A-¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬,2008BKÃv22˛25,]p:2)
lpkq¿Xncp-a-\Êv]d-bp∂p:
""C∂ptemI-Øp≈GXpcmPyØphkn-°p∂AlvaZn
-bpsSapJ-tØ°pt\m°n-bmepwF\n°vHcpImcy-Øn¬
Gsd-Ipsds]mcpØwImWm≥km[n-°p-∂p.AXvAlva
ZnømJnem-^-Øn-t\m-Sp≈Bflm¿Y-X-bp-sSbpwIqdn-s‚
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 46
bpw_‘-Øn-em-Wv.AXv]m°n-kvXm-\n¬hkn-°p∂A
lvaZn-bm-bn-s°m-≈s´,As√-¶n¬C¥y-bntem,Ct¥m-t\-
jy-bntemZzo]p-I-fntemhkn-°p∂AlvaZn-øm-bn-s°m-≈
s´,_w•m-tZ-intem,BkvtXeybntem,bqtdm-∏ntem,Ata
-cn-°-bntemhkn-°p∂AlvaZn-øm-bn-s°m-≈s´,As√-¶n
¬B^n-°-bnseDƒ\m-SpIfn¬hkn-°p∂AlvaZn-I-fm-
bn-s°m-≈-s´,Ime-L-´-Øns‚Jeo-^sbImWp-tºmƒ
Hcphntijkvt\lw,Hcp]tXyI_‘w,apJ-ß-fnepw
IÆp-I-fnepwHcp]tXyI]k-cn∏vImWm≥km[n-°p-∂p.
CXvlZvdØvakolvauDu-Zn(-A)-t\m-Sp≈_bv-A-Øn-s‚
bpwhniz-kvXXbpsSbpw_‘wkXy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb
XpsIm-≠m-Wv. CXv -Xn-cp-\_n(-k)-tbmSv ]q¿W-ambpw
A\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpwkvt\l-Øn-t‚bpw_‘wH∂psIm
≠pamX-am-Wv.AXn-\p-Im-cWw,Xn-cp-\_n(-k)amXamWv
apgp-h≥am\-h-Ip-e-Øn\pwtam£w\evIp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n
ssZh-Øm¬\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´hy‡n-sb∂pwBalm-flm
-hn-te°vFØn-°m-\p≈HcpIÆn-bmWvAlvaZnømJnem
- ØvF∂p-ap≈]q¿W-⁄m-\hpwAdn-hp-am-Ip-∂p.GI
-\mb ssZh-Øns‚khn-[Øn¬Bflm¿∏-W-Øn-\mbn
kZmhyKXsIm≈p-∂XvCusFIyat\m- mhØns‚AS-
bm-f-am-Ip-∂p.AXn-\m¬CØ-c-Øn-ep≈Hcpkap-Zmb
sØ,CØ-c-Øn-ep≈hnIm-cw-sIm-≈p∂Bflm-°sfat‰
sX-¶nepwkap-Zm-b-Øn\v]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥km[n-°p
tam?Hcn-°-ep-an-√.C\nAlvaZn-ø-Øn-\mbn -hn[n°s∏-
´Xv hnP-b-Øns‚]S-hp-IƒXm≠n]ptcm-K-an-°p-Ibpw
apgp-h≥temI-tØbpwXn-cp-\_n(-k)-bpsS]Xm-Ibv°vIo
sgHcp-an®pIq´pIbpwsNøpIF∂-Xm-Wv.Xs‚hmKvZm-\
ßsfhrYm-hn-em-°mØA√m-lp-hns‚CuIm-e-L- -Øn
te°p≈Cam-an-t\m-Sp≈hmKvZm-\-am-WnXv.''(A¬ Zv¬
C‚¿\m-j-W¬,2008HIvtSm-_¿31˛\hw-_¿7,]p:12)
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw47
Jnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-l-ß-fpsSHcpkw£n-]vX-cq-]-am-
Wn-Xv.hmkvX-h-Øn¬apgp-h≥A\p-K-l-ß-sfbpwKln-
°m≥ \ΩpsS _p≤n-t°m apgp-h≥ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥\ΩpsS t]\t°mkm[ya-√.F∂m¬
F√mXc-Øn-epap≈A\p-K-l-ßfpw\p_p-∆-Øn\vti
jwCussZhn-I-]m-i-hp-ambn_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂pF∂-
Xm-WvbmYm¿Yyw.F√m\∑-I-fpwCXp-aptJ-\-bmWve`n
-°p-∂-Xv.Cuam¿K-Øn-eqsSamXta]tbm-P\wIc-ÿ-
am-IpIbp≈pF∂Imcywhnizm-kn-IƒAwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Jnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-l-ßsf]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnAh
sb\nc-¥cwkvacn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-t°-≠XvA\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
CXvkw_-‘-ambnlZvdØvapkvenlvauDu-Zv(-d)]d-bp-∂p.
""Jnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-l-ßsfkvacn-®p-sIm-≠ncn°m≥
Rm≥D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibm-Wv.HcphkvXp-hns\Hm¿a-bn¬\n
e-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbnh¿j-Øn¬HcpZn\wBtLm-jn-°p
IF∂Xv]pcm-X\kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsSkº-Zm-bam-Ip-∂p.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn,inbm-°sft\m-°p-I,Ah¿h¿j-Øn¬
Hcn-°¬XAv-knøF∂A\p-tim-N\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ\S-
Øp-∂p.lZvdØvlpssk≥(d)s‚ilm-ZØvZn\wkap-Zm
bwA\pkvacn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-´m-Wn-Xv.CtX-t]mseh¿j-
Øn¬Hcn°¬Jnem-^ØvZn\-ambnBN-cn-°m≥Rm≥
Jp±m-ant\mSv D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]kvXpX Zn\-Øn¬
Jnem-^-Øns‚kwÿm-]-\-Øn¬A√m-lp-hn\v\µn]
d-bp-I,Xß-fpsS]gbNcn-XsØho≠pwHm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øp
-I.kw`-h-߃\S-°p-∂-Xn\paptºA√mlpF\n°v
ImWn-®p-X-∂n- p≈kz]v\-ß-sfbpwZ¿i-\-ß-sfbpwFSp-
Øp-]-d-bp-I.Ahsb]q¿Ønbm°ns°m≠vAhs‚A\p-
K-l-߃Ct∏mgpwJnem- -Øp-ambn_‘-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p
F∂-h≥sXfnbn-®ncn°p∂p.(A¬^-Zv¬,1957,sabv1)
Ime-Øns‚ Jeo^-tbm-Sp≈
kvt\lhpw A\p-k-c-W-hpw
\ΩpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw
Jnem-^-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘hpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ Iqdpw
kvt\lhpwF∂p]d-bp-∂Xv,Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsS
F√mIev]-\-I-fpwbYm-k-abw]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-I-bpw
At±lØns‚F√mhnfn°pwDØcw\evIpIbpwAt±-
l-Øns‚Ime-Sn-Isf]n¥p-S-cp-IbpwsNøp-IF∂-Xm-Wv.
CussZhnIkwhn-[m-\sØ\ntj-[n-°p-∂-h-sc,AXn¬\n
∂vAI-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h-sc,AXns‚A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬\n
∂v]pdØpIS-°p-∂-hschnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥^mknJv([n
°m-cn-Iƒ)F∂mWv]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.Xn-cp\_n-(-k)]d
bp∂p:"Ime-Øns‚Cam-an¬_bv-AØvsNømsXac-W-
s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Pmln-en-ø-Øns‚ ac-W-amWv hcn-°p-∂-Xv.''
(apkvenw,InXm-_p¬Cam-d-Øv)
Jeo-^-bn¬_bv-AØvsNbvX-hy‡nAt±-l-Øns‚
Iev]-\-I-sfbpwD]-tZ-i-ß-sfbpwicn-bmb\ne-bn¬]n
¥p-Scp∂n-s√-¶n¬Abm-ƒ_bv-A-ØvsN-ømØhy‡n
sbtbm \ntj-[n-sbtbm t]mse-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F∂v am
X-a√,Ahsc°mfpwhenblX-`m-Ky\pwin£-m¿l\p
ambncn°pw.
Jnem-^-Øn-eqsS Xs∂-bmWv Pam-AØv hyh-ÿnXn
kpkw-LSn-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ImcWw, Pam-AØv hyh-ÿnXn
Jeo-^-bm¬kwhn-[m\wsNtø-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.AXvNpa-X-
e-s∏-Sp-ØnbtPmen-IsfFfp-∏-Øn¬\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-
\m-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.]kvXpXkwhn-[m-\-sØ]q¿W-ambpw
A\p-k-cn-t°≠XpwAXp-ambnH´n-t®¿∂p\nevt°≠Xpw
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw49
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.AXn¬\n∂pwA-I∂p\n∂p-sIm≠v
A\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpwIqdn-s‚bpwAh-ImihmZwD∂-bn-
°p-∂Xv]mgvthe-bm-Wv.AXvA√m-lp-hns‚ZrjvSn-bn¬
kzoIm-cy-a√.adn®v,[n°m-c-Øns‚HcpIÆn-bm-Ip-∂p.
Jeo-^-bpsShm°p-Iƒ ihn-°p-IbpwAt±-l-Øns‚
D]-tZ-i-\n¿tZ-i-߃°mbnF∂pwImtXm¿ØpsIm≠ncn
°p-Ibpw sN-øp-I-bm-Wv A\p-k-c-W-Øns‚ ]Y-a-ti-
Wn-bn¬ Hcp hnizmkn sNtø-≠Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥
hnizm-kn-I-fpsSPam-A-Øns‚e£Ww
F∂
hm°m-emWv]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.Ah¿Ft∏mgpw\∑-
bpsS Imcy-ßsf i≤-tbmsS tIƒ°p-Ibpw a\-Ên-em
-°p-IbpwHm¿a-bn¬kq£n-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.]n∂oSvAXn
s\ lrZ-bm-fl\m ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p--∂p. \n¿tZ-i-߃
F¥msW∂-dn-bm-Ø-h≥F¥v]h¿Øn-°m\mWv?lYo-
kn¬hcp-∂p,Xncp\_n(-k)]d-™p:
(Xn¿an-Zn,InXm-_p¬Cuam≥,InXm-_p¬AJZv-_n-Êp-∂-Øv)
""AXm-bXvRm≥\nß-tfmSv ssZh-`-‡n-sb-sXm´pw,
tImƒ°p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xns\
sXm´pw-hkn-øØvsNøp-∂p.''
\n¿tZ-i-߃i≤n®ptIƒ°p-IbpwAXp]mh¿Øn-
I-am-°p-IbpwsNøpIF∂XmWvkq£vaXssIh-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈henbc≠pL´-߃.as‰mcpcnhm-b-Øn¬
h-cp-∂p,Xncp\_n(-k)]d-™p:
.
