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SJCCKAFJS EKGLS
Sjcckf mjo Ojctar 2>
LT]KCZOA MJ ]L^L
Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz 3
MJSCLTIL MJ CM ITL]ZK]L
CM7 Cursa mj ]cfkca jf Jfjril Saolr 43
HAF]LGJS
Oucjs lftk jfclfmkolhkjfta lutahtkcls 4=]jhparkzlmar/ Mkeusar plrl ouz kftjrkar mj cldkfl ::Mjtjctar mj vkdrlckf y mjtjctar mj clhpas hliftkcas :9Hkokhjtra :;
LZMKA
Ijfjrlmar mj jxcktlckf plrl eujftjs cafhutlmls 45
HLFZLOJS ]JCFKCAS
Jfjril saolr. ]kpas mj jfjril, cjomls saolrjs eatavaotlkcls. Eufckaflhkjfta ycafstrucckf 33
]JCFKCA TJ^LTLMAT
Okdjrlckf mj tjoeafas cjouolrjs Safy Jrkcssaf par ekrhwlrj :
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MJO MKTJC]AT LO OJC]AT
CL^LCK]LFMAL \ZKJF OA FJCJSK]J
Dkjf, lhkias mj Sldjr Jojctrfkcl, fas jfcaf -trlhas fujvlhjftj jf ols pikfls mj fujstrl rj -vkstl prjmkojctl plrl cahplrtkr ols favjmlmjs mjohufma mj ol jojctrfkcl.
]amas mjdjhas tjfjr ol apartufkmlm mj jstumklr,
mj clplcktlrfas, mj crj c j r, lufquj hucbls vjcjsols cafmkckafjs ptkhls fa jstf mlmls. Blcj 4las cahjfzlhas l mkctlr jf earhl vkrtulo (l trlvsmj Kftjrfjt) ol Clrrjrl mj ]cfkca Supjrkar jf Jojctrfkcl, cahpujstl mj 5 jtl -pls y mjstkflml l tamas oas quj mjsjjf cafacjr jojctrfkcl. Jo hjs plslma pusk -has jf hlrcbl ol culrtl jtlpl mj mkcbl clrrjrl y jf jstas hahjftas bly cjrclmj => louhfas quj blf loclfzlma mkcba fkvjo mj jstumka mj mkstkftas plsjs.
^ar atrl plrtj, jf ldrko cahjfzlhas l aerjcjr atras cursas caf ol hkshlhjtamaoail (]cfkcls Mkiktlojs, Hkcra c a f t ra o l m a rjs, ]jojeafl Cjouolr, jtc.) yrpkmlhjftj eujraf clptlmas par pjrsafls quj, caha Zm., dusclf supjrlrsj mll ml.
^lrl quj jstas cursas pujmlf sjr rjlokzlmas caf xkta, caftlhas caf ufl js -tructurl par Kftjrfjt quj fas oojv las earhlr y lf sjiukhas hjgarlfma plrloairlr jo pufta ptkha parquj sahas cafsckjftjs quj plrl hucbas js ol fkclvl mj jstumka.
Jstas cursas tkjfjf lskstjfckl par Kftjrfjt0 js mjckr, Zm. pujmj blcjr prjiuf -tls y uf praejsar sj ols rjspafmjr0 tlhdkf pamr lskstkr l colsjs prctkcls ltrlvs mj vkmjacafejrjfckls y rjfmkr jxhjfjs plrl mjhastrlr sus cafackhkjf -tas.
Jf ijfjrlo, jo louhfa lmqukjrj uf plqujtj jmucltkva quj sujoj caftjfjr ta -ma oa quj prjcksl plrl jstumklr (okdras, CMs. vkmjas, kfstruhjftas, cahpafjftjs0
saoa oj blr elotl opkz, plpjo, ufl cahputlmarl y ufl cafjxkf l Kftjrfjt (sk faol tkjfj tlhpaca js pradojhl yl quj pamr rjlokzlr cafsuotls mjsmj uf Cydjr).
\ukjfjs pjrtjfjcjhas l jstj prayjcta jstlhas ariuooasas mj oa quj blcjhasy sjiukhas trldlglfma plrl pamjr drkfmlr jmuclckf tcfkcl l qukjfjs oa sa -okcktjf0 js par jooa quj jf jstl jmkckf oj mlhas ol paskdkokmlm mj mjsclri l rITL]KS jo CM ]cfkca jf Jfjril Saolr quj js plrtj mj ufa mj oas cursas mjSldjr Jojctrfkcl y quj pasjj 4 jtlpls cahpojtls mj jstumka plrl quj sj caf -vkjrtl jf uf vjrmlmjra tcfkca jf ol hltjrkl.
Jspjrjhas quj sjl mj su lirlma y fa aovkmj caftlctlrfas jf fujstrl wjdplrl mjglrfas sus cahjftlrkas y ls sjiukr crjckjfma gufta l Zm.
Blstl jo hjs prxkha!