(_p-JmcnInXm-_p¬Al-vImw)
AXm-bXvtIƒ°pI,A\p-k-cn-°p-I.
lZvdØvA\-kv_n≥amen-Iv(-d)\nth-Z\wsNøp-∂p,Xncp
\_n(-k)]d-™p.""DW-°-ap-¥n-cn-tbmfwt]m∂sNdnb
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 50
Xe-bp≈Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m-c-\mbHcpASn-asb\nß-fpsS
t\Xm-hmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´mepw \n߃ tIƒ°p-Ibpw
A\p-k-cn°p-IbpwsNøp-I.''(k-lolv_pJm-cn,InXm-_p
¬AlvImw)
lZvdØvC_v\pDa¿(-d)\nth-Z\wsNøp-∂p,Xncp\_n(k)
C]-Imcw]d-bp-∂-XmbnRm≥tIƒ°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.""A
√m-lp-hns‚A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬\n∂pwhn´p\n-∂-h≥(Jn-bm-
aØv\mfn¬)Xs‚Iøn¬sXfnhpItfmHgnIgnhpItfm
C√mØAh-ÿ-bn¬A√m-lp-hp-ambnI≠p-ap- p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ime-Øns‚Cam-ans\_bv-AØvsNømsXacn-°p-∂h≥
A⁄-X-bpsSbpwhgntISnt‚bpwac-W-amWvhcn-°p-∂-
Xv.''(k-lolvapkvenw,InXm_v_m_vhPq_vapem-kn-a
XvPam-AØp¬apkvenan≥)as‰mcplZo-Yn¬lZvdØv
A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) \nth-Z\w sNøp-∂p, Xncp\_n(-k) ]
d™p:""]bm-kØnepwkar-≤n-bn-epw,kt¥m-j-Ønepw
k¥m-]-Ønepw,Ah-Imiw\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpwIqSp-
X¬]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpwF√mAh-ÿ-I-fnepwA[n-
Im-cn-bpsSIev]-\-IƒtIƒ°p-IbpwA\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNtø-≠Xv\n߃°v\n¿_-‘-am-Ip-∂p.'' (k-lolvap-
kvenw,InXm-_p¿Cam-d-Øv)
lZvdØvD_m-Z-_n≥heoZvAt±-lØns‚]nXm-a-l\n
¬\n∂pw]nXmhv\nth-Z\wsNøp-∂-XmbnC]-Imcw]
d-™p;""kpJ-ØnepwZpxJ-Ønepwk¥m-]m-h-ÿ-bnepw
kt¥mjthf-I-fnepw, RßfpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ ]cn-K-
Wn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂mepwR߃t\Xr-Xz-tØmSvX¿°n-
°p-I-bns√∂-Xn-s‚bpw, tIƒ°p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-°p-I
bpwsNøp-sa∂-Xns‚-bpwASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬R߃Xncp
\_n(-k)-sb_bv-AØvsNøpI-bp-≠mbn.Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-
∂mepwR߃kXyw]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.A√m-lp-hns‚am¿
K-Øn¬iIm-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsSiIm-csØR߃`b-s∏-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw51
Sp-∂-X-√.''(k-lolvapkvenw,InXm-_p¬Cam-d-Xv_m_v
hPq_nXzmA-Øn¬Da-dmC oKbvdnaAv-kn-ø-Øn≥h
Xlvco-anlm^n¬aAv-kn-øØn).
Hcp lZo-Yn¬ hcp-∂p. lZvdØv A_vZp-√mlv \nth-Z
\wsNøp∂p.Xncp\_n(-k)]d™p:""tIƒ°p-IbpwA\p
-k-cn-°p-IbpwsNtø-≠XvHmtcmapkvenan-s‚bpwIS-a-bm-
Ip-∂p.AXvAh\vCjvS-s∏-´m-epwCs√-¶nepw.B⁄m-
\-ew-L-\-Øns‚ Iev]\ \evIn-bm-sem-gnsI. B⁄m-
ew-L-\-Øn-\p≈Iev]\\evIp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬A\p-k-cn-
t°-≠-Xn-√.''(k-lolv_pJm-cn,InXm-_p¬AlvImw)
lZvdØvA_q-lp-ssd-d(-d)\nth-Z\wsNøp-∂p.Xncp\
_n(k)]d™p:""Fs∂A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-h≥A√m-lp-hns\
A\pk-cn-®p.Ft∂mSvA\p-k-c-W-t°SvImWn-°p-∂-h≥
A√m-lp-hnt\mSpwA\p-k-c-W-t°SvImWn--®p.Fs‚A
ao-dns\A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-h≥Fs∂A\p-k-cn®p.Fs‚
Aao-dn-t\mSvA\p-k-c-W-t°SvImWn-°p-∂-h≥Ft∂mSv
A\p-k-c-W-t°SvImWn--®p.''(k-lolvapkvenw,InXm-_p¬
Cam-d-Øv)
Npcp-°-Øn¬,HcpkXy-hn-izm-kn-bpsShyXncn-‡-X,A
h≥\_n-bpsSAs√-¶n¬At±-l-Øns‚Jeo-^-am-cpsS
\n¿tZi߃tIƒ°p-Ibpw]n∂oSvAXvA\p-k-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn]cn-i-an-°pIbpw
sNøp∂pF∂-Xm-Wv.
Jnem-^-Øn-t\mSpw Pam-AØv kwhn-[m-\-tØmSpap≈
A\p-k-c-Whpw\ΩpsSDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpwF∂Xvkw_-
‘-ambnJeo-^-am-cpsSNne\n¿tZ-i-߃Xmsgka¿∏n-
°p-I-bm-Wv.AXn-eqsSCuhnjbkw_-‘-ambn[mcmfw
hkvXp-X-Iƒa\-Ên-em-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.h_n-√m-ln-Xu-^oJv.
lZvdØvJeo-^-Øp¬akolvkm\n(-d)]d-bp-∂p: ""ap-
kvenwIsf]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnA√mlpXs‚
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 52
Imcp-Wy-Øm¬ Ct∏mƒ lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)
aptJ\AlvaZnøPam-A-Øn¬Jnem-^Øv]p\-xÿm-]n
-®n-cn-°p-∂p.AXn-\m¬Rm≥Fs‚Pam-A-Øw-K-ß-tfmSv
]d-bp∂p;\n߃Ft∏mgpwkzbwXßsfJnem-^-Øp-
ambn_‘-s∏-SpØn\ndp-Øp-IbpwJnem- -Øns‚\ne-\n
ev∏n-\mbnXymK-߃sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp-I.
CXmWv\nß-fpsSDØ-c-hm-ZnXzw.\n߃Aßs\sN
øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬\nß-fn¬Jnem-^ØvF∂pw\ne-\nev
°p-∂-Xm-Wv.\n߃BK-ln-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬\nß-fpsS
Ic-ß-fn¬\¬I-s∏´CuJnem- -Øns\\nß-ƒ°v\ne
-\n-dp-Øm-am-bn-cp∂pF∂v]d-bp-hm-\m-bn-´m-WvA√mlp
Cu Jnem-^-Øns\ \nß-fpsS Icßfn¬ Gev∏n-®n-cn-
°p∂Xv. A√mlp C—n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXv shfn-]m-Sn-
eqsS\ne-\n¿Øm-am-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬Ah≥A]-Imcw
sNbvXn-√.adn-®v,\n߃Jnem-^-Øns\\ne-\n¿Øm≥
BK-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬Rm\pwAXns\\ne-\n¿Øp-∂-
Xm-sW-∂mWvAh≥]d-™-Xv.AXm-bX,v\n߃Jnem-
^Øv BK-ln-°p-∂pt≠m C√tbm F∂v \nß-fpsS
hmb-sIm≠vXs∂]d-bn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv.C\n\n߃hmb-
S-®p-sh-°p-I-tbm,As√-¶n¬Jnem- ØvXnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬
tbmKyXsb]cn-K-Wn-°m-Xn-cp-∂mtem\n߃CuA\p-K-
lsØ\jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.apkvenwI-fpsSA[-x]-X-
\-Øn-\p≈Imc-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®vNn¥n-°p-I.ac-W-Øn\v
Cc-bm-Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂vkzbwc£n-s∏SpI.\n߃[nj-
Wm-im-en-I-fmbn amtd-≠-XmWv. \nß-fpsS ss[cysØ
h¿≤n∏nt°≠-Xm-Wv.\Zn-bpsSHgp-°ns‚Zniam‰p∂]m
d-°√mbn\n߃amd-cpXv.adn-®v,sh≈sØFfp-∏-Øn¬
IS-Øn-hn-Sp∂I\m-embn\n߃amdp-I.Xncp\_n-(-k)
aptJ\ Ic-ÿ-amb ssZhnI A\p-K-l-ßsf apt∂m´v
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂HcphoYn-bmbn\n߃amdpI.\n߃
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw53
A]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-I-fm-Ip-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬Hcn-°epwacn-°mØkap-Zm-b-ambn\n߃amdp-∂-
Xm-Wv.C\n\n߃ssZhnIA\p-K-l-ß-fpsS]mX-bnse
XS-Ê-am-bn-am-dp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,AXns‚]mXbn¬]md-bmbn
\nev°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬AXv\nß-fpsSkap-Zm-b-Øns‚\m
i-Øns‚kab-am-bn-cn-°pw.]n∂oSvHcn-°epw\nß-ƒ°v
BbpÊp≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. ap≥kap-Zm-b-߃\in-®-Xp-t]m
se\nßfpw\in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.'' (X-^vko¿kqd: \a¬,
X^vko¿I_o¿hm.7,]p:429,430)
""A√m-lp-hns‚dkq-ens‚hnfn\nß-fpsSImXp-I-fn¬
]Xn®DS≥AXn\vDØcw\epIpIbpwAXns\ ]m
h¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnhyK-X-Im-Wn-°pIbpwsNøpI
\nß-fpsSIS-abmWv.AXn-emWv\nß-fpsShnP-b-Øns‚
clkywAS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.\n߃\a-kvI-cn-®p -sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Xs∂\a-kvImcw\ndpØnA√m-
lp-hns‚ZqXs‚hnfn°pØcw\evIpIF∂-XmWv\n
߃°v\n¿_-‘-am-bn-´p-≈Xv.CtXIev]\Xs∂-bmWv
Xs‚]Z-hn-°-\p-k-cn®vdkq-ens‚Jeo-^°pwA\p-tbm-
Py-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At±lw hnfn-°p-tºmgpw DØcw \¬In-
s°m≠pk∂n-ln-X-cm-tI-≠XmWv.''(]- m-jWwa≥-ks_
Jnem-^-Øv, \nkmsa Jnem-^Øv Io _¿IØv Hu¿
lamcnknΩ-Zm-cnbmw)
""hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-bPam-AØn\vNne-D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß
ƒh∂ptNcp-∂p.Ah\ndth-‰m-sX-Ah-cpsS]h¿Ø\
߃Hcn-°epw^e-hØm-In-√. ]kvXpX\n_-‘-\-I
-fnepwDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fnepws]´Hcpkp]-[m\Imcy
sas¥-∂m¬,HcpCam-ans‚Iøn¬_bv-AØvsNbvXn-
cn-°p∂Xn-\m¬ Camw F¥p ]d-bp∂p F∂Xnte°v
Ft∏mgpw i≤n-®p- sIm-t≠-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.F√m ]
h¿Ø-\hpwCamans\]n≥Xp-S¿∂psIm-≠mbncn-t°-≠Xm-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 54
Wv.Cam-wXs‚ÿm\-Øp-\n-∂v-Iev]\\evIptºmƒ
A\p-bm-bn-IƒAh-cpsSÿm\-Øp-\n∂vAX\p-k-cn-°p-
IbpwthWw.''(A¬^-Zv¬,1937,Pq¨5\nkmsaJnem-
^ØvIo_¿IXvHu¿lamcnknΩ-Zm-cnbmw)
""Jnem-^ØvssZhnI]miam-sW-∂p-≈Xv\√-t]mse
Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈p-I.Cu]misØapdpsI]nSn-®p-sIm≠v\n
߃°vhnPbwssIh-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXns\ssIhn-
Sp-∂-h¿\in°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''(Z¿kp¬Jp¿-B≥t]Pv67˛84,
JmZn-bm≥]kn-≤o-I-cWw\hw-_¿1912)
""Jnem-^ØvCkvemans‚Hcpkp]-[m\LS-I-am-sW-
∂pwAXns\[n°-cn-°p-∂-h¿Ckveman-s\-bmWv[n°-cn-
°p-∂XvF∂p-am-Wv\ΩpsShnizmkw.\ΩpsSCuA`n-]m
bwhmkvX-am-sW-¶n¬Cuhnizm-ksØAwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂-h¿°v
F∂Iev]\hfsc]m[m
\ya¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.ImcWw,Jnem- -Øns‚e£yw
Xs∂ apkvenwI-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Nn¥-I-fnepw
GtIm-]\ap≠m-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Jeo-^-bpsS \n¿tZ-
i-ßsf]q¿W-ambpw]mh¿Øn-I-am°ptºm-gmWvJnem-
^ØvaptJ\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepwNn¥-I-fnepap≈GtIm-
]\w km[yam-hp-I-bp-≈p. \a-kvIm-c-Øn¬ Cam-ans‚
dpIq-Ct\m-sSm∏wdpIqDw,Jnbm-an-s\m∏wJnbmapw,kp-
Pq-Zn-s\m∏wkpPqZpwsNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpt]mseIme-Øns‚
Jeo-^-bpsS\n¿tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn®vapgp-h≥Pam-AØpw\o
tß-≠-Xm-Wv.Jeo-^-bpsSIev]-\sbadn-IS-°m≥ian-
°-cp-Xv.\a-kvIm-c-ØnseCamw]n≥]-‰p-∂-GXm\pwt]-
cpsSamXwCam-am-Wv.Ahsckw_-‘n®vXncp\_n(-k)
]d-bp-∂-Xvt\m°pI.CamwdpIq-CtemkpPq-Zntemt]m
Ip-∂-Xn-\papºvdpIqDwkpPqZpwsNøp-∂-h¿,As√-¶n¬
Cam-an\vapºmbnXeDb¿Øp∂-h¿Ip‰-°m-cm-bn-cn-°pw.
F∂n-cns°,apgp-h≥kap-Zm-b-Øns‚bpwC-am-amb,F√m
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw55
-hcmepw_bv-AØvsNøs∏´hy‡n,A\p-k-cn-°s∏tS-
≠XvFX-tØmfwA\nhm-cy-am-bn- mWvIcp-tX-≠Xv.AtX
-t]mse\nß-sf√mhcpwXs∂Cam-ans‚B⁄m-\p-h¿
Øn-I-fmbnamdpI.At±-l-Øns‚\n¿t±i--ß-fn¬\n∂v
Aev]w t]mepw hyXn-N-en-°-cp-Xv. At±lw Iev]n-°p-
tºmƒapt∂m´vKan-°p-I.At±lwIev]n-°p-tºmƒ\nev
°p-I.At±lwIev]n°p∂ mK-tØ°v\oßp-IbpwA
t±lwIev]n-°p∂nSØp-\n∂vamdnt∏m-Ip-IbpwsNøp-I.''
(A≥hm-dp¬Deqw,hmfyw14,]p:515˛516)
]d-bp-∂p.""hr£-tØmSvtN¿∂p\nevIp∂inJncwamX-
ta ewXcp-I-bp≈p.sh´n-am-‰-s∏-Sp∂inJn-c-Øn\v ew
\evIm≥km[n-°p-Ibn√F∂Xpt]msekzbw-Cam-
ap-ambn_‘-s∏-SpØn\n¿Øp-∂-h¿°vamXtaPam-A-
Øn\vD]-Imc]Z-ambImcy-߃sNøm≥km[n-°p-I-bp-
≈p.Hcphy‡nCam-ap-ambnkzbw_‘-s∏Sp\nev°p∂n-
√m-sb-¶n¬, Abmƒ°v `uXn-Iambn- FX Adn-hps≠-
¶nepwicnAbm-sfs°m≠vHcp^ehpap≠m-Ip-Ibn√.
AXn-\m¬,\n߃°v]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬,
temIØvhnP-bn-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬\nß-tfmSp≈Fs‚D]-
tZ-ihpwktµ-ihpwCXm-Wv:Jnem- -Øp-ambn_‘-s∏ v
\n¬°p-I.BssZhnI]misØapdpsI]nSn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I.\ΩpsSF√m]ptcm-K-Xn-IfpwJnem-^-Øp-am-
bp≈_‘-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv.''(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬,
2003,sabv23˛30,]p:1)
""Jeo^KpcpBIp-∂p.HmtcmPam-A-Øw-Khpwinjy\pw.
Jeo- -bpsS\mhn¬\n∂v]pd-s∏-Sp∂Hmtcmhm°pw]mh
¿Øn-I-am-°msXhn´p-I-f-b-cp-Xv.''(A¬^Zv¬1946am¿ v2)
""A√tbmanX-ßtf!DW-cp-I.kz¥wÿm\sØXncn
®dnbp-I.temIØvas‰m-cn-SØpwXs∂ImWm≥km[y-
a-√mØA\p-k-c-W-Øns‚DZmØamXrIImWn-°p-I.
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 56
Ipd™]£w`mhn-bn¬\qdpiX-am-\-amƒ°mcpw]cn
-]q¿WA\p-k-c-W-Øns‚amXrIImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
]cn-i-an-°p-I.A√mlp\nß-fpsSkpc-£-bv°mbn\nb
-an-®n- p≈B]cn-N-bn¬\n∂v\nß-fn¬\n∂m-cp-w]pdØp
IS-°cp-Xv.apl-ΩZvdkq-ep-√m-lv(-k)-bpsSBflmhvkt¥m-
jn-°p∂\ne-bn¬
F-∂-X\pkcn®v]
h¿Øn--°p-I.(A≥hm-Zp¬Deqw,hmfyw14,]p:525)
""Jeo- -bpsS\mhn¬\n∂vHcpIev]\]pd-s∏- pIgn-™m
¬]ns∂\Ωp-tS-XmbF√m]≤-Xn-I-sfbpwBibß-
sfbpw]cn-]m-SnI-sfbpwX≈nIfbpIbpwIme-Øns‚Jeo
-^-bpsS\n¿tZ-i-߃DƒsIm-≈p∂]≤-Xn-IfpwBi-
b-ßfpw]cn-]m-Sn-IfpamWv^e-]ZwF∂va\-Ên-em-°p-
IbpwsNøpI.CXmWvJnem-^ØvF∂-ÿm\w-sIm≠v
A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv.CusbmcpBflmhvPam-A-Øn¬DS-se-
Sp-°mØXphscF√mJpXzp_Ifpw\njv^-e-am-Ip-∂p.
F√m]≤-Xn-Ifpwhy¿Y-am-Ip∂p.F√mBkq-X-W-ßfpw
hn^-e-am-Ip-∂p.(Jp-Xzp-_-Pp-apA,1936P\p-hcn24,A¬
^Zv¬31˛1˛1936,]p:9)
""Cam-wAs√-¶n¬Jeo-^-sIm≠p≈XmXv]-cy-an-Xm-Wv;
-hnizm-kn-I-fpsSHmtcmNph-SpwAt±-l-Øns‚A\p-[m-
h-\-Ønembn-cn-°Ww. AhcpsS Xr]vXnbpw C—-Ifpw
At±-l-Øns‚ Xr]vXn°pw C—-Iƒ°pw A\p-KpW-am-
bncn-°Ww.AhcpsSDt±-iy-߃At±-l-Øns‚Dt±iy
߃°vA\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-°Ww.AhcpsS]Xymi-Iƒ
At±-l-Øns‚]Xymi-Iƒ°vkam-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.Ah-
cpsS Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-Iƒ At±lØns‚ CwKn-X-Øn-\-
\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn-°Ww.Cusbmcp\ne-hm-c-Øn¬hnizmkn
FØn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Ah¿°vhnP-bhpwkm -eyhpw
kp\n-›nXamWv.(A¬^Zv¬1937,sk]vXw-_¿4)
""Hm¿Øv sIm≈p-I... ssZh-\n-tbm-Kn-X-\mb ]Xn-\n-[n-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw57
bpsS \mhn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Hmtcm i_vZsØbpw
A\p-k-cn-°p-IbpwA\p-K-an-°p-IbpwsNøpIF∂-Xns‚
t]cmWv Cuam≥ AXm-bXv hnizm-kw.'' (A¬^-Zv¬,
15˛9˛1994, \nkmsa Jnem-^-Øns‚ A\p-K-l-ßfpw \
ΩpsSDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw]p:45)
""Rm≥akolvauDu-Zv(-A)s\hniz-kn-°p-∂pF∂vHcm
ƒBbncwXhW]d-™p-sIm-≈-s´,Rm≥AlvaZn-ø-
Øn¬hniz-kn-°p∂pF∂vHcmƒBbncwXhW]d-™p
-sIm-≈-s´.F∂m¬C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬A√mlpBcn-eq-
sS-bmtWmCkvemans\\ne-\n¿Øm≥BKln°p∂Xv
At±-l-Øns‚Ic-ß-fn¬kz¥wssIIƒka¿∏n-°m-Øn-
S-tØmfwA√m-lp-hns‚khn-[-Øn¬CuhmZ-߃°vbm
sXmcpaqey-hp-ap-≠m-In-√.GXphscPam-A-ØnseHmtcm
hy‡nbpw`m¥-sc-t]mseAt±-lsØA\p-k-cn-°p-∂n-
√-tbm,GXphscAt±-l-Øns‚A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬Xs‚
Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm \nan-jhpw Ign-®p-Iq-´p-∂n-√tbm
AXp-hscAbmƒHcpXc-Øn-ep≈tijvTXbv°pwal-
Øz-Øn\pwAh-Im-in-bm-In-√.''(A¬^Zv¬15˛11˛1946)
""Rm≥\_n-bs√∂Xvicn-Xs∂.F∂m¬Rm≥\p_p
-∆-Øns‚Im¬Np-h-´nepwAXns‚ÿm\-Øp-amWv\nev
°p-∂-Xv.Fs‚A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v]pd-Øpt]m-Ip-∂-
h¿\n›-b-ambpw\_n-bpsSA\p-k-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v]pd
-Øm-Ip-∂p.Fs∂A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw]n≥]-‰p-IbpwsNøp-
∂-Xn¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-k-c-Whpw A\p-[mh-\hpw
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p.''(A¬^Zv¬4˛9˛1937)
""Jeo-^-bpsSIev]-\sbewLn-°p-∂-h≥A√m-lp-hn-
s‚bpwAhs‚dkq-en-s‚bpwIev]\ewLn-°p∂A]-
cm-[nsbt]mseXs∂-bmWv.AXn\vbmsXm-cp-in-£bpw
icoAØv \n¿W-bn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw hnizm-knsb kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\p-k-c-W-t°-SpXs∂ hy‡n-]-c-amb
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 58
in£-bmWv. Jeo-^-bpsS Iev]\ \nd-th‰nbn√ F∂
t_m[wXs∂Hcpin£-bm-Wv.bYm¿YØn¬in£F∂v
]d-bp-∂XvCXm-Wv.a‰vin£-I-sf√mwkmµ¿`nIam-bn-\
evI-s∏-Sp-∂p. A√m-sX A√m-lp-hn-\m¬ \nb-an-°-s∏´
Pam-A-Øn-t\mSpwJeo-^-tbm-Sp-ap≈A\p-k-c-W-t°-Sn-
t\-°mƒhenbas‰¥vin£-bmWvD≠m-IpI?A√m-lp
-hn-s‚bpwAhs‚dkq-en-s‚bpwA\njvSwXs∂hfsc
henb in£-bm-Ip-∂p. \c-I-in£ F∂-Xns‚ hnh-£-
Xs∂ A√mlphns‚ CjvS-t°-Sm-Ip∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬
Iev]\A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vin£-sbm∂pw\n¿
W-bn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepwAXpXs∂-bmWvCXn-\p≈in£m-
hn-[n.''(dn-t∏m¿´v,aPvenkvapim-hn-dXv1942]p:25).
""apkvenwIsf ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnA√mlp
lZvdØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)aptJ\AlvaZnømPam-A-
Øn¬ Jnem-^Øv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Rm
s\s‚Pam-A-Øn-t\mSv]d-bp-I-bm-Wv.\nß-fpsStPmen
Fs¥-∂m¬\n߃Ft∏mgpwkzbwXßsfJnem-^-
Øp-ambn_‘n-∏n®v\ndp-Øp-I.Jnem- -Øns‚\ne-\nev
∏n-\mbn XymK-߃ sNbvXp-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-I. \n߃
A]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬\nß-fn¬ Jnem-
^ØvF∂pw\ne-\nev°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''(Jn-em-^¯vAem
an≥lm-Pp-∂p-_p-∆-Øv,hmfyw3,]p:478)
lZvdØvJeo- - p¬akolvA¬Jm-ankv(A-ø-Z-lp-√m
-lp-X-Bem)]d-bp∂p;""Jeo-^sbA√m-lp-hmWv\nb-
an-°p-∂Xv.F∂n´v Ah≥ Ah-cpsS `b-ßsf Zqco-I-cn-
°p∂p...Jeo- -amscA√m-lp-hmWv\nb-an-°p-∂Xv.Ah
-\mWvAh-cpsS bsØkam-[-Øn-te°vam‰p-∂-Xv.Ah¿
A√m-lp-hns\amX-amWvBcm-[n-°p-I,A\ym-cm-[-\\S
-ØpIbn-√.]d-bp-∂p.\_nsbHcmfpwhniz-kn-®n´n-s√-¶n
epw \_nbpsS \p_p-∆-Øn\v Hcp tIm´hpap≠m-In√.
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw59
At±lw\_nXs∂Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw.AtXt]m-se-Xs∂-
bm-bn-cn°pwJeo-^-bpsSbpwÿnXn.At±-lsØF√m-
hcpwDt]-£n-®mepwAt±lwJeo-^-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
ImcWw,\_n-°p≈hn[nXs∂-bmWv\_nsb]n¥p-S-
cp∂Jeo- -°p-ap-≈-Xv.Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈pI,tIhew c-W-
Øn-\vth≠namXwJeo-^-bm-Ip-∂-bmƒhymP-\m-Ip-∂p.
]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\mbnssZh-Øn¬\n∂m-bn-s°m≠v]
cn-i-an-°p-I-bmsW¶n¬apgp-h≥temIhpwAt±-l-Øns‚
iXp-°-fm-sW-¶nepwAt±lwssZh-Øns‚CjvSZmk-
\m-bnamdp∂p.(a≥ks_Jnem^Øv,A≥hm-Zp¬Deqw.
hm.2, t]Pv 53,54)(-Jp-Xzp-_msX akvdq¿ hmfyw 2, t]Pv
201,202,JmZn-bm≥]kn-≤o-I-cWw2005)
""\nß-fpsSISaF¥m-sW-∂m¬,A√m-lp-hns‚Cu
al-ØmbA\p-K-lsØhne-a-Xn-°p-I,AXn\vA√m-lp-
hn\v\µn]d-bp-I,Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -tbmSpw,Pam-AØv
kwhn-[m-\-tØmSpw Hcn-°epw A‰p-t]m-ImØ kvt\l-
Øns‚bpwA\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw_‘wImØp-kq-£n-
°pI.CXm-bn-cn-°Ww\nß-fpsShyXn-cn-‡-X.A√mlp
\nßsf \∑-bnepw, `b-`-‡n-bn-epw, Bflm¿XY-bnepw
A\p-k-c-W-ØnepwD∂-X-amXrI-fm-°n-am-‰-s´...-\n߃
`b-`-‡n-bn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, Ime-Øns‚
Jeo-^-tbmSv\n߃°vkvt\l-Øns‚bpwIqdn-s‚bpw
_‘w\ne-\nev°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,Pam-AØvkwhn-[m-\-
tØmSpwAlvaZnøJnem-^-Øn-t\m-Spw-A-\p-k-c-Wbpw
BZ-chpw\nß-fpsSlrZ-b-ß-fn¬IpSnsIm-≠n- p-s≠-¶n¬
hnip-≤-Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp -hn-izm-kn-I-fmb Zmk¿°v
hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-´p≈ imiz-X-amb A\p-K-l-ß-ƒ°v
\n߃Ft∏mgpwAh-Im-in-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWvF∂v
Rm≥ \n߃°v Dd∏p \evIp∂p. AXns‚ A\p-K-l-
Øm¬\nß-fpsS Zo\pw Zp\n-bmhpwicn-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 60
\n߃°vkam-[m-\hpwIc-ÿ-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.AXns‚
A\p-K-l-Øm¬\nß-fpsS b-ßsfA√mlpFt∏mgpw
kam-[m-\-Øn-te°vam‰n-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬,
AXn\p≈\n_-‘\Bcm-[-\bpwkXvI¿a-ßfpw\ne-
\n-dp-ØpIbm-Ip∂p.AXvFt∏mgpwap∂n¬hbvt°≠-Xm-
Wv.Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bpsShnfn-°p-Øcw\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m
bnFt∏mgpwk∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬hnP-b߃
\nßsf]p¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.CutemI-sØbpw]c-tem-I-sØ
bpwhnP-b-ß-fm¬\nßsfA\p-Kr-lo-X-cm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv,
C≥im-A-√m-lv.A√mlp\n߃°vFs‚CuD]-tZ-i-
ßsf]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈Xu^oJv\evI-s´.\n
߃ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu ]pWy-`q-an-tbm-Sp≈ IS-a-Iƒ
bYm-hn[w\nd-th-‰p-∂-h-cm-I-s´.Bao≥.''(cn-kmeA≥
km-dp-√mlvJmZn-bm≥)(-Jn-em-^ØvAlvaZnøkZvkmem
Pq_nen]Xn∏v2008,]p:29)
""Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈p-I...A√m-lp-hn\pth≠nJnem-^-Øn
s\kvt\ln°p∂pF∂hmZw\n߃°ps≠-¶n¬Jnem-
^Øvkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚`mK-ambPam-AØvkwhn-[m-\-
tØmSpw ]cn-]q¿W A\p-k-cWw ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.''
(A¬^-Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬15˛7˛2005)
""Pam-AØvkwhn-[m-\-sØ-bpw mc-hm-ln-I-sfbpwA\p-k-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWvA√m-lp-hns‚bpwdkq-en-s‚bpwA\pk-c
-WwIpSn-sIm-≈p-∂Xv.Ah-cpsSIev]-\-IsfbpwXocp-am
-\-ßsfbpwAwKo-I-cn-°p-I.Ah-cpsSXocp-am\wsX‰m-sW-
¶n¬A√mlp\n߃°vkl-\-Øns‚]Xn- ew\¬Ip-∂-
Xm-Wv.ImcWw\n߃A¥y-\m-fn¬hniz-kn-°p-∂p-sh
-¶n¬Imcy-߃A√m-lp-hn-\vhn-t -°p-I.\nß-fpsSGsX-
¶nepwImcy-Øn-ep≈hntbm-Pn-∏n¬imTyw]nSn-°m≥\nß
ƒ°vA[n-Im-c-an-√.\nß-fpsStPmenA\p-k-cWwH∂p
amX-am-Ip-∂p.''(Jp-Xzp_msXakvdq¿hm.1,]p:258,266)
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw61
""Ct∏mƒ Xncp\_n-(-k)-bpsS kXy-Zm-ks‚ Zmk-Xz-hpw
Jnem- -Øns‚A\p-k-c-WhpwamX-amWvA√m-lp-hns‚
A\p-K-l-ßsfBI¿jn°p∂-Xn-\p≈Htc-sbmcpam¿Kw.
A√mlpF√mAlvaZn-Iƒ°pwAXpa\-Ên-em-°m-\p≈
Xu^oJv\evI-s´...AXn-ioLwtemIØvXncp\_n(k)
bpsS ]Xm-Isb \m´ns°m≠v temIØv Ckvem-ans‚
ta[m-hnXzwÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbnCuBflm¿Y-X-bp-sSbpw
hniz-kvX-X-bpsS-bpwA\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw_‘sØ
Du´n-bp-d-∏n®psImt≠bncn°p-I.''(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-
j-W¬,2015Pq¨12-˛18,]p:10)
""kzbwXßsflZvdØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)-ambn_‘n-
∏n-®-Xn\ptijwG‰hpwA\n-hm-cy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv,Jnem-^-
Øn-t\m-Sp-≈-]-cn-]q¿Whnt[-bXzwBIp-∂p.CXmWvPam-
A-Øns‚kpZr-V-X-bv°pw,Bflobhf¿®bv°pwImc
-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bpsSHmtcmXocp-
am-\-hpwkk-t¥mjwkzoI-cn-°p-∂-h-cpw,lrZ-b-Øn¬
bmsXm-cp-hn[ XS-Êhpw tXm∂m-Ø-hcpw, GsX-¶nepw
ImcywtIƒ°p-tºmƒhnΩn´wtXm∂m-Ø-hcpwBIp∂
Xc-Øn¬Jnem-^-Øns‚Xncn-®-dnhpwAXn-s\-Ip-dn-®p≈
icn-bmbAdnhpw⁄m\hpwPam-A-Øn¬kwPm-X-am-
tI-≠-Xm-Wv.Ime-Øns‚Jeo- sbGsXm-c-h-ÿ-bnepw
A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,kwhn-[m-\sØ]n≥]-‰p-∂-Xn\pw
Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bp-≠v. Cu khn-ti-jX F√m-h-cnepw
hy‡-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.''(Pp-apAxJpXzp_31˛1˛2014)
""Pam-A-ØnseHmtcmAwK-hpw]cn-]q¿W-ambnA\p-
k-cWw]pe¿tØ-≠XvA\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.F√m-hcpw]
cn]q¿WA\p-k-cWw]pe¿Øp-tºmƒC≥im-A-√mlv
BflobD∂-Xn-I-fn-te-°p-≈\ΩpsSNphSpIƒapt∂-
dp-∂-XmWv.''(Jp-Xzp_PpapAx06-˛06˛2014)
""lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Imiw P\n-°p-∂pt≠m, A\p-k-c-W-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 62
Øm¬Bflm-hn¬B\-µ-hpwshfn-®hpwD≠m-Ip-∂pt≠m
F∂p-≈-XmWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Xß-fpsS A\p-k-c-
WsØ Af-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \ne-hmcw. HmtcmcpØcpw
kzbwCXn¬hnNn¥\w\S-Øp-tºmƒXß-fpsSA\p-
k-c-W-Øns‚\ne-hmcwFX-tØm-f-ap-≠v,FX-tØmfw
Ah¿A√m-lp-hns\A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p-≠v,FX-tØmfw
Ah¿dkq-ens\A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p-≠v,akolvauDuZn(A)\m
¬ÿm]n-X-ambJnem- Øvkwhn-[m-\sØFX-tØmfw
A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p≠vF∂va\-Ên-em-°m≥km[n-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv.A√m-lp-hn-s\bpwAhs‚dkq-en-s\bpwA\p-k-cn-®-
Xn-\p-tijwbmsXmcp]Im-ihpwe`n-°p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬,
AXpsIm≠v bmsXmcp ]tbm-P-\hpan√. Ime-Øns‚
`c-W-Iq-SsØA\p-k-cn-°p-tºmƒim¥nbpwkam-[m-\
hpwD≠m-Ip-∂p.F∂m¬,Bflobshfn-®hpwB\-µhpw
Bflobkwhn-[m-\sØA\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬amX-am-Wp-
≈-Xv.(Jp-Xzp_PpapAx5˛9˛2014)
""Aao-dp-amcpw ]kn-U‚p-am-cpw, `mc-hm-ln-Ifpw,imJm-
kw-L-S-\-IfpsS mc-hm-ln-I-fpw,Ah¿Ime-Øns‚Jeo
-^-bm¬\nb-an-°-s∏´kwL-S\mkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚Hcp
`mK-am-sW∂hkvXpXHm¿Øn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.B\ne
-bn¬Ah¿Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Ip-
∂p.AXn-\m¬Xß-fpsS tPmen-IfpwIS-a-Ifpw\n¿h-
ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nn¥-Iƒ Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-bpsS
Nn¥-Iƒ°-[o-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. tIµ-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-°p
∂\n¿tZ-i-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°-≠-Xv.A
ßs\sNøp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬kz¥w]Z-hn-bpsS_m[yX
\nd-th-‰p-∂-h-cm-In-√. AXns‚ \ymb-amb Bh-iy-߃
Ah¿]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-h-cm-In-√.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿,
hmfyw2,]p:951)
lpkq¿Xncp-a-\Êviqdm]Xn-\n-[n-I-sfbpwa‰vPoh-\-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw63
°m-scbpw Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^sb A\p-k-cn-t°-≠-Xn-
te°vi≤-Xncn®vsIm≠v]d-bp∂p:
""iqd-bpsSXocp-am-\-ßsf]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°-≠Xviqdm
]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sSbpw `mc-hm-ln-I-fp-sSbpw tPmen-bm-Ip
-∂p.CuXocp-am-\-߃Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bm¬AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-´hbmbXn-\m¬AXp ]mh¿Øn-I-am--°p-∂-Xn-
te°v]q¿W-i≤\evIp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬Ah-¿A-dn-bmsX
ImeØns‚ Jeo-^-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßsf \nÊm-c-ambn
ImWp-∂-h-cmbnamdp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXns‚A¿Yw,A\p-k-
cWhrØ-Øn-\p-≈n-e√\ne-sIm-≈p-∂XvF∂m-Wv.F
∂m¬,B-cn-emtWmDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃G¬]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂XvAh¿A\p-k-c-W-Øns‚D∂X\ne-hm-c-amWv
ImWn-t°-≠-Xv.AXpa‰p-≈-h¿°vA\p-I-cWtbmKyhpw
amXr-Ibpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. AXn-\m¬ tkh-\-Øn-\mbn
e`n-®n-cn-°p∂CuAh-k-csØtIhewBZ-c-hn-s‚bpw
kt¥m-j-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\-am-bn -amXw KWn-°m-Xn-cn
-°pI.CtXm-sSm∏w b- ‡nbpsSD∂X\ne-hmcwkwPm
-X-am-Ip-tºm-gmWvCXvBZ-c-hn-s‚bpwkt¥m-j-Øn-s‚
bpwImcy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.At∏mgmWvCXvBZ-c-hn-s‚bpwk
t¥m-j-Øn-s‚bpw]Z-hn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.A√mlpF√m-h-¿°pw
`b-`‡nbpsS am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS Nen-∏n-®p -sIm≠v Xß-
fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßsf \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xu^oJv
\evIp-am-dm-I-s´.Pam-A-Øn\vtkh\wsNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ah-kcwe`n-°p-∂-h¿°vIme-Øns‚Jeo- -bpsSklm-
bn-Ifm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xu^oJv \evIp-am-dm-I-s´.''
(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿hmfyw4,]p:165˛166,JmZn-bm≥]
kn-≤o-I-cWw2015)-
Jnem-^Øv kwhn-[m-\sØ ]cn-]q¿W-ambpw A\p-k-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbniqdmkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚]tbm-P-\sØ
kw_-‘n®vPam-A-Øw-K-߃a\-Ên-em-°n-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 64
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.At∏mƒamXtaaPvenkviqdm-bn¬
Pam-A-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn Xß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-
IƒaptJ\Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsSk∂n-[n-bn-te°v
Ab-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ F√m \ne-bnepw Pam-A-Øn\v
A\p-tbm-Pyhpw^e-]-ZhpwBbn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈p.]n∂oSv
B]≤-Xn-IƒA\p-k-cn®v]h¿Øn°p∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv
Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^sb]q¿W-ambpwA\p-k-cn-°p-∂h-
cmbnamdpI.CXvkw_-‘-ambnlpkq¿Xncp-a-\Êviqdm
AwK-߃°vXß-fpsSÿm\wa\-Ên-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw
Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^sbA\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpwkw_-
‘n®vD]-tZ-in-®p-sIm≠v]d-bp-∂p:
""Pam-A-Øns‚Imcy-߃°mbnIme-Øns‚Jeo-^
Pam-AØvkwhn-[m-\waptJ\ip]m¿i\evIm≥hnfn-
°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ FX-tØmfw Kuc-h-ambn
FSp-t°-≠Xm-sW∂v t\m°p-I. A`n-]mbw ]d-bp-∂-
Xn-\mbnaPvenkviqdm-tNcp-tºmƒAwK-ß-fn¬`mcn®
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWvGev∏n°-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.AhscHcp
]hnX-ambÿm]-\Øns‚AwK-ß-fm-°p-I-bmWv.Imc
Ww,Jnem-^Øvkwhn-[m-\-Øn-\ptijwPam-A-Øn¬
G‰hpw]m[m-\y-ap≈]cn-ip-≤-ambc≠m-asØhIp∏v
iqdmbm-Ip-∂p.Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bmWv\nßsfhnfn-
°p-∂-Xv.A√m-lp-hns‚A[ym-]-\-ßsftemIØv]N-
cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Pam-A-Øw-K-ß-fpsS in£W kw_
-‘-ambn´p≈Xpw a‰p ]iv\-߃°pw]cn-lmcwImWp-
∂-Xn-\pw a\pjytkh-\-Øn-\p-ambn A`n-]m-b-߃
tXSn-s°m≠vIme-Øns‚Jeo^hnfn-°p∂p,AXn-\m
¬,\n߃t]mIpIF∂v]d-™p-sIm≠vPam-A-Øw-K-
߃ Bfp-Isf Xß-fn¬ \n∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃FX-tØmfwh¿≤n-°p∂pF∂va\-
Ên-em-°pI.CusbmcpNn¥-bp-ambnaPvenskiqdm-bn¬
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw65
Ccp-∂m¬aPvenskiqdm-bpsS\S-]-Sn-Iƒicn-bmb\n
e-bn¬tIƒ°p-∂-Xpw,CkvXnKv^m¿sNøp-∂-Xpw,ZpdqZv
Ab-°p-∂Xpw IqSmsX as‰mcp Nn¥bpw a\-kn-te°v
Ib-dn-h-cn-√.At∏mƒamXsaBkZ-Ên¬A`n-]mbw]
d-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn£Wn-°p-tºm-sg√mwXs∂icn-bm-bXpw
]q¿WDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØmSpwIqSn-bp≈A`n-]mbw\ev
Im≥I-gn-bq.ImcWw,CuA`n]m-b-߃Ime-Øns‚
Jeo-^-bpsS]°¬FtØ≠Xm-Wv.AwK-ßsf√mhcpw
Xs∂hfschnNn-¥\w\SØnNn¥n®va\-Ên-em-°n-bmWv
GsX-¶nepwImcy-Øn¬A`n-]mbw]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-
cn-°pIF∂Nn¥bmWvIme-Øns‚Jeo- -bv°p-≠m-bn-
cn-°p-I.s]mXp-hn¬aPvenkviqdm-bpsSA`n-]m-b-Øn\v
A°m-c-W-Øm¬Xs∂AtX-]SnAtX\ne-bn¬AwKo-
Imcw\evIp-I-bmWvsNøm-dp-≈-Xv,NneImcy-ß-fn-sem-
gn-sI.AØcwImcy-ß-fn¬iqdm-bpsSA`n-]m-bsØ
AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Pam-A-Øn\v\jvS-am-bn-cn°pw
D≠m-bn-cn-°pIF∂vIme-Øns‚Jeo- bv°vhy‡-amb
Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.CXvhnip≤Jp¿-Bs‚A[ym-]-\-
Øn\vhncp-≤tamAXn¬\n∂vthdn-´tXmA√.ImcWw,
A√mlp AXn-\p≈ A\p-aXn \evIn-bn-´p-≠v. as‰mcp
ÿeØvA√mlp]d-bp∂p;
(B-epCw-dm≥:160)
AXm-bXvF√mkp]-[m\Imcyß-fnepwAh-tcmSvA`n-
]mbwBcm-bpI.(\-_n-°mWvCuIev]-\)]n∂oSv\o
GsX-¶nepwXocp-am\wFSp-Øm¬A√m-lp-hn¬ c-ta-ev]n-
°pI.AXm-bXvChnsSkp]-[m\Imcy-ß-fn¬A`n-]m
bw tXSpIA\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.\n›-b-ambpw th≠-Xm-Wv.
CuIev]\A\p-k-cn®vXncp\_n(-k)bpwA`n-]m-b-߃
tXSnbncp-∂p.adn®,vFX-tØmfwA`n-]mbwtNmZn-°m-
dp-≠m-bn-cp∂pF∂m¬lZvdØvA_q-lp-ssd-d(d)\nthZw
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 66
sNøp-∂p, Rm≥ Xncp\_n(-k)tb-°mƒ IqSp-X-¬, Xs‚
klm-_m-°-tfmSvA`n-]mbwBcm-bp-∂-a‰m-scbpwI≠n-
´n-√.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿hmfyw2,]p:195˛196)
kmµ¿`n-I-ambnChnsS Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-t°-≠Xv
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.iqdmkwhn-[m\wXncp\_n(-k)-bpsS
Ncysb ]n≥]-‰n-s°m-≠mWv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ime-
Øns‚ Jeo-^bv°v ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw aPvensk iqd
A`n-]mbw\evIm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.F∂m¬Jeo- bv°vkzbw
Xocp-am\wFSp-°m-\p≈A[n-Im--c-ap-≠v.lZvdØvJeo-
^-Øp¬akolvA¬JmankvAø-Z-lp-√mlvXBe]
d-bp∂p;
""_Zv¿bp≤thf-bn¬XS-hp-Im-tcm-Sp≈s]cp-am-‰sØ
kw_-‘n®v `qcn-]-£m-`n-]m-bsØ \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v
Xncp\_n-(-k)tIhewlZvdØvA_q-_-°¿(-d)s‚A`n-]m-
b-sØ-bmWvAwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂vNcn-X-Øn
¬ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.AXp-t]mseNneAh-k-c-ß-fn¬
a‰pbp≤-ß-fpsSImcy-ß-fn¬klm-_m-°-fpsSA`n-]
m-b-Øn\vhfsc]m[m-\yhpw\evIn-bn- p-ap≠v.DlvZvbp≤-
Øn¬ Xs∂ klm-_m-°-fpsS A`n-]mbw am\n-®mWv
Xncp\_n(-k)Atßm´vt]mb-Xv.kz¥wCjvS-]-Im-c-ambn
cp-∂n-√.aZo-\-bn¬\n∂p-Xs∂]Xn-tcm-[n°mwF∂m-bn-
cp∂pXncp\_n(-k)bpsSBKlw.BA`n-]m-b-߃°p
tijwXncp\_n(-k)Bbp-[-ta¥n]pd-s∏-Sm≥XpS-ßn-b-
t∏mƒXncp\_n(-k)-bpsSC—bv°vhncp-≤-am-bn-´mWvXo-
cp-am\wD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂vklm-_m-°ƒ°vtXm∂n.
Ah¿]d™p:ChnsS\n∂p-Xs∂s]mcp-Xmw.At∏mƒ
Xncp\_n(-k)]d-™p,C√.\_nHcpXocp-am\wFSp-Øm¬
]ns∂ AXn¬\n∂v ]n∑m-dp-∂-X-√. C\n A√m-lp-hn¬
`c-taev]n-®p-sIm≠v]pd-∏-Sp-I.
]n∂oSvas‰mcpAh-ÿbpwD≠m-bn.lpssZ-_nbmDS-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw67
º-Sn-bpsS Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Icm-dn¬ H∏n-tS-≠-Xn√ F∂-
Xn-¬ F√m klm-_m-°ƒ°p-w GIm-`n-]m-bambn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬Xncp\_n-(-k)Ah-cpsSF√m-h-cp-sSbpwA`n-]m-
b-Øn\phncp-≤-ambnAXn¬H∏n-Sp-I-bmWvsNbvX-Xv.]n
∂oSvAXn\vFXal-Ømb]cn-WmaamWvA√mlp\ev
Inb-sX∂vt\m°p-I.Npcp-°-Øn¬,Imcy-ß-sf√mwXs∂
]q¿W-ambpwXpd∂\ne-bn¬ap∂n¬hcp-∂-Xn-\mbn´m-
Wv A`n-]mbw tXSp-I F∂ Iev]\ \evIn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
F∂m¬,A`n-]mbwAwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-SWwF∂v\n¿_-‘-
an-√.Npcp-°-Øn¬,Xncp\_n(-k)-bpsSkp∂-Øns\A\p-
[m-h\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS iqdm kwhn-[m\w
\ne-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv. Imcy-߃ Bg-Øn-te-°n-d-ßn-sb∂v
a\-Ên-em-°p-∂-Xn∂pth-≠n Jeo-^-am¿ A`n-]mbw tX-
Sp-∂p.F∂m¬iqdm-bpsSF√mXocp-am-\-ß-sfbpwAwKo-
I-cn-°Ww F∂Xv \n¿_-‘-a-√. A°m-c-W-Øm-emWv
Ft∏mgpwiqdm\S-]-Sn-I-fpsSAh-km-\-Øn¬Imcy-߃
i≤m¿l-am-sW-∂-Xns\kw_-‘n®v dnt∏m¿´vka¿∏n-
°p-tºmƒ"iqdmCßs\ip]m¿isNøp∂p'Fs∂-gp-Xp-
∂-Xv.iqdmCßs\Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p∂pFs∂-gp-Xm-\p
≈A[n-Im-c-an-√.iqdmbv°vip]m¿i-bv°p≈Ah-Imiw
amX-ta-bp-≈p.Xocp-am\wFSp-°m-\p≈Ah-ImiwIme-
Øns‚Jeo-^°pamX-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
Cukµ¿`-Øn¬Aßs\-sb-¶n¬]ns∂iqdm-hn-fn-
®p-°q-t´≠ Bh-iy-sa¥v As√-¶n¬ A`n-]mbw tXSp-
∂-Xns‚ ]tbm-P\wF¥vF∂vBcp-sS-sb-¶nepw a\-
Ên¬ tNmZyw DZn-t®-°mw. C∂sØ hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb
a\-Êp-I-fn¬CØcwNn¥-IƒD≠mbnhcp∂p.At∏mƒ
Rm≥ t\csØ ]d-™p-h-∂Xv t]mse aPvenkv apim-
hn-dXvA`n-]mbw]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈hIp-∏m-Wv.AXns‚
tPmen Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚n-s‚-X-√.
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 68
A¥naXocp-am-\-Øn-\mbnF¥m-bmepwImcy-߃Ime-
Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsSASp-°¬FØp-∂p. Ime-Øns‚
Jeo-^bv°vamXtaXocp-am\wFSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈A[n-
Im-c-ap-≈p. CXv A√m-lp-hn-\m¬ \evI-s∏´ A[n-Im-c-
am-Wv.Rm≥ t\ctØ]d-™-Xp-t]mseNne ]tXyI
kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ HgnsI s]mXp-hn¬ A`n-]m-b-߃
AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøm-dp-≈-Xv. AXns\ Ipdn-
®p≈AdnhvIme-Øns‚Jeo-^bv°vamX-amWvD≈-Xv.
Nnekµ¿ -ß-fn¬GsXmcpImc-W-Øm-emtWmA`n-]m
bw \evI-s∏-´Xv AXn-s\-∏‰n Ime-Øns‚ Jeo^ ]d
-bm≥BK-ln-°p-∂p-≠m-hn-√.AØ-c-Øn-ep≈Nne\n¿
_-‘n-Xm-h-ÿbpwD≠m-Im-dp-≠v.Npcp-°-Øn¬,]d-™p-
h-cp-∂-Xns‚ Dt±iyw A`n-]mbw tXSp-∂Xv ]tbm-P-\-
I-c-amWvF∂m-Wv.ImcWw,hyXykvXNp‰p-]m-Sn-ep≈
hyXykvXkap-Zm-b-ß-fn-ep-≈,hyXykvXkmaq-lnI]
cn-Xx-ÿn-Xnbnep-≈, hnZym-k-º-∂cpw hnZym-`ymkw Ipd-
™-hcpwBbBfp-I-fmWvA`n-]m-b-߃]d-bp-∂-Xv.
IqSmsXPam-AØvhfsc]N-cn-®psIm-≠ncn°p∂C°m-
eØvhnhn[cmPy-ß-fpsSAh-ÿ-bv°-\p-k-cn®vA`n]m
b߃FØp-∂p.XXv -e-ambnIme-Øns‚Jeo- bv°v
BcmPy-Øns‚s]mXp-hmbAh-ÿsb∏‰nbpwPam-A-
ØwK-ß-fpsSPohnX\ne-hm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpwPam-A-Øns‚
aX-]-chpwBflobhpamb\ne-hm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpwAh-cpsS
Nn¥-I-sf-∏-‰nbpwAh-cpsSA`n-]m-b-ß-fn¬\n∂vAdnhv
e`n-°p-∂p.]n∂oSvGsXmcp]≤-Xn-bmtWm]h¿Ø\
cq]-tc-J-bmtWmXøm-dm-t°-≠XvAXns‚cq]-I-ev]-\°v
klmbwe`n°p-∂p.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, cmPy-ß-fpsSiqd-I-fnseNneA`n-]m
-b-߃AXns‚bYm¿Y\ne-bn¬AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-s√-
¶nepw Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^bv°v ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw69
∂-Xpw -sIm≠v F¥m-bmepw Ah¿°v ]tbm-P\amWv
e`n-°p-I.A`n-]mbw]d-bp-∂-h¿F¥m-bmepw Dt±iy
ip≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn A`n-]mbw ]d-bp-I. Pam-A-Øn-t\mSv
A`n-]mbw tXSpI F∂Xv Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-bpsS
Ah-Im-ihpwIS-abpwBIp-∂p.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿.
hmfyw2,]p:197˛199)
Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsShm°p-IsfA\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-∂hy‡nXs∂bpwXs‚Xe-ap-d-I-sfbpwA√m-
lp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Zo\n¬\n∂pw AI-
‰p-∂-h\mbn Xocp∂Xm-Wv. X¬kw-_-‘-ambnlZvdØv
Jeo- -Øp¬akolvA¬Jm-an-kv(-A-ø-Z-lp-√m-lp-X-B-e)
]d-bp∂p;
""Pam-A-Øns\hne-a-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,Ime-
Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsShm°p-Iƒ°vImtXm¿°m-Xn-cn-°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬]Xps°]Xps°Ah¿XßsfamX-a√
A√m-lp-hns‚Imcp-Wy-Øn¬\n∂vAI-‰n-am-‰p-∂Xvadn-®v,
XßfpsSXe-ap-d-I-sfbpwZo\n¬\n∂vAI-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p-I-bmWvsNøp-∂-Xv.CutemIw\nßsfZo\n¬\n∂v
AI-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬CXvA\p-K-l-a√,\m
i-am-sW∂vIcp-Xp-I.CXvA√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-ßsf
Xf-fn-°-fb-em-Ip-∂p.CXvA√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-ßsf
Ah-a-Xn-°-em-Ip-∂p.GsXmcpIme-L- -Øns‚Cam-an-s\-
bmtWmapgp-h≥kap-Zm-b-ßfpw]Xo-£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
∂XvBCam-an¬A\p-k-cW]Xn⁄sNbvX-h-cmWv
\mw F∂Xv Ft∏mgpw Hm¿a-bn¬ sht°-≠-Xm-Wv. B
hy‡nsbkw_-‘n®vXncp\_n(-k)hfsckvt\l\n¿ -c
-amb hm°p-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. At±-l-Øn-\v
Xncp-\_n(-k)kemw Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂p... Aßs\bn-cns°
AØcw Hcp hy‡n-bpam-bp≈ _‘-w \nÊm-c-Im-cy-am
tWm?\n›-b-ambpwCXvHclvaZn°ve`n-®n-cn-°p∂hfsc
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 70
al-ØmbHcp_lp-a-Xn-bm-Ip-∂p.AXn-\m¬,Cu_lp-
a-Xnsbhne-a-Xn-t°-≠XvHmtcmAlvaZn-bp-sSbpwIS-a-bm-
Ip-∂p.Cuhne-a-Xn-°¬]n∂oSvHcpbYm¿YAlvaZnsb
A_vsZipIq¿(Ir-X⁄X-bp≈Zmk≥)B°n-am-‰p-∂p.
XpS¿∂vA√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-߃]q¿hm-[nIwh¿-
jn-°p-∂-XmbnImWmhp-∂-Xm-Wv.lZvdØv akolv au-
Du-Zp(-A)-am-bp≈_‘wtIhew\mhp-sIm-≠p≈Hcp
hnfw-_cwamX-a-√,adn®vAt±-l-tØmSvsNøp∂A\p-k-
cW]Xn-⁄-bpsSDS-º-Snbm-Ip-∂p.At±-l-Øn\vtijw
At±-l-Øns‚\ma-Øn¬Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-tbm-SmWv
BhmKvZm\wsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv.Cu_bv-A-Øns‚s]m
cp-fns\ Hmtcm AlvaZnbpw a\-Ên-em-°n-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p._bv-AØvF∂m¬hnev°pIF∂m-
W¿Yw.AXm-bX,vA√mlphns‚Iev]-\]ImcwXs‚
k¿h hn[ BKlm`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw
-XyPn-°msa∂pwAX-\p-k-cn®vXs‚PohnXwIgn-®p-Iq-´p-
sa-∂p-ap≈HcpDS-º-Sn-bm-Ip-∂pss_AØv.tkz—Isf
]q¿W-ambpwC√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂vA√m-lp-hns\km
£n-bm-°n-s°m≠vG‰p-]-d-bp-∂Xns‚t]cmWv_bv-A-Øv.
A√m-lp-hp-ambn I≠p-ap-´p-Ibpw F√m DS-º-Sn-I-sfbpw
kw_-‘n®vtNmZywsNø-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNøp∂Zn\-sØ°p-
dn®vZrV-hn-izm-k-ap≈Hcphy‡nA∂m-fn¬CtX-°p-dn®v
tNmZywsNø-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm¿°p-tºmƒXs∂hnd-sIm≈p-
∂-Xm-Wv.''(Jp-Xzp-_msXakvdq¿,hm:8,]p:191˛192)
Jnem-^-Øp-am-bp≈_‘sØkw_-‘n®v]d-bp∂p;
""\n߃°v]ptcm-KXnssIhcn°-W-sa-¶n¬,temIØv
hnP-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬F\n°v \nß-tfm-Sp≈ D]-tZ-ihpw
ktµ-ihpw CXm-Wv. \n߃ Jnem-^-Øp-ambn _‘w
ÿm]n-°p-I.CussZhnI]misØapdp-sI-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I.\ΩpsSF√mhf¿®bpwJnem- -Øp-am-bp≈
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw71
_‘sØBi-bn-®mWv\ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.''(A¬^Zv¬
Zn\-]Xwd_vh,30-˛05˛2003)
""A√mlpJnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-lw\n߃°v\¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.CXvF√m-hn-[-]ptcm-K-Xn-I-fn-te-°p-ap≈Hcp
A\p-KrloX]mX-bm-Ip-∂p.CussZhnI]misØap-
dp-sI-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I.HsØm-cp-abpwsFIyhpw\ne
-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbpw hnP-b-ßsf ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw
Jnem-^-Øp-ambnFt∏mgpw tN¿∂p-\nev°p-I. IqSmsX
Xß-fpsSXe-ap-d-I-sfbpwk¥m-\-ß-sfbpwCual-Øm
bA\p-K-l-hp-ambn_‘-s∏-´p-\nev°p-∂-Xn-\mbnD]-
tZ-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I.AXns‚A¥-Ên-\pwkpZr-V-X
bv°pwth≠nFt∏mgpw]cn-i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I.AXn
s‚am¿K-Øn¬t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂F√mXymK-߃°p-
th≠nbpw Ft∏mgpw k∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°pI.'' (a-iv-A-se-
cmlvhm:5,]p:32,33)
""C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬A√m-lp-hns‚hmKvZm-\-Øn-s‚bpw
lZvdØvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)s‚kv]jvS-amb\n¿tZ-iß-
fp-sSbpwshfn-®-Øn¬Jnem^Øpam-bp≈_‘-Øns‚
^e-ambnamXsahnizm-k-ØnepwI¿a-ß-fnepwD≈]p
tcm-KXn km[y-am-IpIbp≈q Ft∂m¿Øp sIm≈pI.
HcmƒFXhenb]fin-X-t\m,XXz-Nn-¥-It\m,_mly
-ZrjvSymGsX-¶nepwBflo-b-ÿm-\ØvFØn-s∏´B
tfmBbn-s°m-≈-s´,Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bp-ambnkpZr-V-
amb_‘wAbmƒ°n-√m-sb-¶n¬Pam-A-Øns‚D∂-a\
Øntem Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw Bflob A`n-hr-≤nbntem
Abm-fpsS B ÿm\am\-߃ ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfw t]m
epwkzm[o\wsNep-Øp-∂-X-√.A√mlp\n߃s°-√m
-h¿°pw C°mcyw kKu-chw a\-Ên-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Xu^oJv\¬Ip-am-dm-I-s´.''(AXv^m¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬
2014sabv23˛29]p:1)
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 72
""Ft∏mgpwPam-AØvkwhn-[m-\-hp-ambnkpZr-V-_‘w
\ne-\n-dp-ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv Xs∂ AlvaZn-ø-Øp-ambn
_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂HmtcmAlvaZn-bp-sSbpwtPmen.AlvaZn
ømJnem-^-Øn-t\mSvIqdn-s‚bpwA\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw
_‘w\ne-\n-dp-ØpIF∂XvAhs‚IS-a-bm-Ip-∂p.Imc
Ww,_bv-A-Øns‚ka-bØvsNbvX]Xn-⁄-bm-Wn-Xv.
A√m-lp-hns‚A\p-K-l-Øm¬]pXp-Xmbn ]th-in-°p-
∂-h¿,hnti-jn®v]q¿W-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSnkv]jvS-amb
sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ lZvdØv akolv au-
Du-Zv(-A)s‚hmZ-ßsfa\-Ên-em°nkzoI-cn-®-h¿Xß-fpsS
_bv-AØv ]Xn-⁄-bnepw AXns‚ \n_-‘-\-I-fnepw
Nn¥n-®vsIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.'' (A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬,
2015HIvtSm-_¿30˛\hw5,]p:6)
""C∂v lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zn¬(-A) _bv-AØv sN-
bvX, Jnem-^Øv hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏´ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
PamAØn¬Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂pF∂vhmZn-°p∂Hmtcm
AlvaZn-bp-sSbpwISaA√m-lp-hns‚Iev]-\-Iƒ°-\p-
kr-X-ambnFt∏mgpwXß-fpsSAh-ÿ-I-fn¬kXv]-cn-
h¿Ø\߃ D≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xn\mbn ian-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm kvXo]pcp-j-∑mcpw
Ip´n-Ifpwbphm-°fpwFt∏mgpwNn¥nt°-≠XvA√mlp
R߃°vJnem-^-Øm-Ip∂A\p-Klw\evIn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p F∂pw AXns‚ Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Ip∂-Xn-\mbn \mw
Ft∏mgpw]b-Xv\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-t°-≠-XmsW∂pwJnem-
^ØvCd-°-s∏´hnizm-kn-Iƒ°vA√mlphmKvZm\wsN
bvXn-´p≈A\p-K-l-߃Ic-ÿam-°p∂-Xn-\mbnA√m-
lp sNøm≥ Iev]n-®n-´p≈ kXvI¿a-ßsf Xß-fpsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚`mK-am°namt‰-≠-Xp≠vF∂pamWv.Hm¿
Øp-sIm-≈p-I, C∂v \mw \ΩpsS Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ am‰w
hcp-Øn-s°m≠vAXn¬ÿnc-X-ssI-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw73
i≤n-°p-∂n-s√¶n¬aS°wAkm-[y-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂n-S-tØm-
fwZqc-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv;Jnem-^-Øp-ambn_‘-s∏´p\nev
°p∂ A\p-K-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xs∂bpwXs‚Xe-ap-d-I-sfbpwAXn¬\n∂vAI-‰p-∂-
h-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. C∂v Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-XzsØ \n
d-th-‰n-s°m≠v,CuA\p-K-lsØkwc-£n-®p-sIm≠v\
ΩpsSXe-ap-d-I-fn¬CXns‚]m[m\yw\ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv
\ΩpsSIS-a-bm-Ip-∂p.GX-h-kvYbnepwXß-fpsSPoh≥,
[\w,kabwF¥pXs∂_en-\evtI-≠n-h-∂mepwkz¥w
hnImchnNm-c-ßsft]mepwXyPn®psIm≠vAlvaZnøm
Jnem-^-Øns\ kwc-£n-°p∂-XmWv. kz¥w Xe-ap-d-I-
fnepwkap-Zm-b-ØnepwtemIØpwCkveman-s‚bpwAlva
Zn-ø-Øn-s‚bpwktµiwFØn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn]cn-i-an-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-WvF∂p≈hmKvZm\wkz¥wk¥-Xn-
I-fn¬\n∂vhmtß-≠-Xm-Wv.''(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿\m-j-W¬
2013,sabv24˛30,]p:8)
""ZpB-bn¬hf-scb-[nIwDu∂¬\evIp-∂XvkzbwX
ßsfJnem- -Øp-ambn_‘-s∏-SpØn\ndp-Øp∂Xpw\n
ß-fn¬HmtcmcpØ-cp-sSbpwIS-a-bm-Ip-∂p.F√m]ptcm-K-
Xn-I-fp-sSbpwhnP-b-ß-fp-sSbpwclkywJnem -Øp-ambn
_‘-s∏-´p-\nev°p-∂-Xn-em-sW∂ hkvXpX Ft∏mgpw
Hm¿a-bn¬ht°-≠-Xm-Wv.BcmtWmkzbwCam-ap-ambn
_‘-s∏-´p\nev°p-∂XvAbm-fmWvPam-A-Øn\v]tbm-
P-\-]-Z-ambhy‡n-Xz-ambnamdp-∂Xv.Hcphy‡n-Xs∂
Cam-ap-ambn_‘-s∏-SpØn\ndp-Øp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬,F√m
`uXn-I-⁄m-\-ßfpw Ds≠-¶n¬X-s∂bpw Abmƒ°v
bmsXmcphnebpap≠m-Ip∂-X-√.\nß-fp-sS_p≤n-Ifpw
]≤-Xn-IfpwJnem- -Øn\vIognem°p-Ibpw\n߃\nß-
fpsSCam-ans\A\p-K-an-®p-sIm≠vAt±-l-Øns‚\n¿tZ-
im-\p-k-cWw\oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂Xp-hsc
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 74
A√m-lp-hns‚klm-bhpw]n¥p-Wbpw\n߃°ve`y-
am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''(A¬^Zv¬Zn\-]-Xw,2003
sabv30,]p:2)
Jnem-^-Øp-am-bp≈kl-I-c-WsØkw_-‘n®vlZv
dØvapkvenlvauDu-Zv(-d)s\D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠vlZvdØvJeo-
^-Øp¬akolvA¬Jm-an-kv(-A-ø-Z-lp-√m-lp-X-B-e)]d-bp∂p;
HcpJpXzp-_-bn¬CXvkw_-‘-ambnlZvdØvapkvenlv
auDu-Zv(-d)apd-∫n-am¿°pw]fin-X-∑m¿°pwHcpkp]-[m\
D]-tZiw \evIn-bn-´p-≠v.At±lw ]d-bp-∂p: Zo\n-t\mSv
A\p-Iºbp-≈-,Pam-A-Øn-t\mSvBflm¿Y-X-bp-≈-,A√m-
lp-hns‚Pam-AØvkXvt]-tcm-Sp-IqSntemIØv\ne-\n
ev°-Wsa-∂vBK-ln-°p-∂,Xncp\_n(-k)bpsSImeØv
Ckveman\vD≠m-bn-cp∂A¥ÊvC°m-e-L- -Ønepwe`n-
°-W-sa∂vBK-ln-°p∂,CXn-\m-bp≈lZvdØvakolv
auDu-Zv(-A)s‚]b-Xv\-߃]mgm-bn-t∏m-I-cpsX∂vBK-
ln-°p-∂-,Hmtcmhnizm-kn-bp-sSbpwIS-a,cm∏-I-se-∂n-
√msXJeo-^-tbmSvtN¿∂vPamAØwK-ß-fpsSNn¥m
KXn-bnepw]cn-jvI-cWwkm[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-∂mbp≈]
h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬G¿s∏´psIm≠n-cn-°pIF∂-Xm-Wv...J
eo^Pam-A-Øns‚]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\mbn\n¿tZ-i-߃
\evIptºmƒAXvCcpIøpw\o´nkzoI-cn-°p-IbpwPam-
A-Øw-K-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬ AXn-s\- Hs∂m-gn-bmsX B
h¿Øn-t°-≠XpamWv.Aev]-a-Xn-Iƒt]mepwAXva\-Ên-
em°nZo\n¬icn-bmbZni-bn¬apt∂-dp-∂-Xn-\p≈am¿
KwIc-ÿ-am-Ip-∂-hscAXvBh¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.''(Jp-
Xzp-_msXalvaqZv,hm:18,]p:214˛215)(A¬^Zv¬C‚¿
\mj-W¬2015Pq¨19˛25,]p:8)
"Pam-A-Øns‚ Poh-\mUnbmWv Jnem-^-Øv. AXn-\m
¬PohnXwBK-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬AlvaZnømJnem-^
-Øn-t\m-sSm∏wBflm¿Y-X-tbmSpwIqtdm-Spw-IqSnH´nt®-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw75
cp-I,]q¿W-ambpw_‘-s∏´p\nev°pI.ImcWw,\nß
-fpsSHmtcmhf-¿®-bp-sSbpwclkywJnem- -Øp-am-bp≈
_‘-Øn-emWv IpSn-sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-
bpsS Xr]vXn \nß-fpsSXr]vXn Bbn-Øo-c-Ww. Ime-
Øns‚Jeo-^-sb\nß-ƒA\p-]XwA\p-K-an-°p-Ibpw
Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bpsS]oXnIc-ÿ-am-°pI\nß-fpsS
e£y-hp-ambnØocpIbpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. (Jm-enZv am-
kn-I,køn-Zv\mXzmln¿]Xn-∏v,2004am¿®vG]n¬,]p:4)
""Jnem- -Øns‚A\p-K-l-߃\nßfn¬kZmD≠m-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn,Jnem-^-Øns‚kpZr-V-X-bv°p
th≠nHmtcmAlvaZnbpwZpxBsNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv...\nß-fn¬kXv]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃D≠m-°n-sb-
Sp-°p-I.]q¿hm-[nIwhnizm-k-ØnepwBflm¿Y-X-bnepw
]ptcm-KXnssIh-cn-°p-I...kXvI¿a-߃sNøp-∂-hcpw
Jnem-^-Øp-ambn H´n-t®¿∂v \nev°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv C\n
AlvaZn-ø-Øns‚ bYm¿Y ]Xn\n-[n-Iƒ.'' (Jp-Xzp_
PpapA27˛5˛2005)
""CkvemwAlvaZn-ø-Øns‚kpÿncXbv°pw]Nmc-W-
Øn\pwJnem-^Øvkwhn-[m-\-Øn\pwth≠nAh-km\
\nanjwhsc]b-Xv\n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.AXn-\mbnal-Ømb
XymK-߃ka¿∏n-°m-\mbnFt∏mgpwk∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.Xß-fpsSk¥-Xn-IsfFt∏mgpwAlvaZnøm
Jnem-^-Øp-ambn_‘-s∏´p\nev°p-∂-Xn-\mbnD]-tZ-in-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI.Ah-cpsSlrZ-b-ß-fn¬Ime-Øns‚
Jeo-^-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lw P\n-∏n-°pI. CXv AXn-a-l-
ØmbHcpe£y-am-Ip-∂p.CuDS-º-Snsb]q¿Øn-bm-°p-
∂-Xn\pwAXns‚F√mhi-ß-sfbpw\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\pw
th≠nHcpZrV-\n-›-bhpw]q¿WambD’mlhpwBh-
iy-ap≠v.''(A-∂m-kn¿amkn-I,P¿a\n2003Pq¨.]p:1)
""Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈pI!Ah≥kXy-hm-KvZm-\-߃\evIp∂
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw 76
ssZh-am-Ip-∂p.C∂pwXs‚]nbako-lns‚(-A)Cu]nb
Pam-A-Øn-\p-ta¬Ahs‚ssIIfp-≠v.Ah≥Hcn-°esam
cn-°epw\sΩDt]-£n-°n-√.Ah≥ap≥Jn-em- ØvIme-
L-´-Øn¬Xs‚hmKvZm-\-ßsf\nd-th-‰n-bn-cp-∂-]-Imcw
C∂pwXs‚akoln(A)-t\mSvsNbvXhmKvZm-\-߃\nd-
th-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.Ah≥Xs‚Imcp-Wy-ßfpwA\p-
K-l-ßfpwapºvh¿jn-®n-cp-∂Xpt]mseC∂pwh¿jn-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p,C\nbpwh¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xm
Wv C≥im A√mlv.- AXn-\m¬ ZpxB sNbvXp-sIm≠v,
Ah-s\hW-ßns°m-≠v,Ahs‚ImcpWywtXSn-sIm≠v
Ft∏mgpwAhs‚khn-[-Øn¬Ign-®p-Iq-´p-I.Bi‡-
ambssI∏nSn-bn¬apdpsI-∏n-Sn°pI.Aßs\-bm-sW-¶n¬
]ns∂B¿°pwXs∂\n߃°vHcp\j-v-Shpwhcp-Øn-
sh-°m≥km[n-°n-√.A√mlpF√m-h¿°pwAXn-\p≈
Xu^oJv\¬Ip-am-dm-Is´˛Bao≥.''(PpapAJpXzp_
l.Jeo-^-Øp¬akolv,2004,sabv21)
Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsS Hmtcm\n¿tZ-i-ß-fpw i≤-
tbmsSihn-°pIF∂XvhmkvXhØn¬HcpbYm¿Y
AlvaZn-bpsSASn-ÿm\DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Ip-∂p.ImcWw
Cui_vZwHcpkXy-hn-izm-kn-bpsSPohnXwXs∂am‰n-
a-dn-°p-∂p.A√m-lp-hns‚klm-b-ßfpwAhs‚A\p-K-
l-ßfpwAXn¬AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.Ime-Øns‚Jeo^
A√m-lp-hns‚ CwKn-X-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
temIØv Zp¿e-`hpw At\z-jn-®n´v Is≠-Øm\mhm-Ø-
Xp-ambBflo-b-⁄m-\-߃At±-l-Øns‚\mhn-eqsS
\n¿K-fn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂p.At±lwssZhnI\n¿tZim-
\p-k-cWw X°-k-a-bØv hnizm-kn-Isf I¿a-\n-c-X-cm-
Im\mbnBlzm\wsNøp∂p.Aßs\I¿a-tbmKn-Isf
hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥Jeo-^bv°vamXtakm[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.
Ime-Øns‚Jeo-^-bpsS\n¿tZ-im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬amX-
Jnem^Øns‚ alØmb ÿm\hpw A\pKlßfpw
ImeØns‚ Jeo^tbmSp≈ ]Xn_≤Xbpw77
taicn-bmw-hÆwk¿htXm∑p-J-amb]ptcm-K-Xn-IfpsS
am¿K-߃Ah-e-w_n-°m≥km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.AXn-\m¬
Ime-Øns‚Jeo- -bpsShn⁄m\\n¿ -c-ß-fmbJpXzp-
_-I-fpw]`m-j-W-ßfpw¢mÊp-Ifpwktµ-i-ßfpwIrXy-
\n-jvT-X-tbmSpw i≤-tbmSpwIqSnkzbwtIƒ°p-Ibpw
a°-sfbpw IpSpw-_mwK-ß-sfbpw tIƒ∏n-°p-Ibpw a‰p
_‘p-an-Xm-ZnIsfAXvtIƒ°p-∂-Xn-\mbnt]cn-∏n-°pI
bpwsNtø-≠XvHmtcmAlvaZnkvXo]p-cp-j-s‚bpwIS-
a-bm-Ip-∂p.AXn-eqsSamXtaIme-Øns‚Jeo^F¥m
Wv ]d-bp-∂-sX-∂pw, \Ωn¬\n∂v F¥mWv ]Xo-£n-
°p-∂-sX∂pw,\Ωn¬\n∂vFs¥m-s°-bmWvBK-ln-
°p-∂-sX∂pw\ap°va\-Ên-em-°m≥km[n-°p-Ibp-≈p.
Cu\n¿tZ-i-ß-sfbpwam¿KZ¿i-\-ß-sfbpwÿnc-ambn
ihn-°m-Ø-h¿]q¿W-ambpwA\p-k-c-WØns‚ku`m-
Ky-Øn¬\n∂v]n¥-≈-s∏-´-h-cm-Ip-∂p.AXns‚]cn-Wn-
X-^ewCcptemIØpwA]cn-lm-c-y-a-mb\jvSamIp∂p!!
HcpbYm¿Yhnizm-kn-bpsSA¥ÊvtIhewJnem-^-
Øns\A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-em-Ip-∂p.Ahs‚k¿h-kzhpw
Jnem-^-Øp-am-bp≈Iqdpw_‘hpwBIp-∂p.lZvdØv
AJvZkvakolvauDu-Zv(-A)]d-bp∂p;
""A√m-lp-hns‚Ic-߃Pam-A-Øn-\p-ta-ep-≠v.CXmWv
AXns‚cl-kyw.A√mlpGI-XzsØCjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.A\p-
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