Kfi. Barlcka M. Uloojga
SLDJT JOJC]TAFKCL
Mkrjctar
Kfi. Barlcka M. Uloojga
^ramucckf
Gas Hlrl FkjvjsCaouhfkstls7
Ejmjrkca ^rlmaOuks Barlcka Tamriujz
^jtjr ^lr`jrGulf ^ldoa Hltutj
Jf jstj fhjra7
Kfi. Lodjrta ^kcjrfaKfi. Kshljo Cjrvlftjs mj Lfml
JMK]ATKLO \ZLT@ S.T.O.^rapkjtlrkl mj oas mjrjcbas
jf clstjoolfa mj ol pudokclckf hjf-sulo SLDJT JOJC]TAFKCLLrijftkfl7 Bjrrjrl 95< (
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
3
Oas kfvjrsarjs,js mjckr oas mks-pasktkvas qujpjrhktjf adtjfjr
ufl tjfskflotjrfl mj Bz 5>Bz, plrtkjfmamj ol tjfskf caf-tkful mj ufl dltj-rl, saf huyrjqujrkmas bayjf ml yl quj pjr-hktjf lokhjftlr
tamas oas lplrl-tas joctrkcas qujtrldlglf caf tjfskf mj ol rjm joctrkcl jf clsa mj quj sucjmlf elooas mj suhk-fkstra. Lmjhs, cahpojhjftfmaoa caf uf clrilmar mj dltjrls jstlrjhas jfpasjskf mj uf cahpojta irupa mj caftkfukmlm. ]lhdkf pujmj sjr huy tkojf ufl clsl ramlftj a, par qu fa, jf jo cacbj.
Ol hlyar plrtj mj oas mkspasktkvas joctrkcasquj utkokzlhas jf fujstrl vkml catkmklfl jstfprjplrlmas, slova loiufl rlrl jxcjpckf,plrl sjr lokhjftlmas caf oas BW
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\ukjfjs blf suerkma ols kftjrrupckafjs jf josuhkfkstra mj jfjril joctrkcl quj sj blf pramu-ckma jf oas plslmas vjrlfas, mjdkma l ol irlf utk-okzlckf mj lplrltas mj lkrj lcafmkckaflma y l olhlyar mjhlfml mj jfjril joctrkcl, rjcarmlrfcaha ol rjpjftkfl elotl mj jojctrkckmlm fa bl skmaprjckslhjftj uf sucjsa huy lirlmldoj.
Jf jejcta, jf jsas hahjftas mjglraf mj eufckaflrfuhjrasls kfstlolckafjs mj lkrj lcafmkckaflma yol hlyarl mj oas jojctramahstkcas prjsjftjsmjftra mj ols vkvkjfmls.
Caf oas tjojvksarjs y ols cahputlmarls eujrl mjusa ols fatkckls saoa sj pujmjf rjckdkr jf rlmkas ytjojvksarjs parttkojs, quj, irlckls l quj sk sj lok-hjftlf caf pkols a dltjrls, skiujf eufckaflfma.
Oas leartuflmas quj tuvkjraf l mkspaskckf ufKfvjrsar (Skstjhl mj Lokhjftlckf Kfkftjrruhpkml
a SLK), js mjckr uf mkspasktkva clplz mj cafvjrtkr oltjfskf caftkful pracjmjftj mj ufl dltjrl jfufl tjfskf lotjrfl mj vaot, lprj-cklraf ckjrtlhjftj ols vjftlgls mj uf mkspasktkvaquj pjrhktj sjiukr mjslrraoolfma trlfqukolhjftjols lctkvkmlmjs catkmklfls.
Jf clsa mj elool jf jo suhkfkstra joctrkca uflplrlta caha jstj pujmj praparckaflr kftjrjslf-tjs prjstlckafjs7
- Ilrlftkzl ol kouhkflckf mj oas jftarfas prkfckpl-
ojs mj ufl vkvkjfml, l trlvs mjo usa mj ohplrls
mj fjf mj
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Zfl otkhl lpokclckf quj as suijrkhas js ol rjl-okzlckf mj ufl pjqujl jstlckf lutfahl mjlokhjftlckf l vaot plrl utkokzlr jf tamaslqujooas ouilrjs jf oas quj jstl tjfskf fa oojil
eckohjftj, utkokzlfma ufl dltjrl mj cacbj. ^arjgjhpoa, plrl qukjf mkspafil mj ufl clsl jfpojfl haftll a mjsjj utkokzlr sus jojctramahs-tkcas jf ufl jhdlrclckf quj fa mkspafil mjsuhkfkstra joctrkca.
Kfstlolfma uf pjquja plfjo mj couols eatavao-tlkcls plrl rjclrilr ol dltjrl murlftj oas pjra-mas mj kflctkvkmlm, mkspafmrks mj uf ijfjrlmar mjcarrkjftj cahpojtlhjftj lutfaha (vjr ekiurl 4).
^TKFCK^KAS mj EZFCKAFLHKJF]A
Fa tama jo hufma cafacj quj irlf plrtj mj oaskfvjrsarjs mkspafkdojs jf jo hjrclma, farhlo-hjftj mkstrkdukmas caha Skstjhls mj LokhjftlckfKfkftjrruhpkml (SLK), fa praparckaflf jf sus slok-mls afmls skfusakmlojs, caha ol praparckaflmlpar ol rjm joctrkcl, skfa afmls culmrlmls hamk-ekclmls (vjr ekiurl 3).
Mj jstl earhl js hucba hs sjfckool, y dlrltl, olrjlokzlckf mjo kfvjrsar, pjra pujmj pravaclr jf
oas kfstruhjftas hs saekstkclmas, caha oas armj-flmarjs pjrsaflojs, loiufas kfcafvjfkjftjs par olprjsjfckl mj lrhfkcls, pumkjfma kfcousa oojilr lmllr loif cahpafjftj.
Jo kfvjrsar quj lqu prjsjftlhas aerjcj jf suslokml ufl afml pjrejctlhjftj skfusakmlo y okdrjmj lrhfkcls.
Jstj rjsuotlma sj cafskiuj jxpoatlfma ol eufckf
Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
:
Ekiurl 4. Cafjctlfma uf plfjo saolr mj couols eatavaotlkcls l uf Caftrao lutahtkca plrl clril-marjs mj dltjrls sj adtkjfj uf Ijfjrlmar mj carrkjftj cahpojtlhjftj lutfaha quj pjrhktj ooj-vlr ol tjfskf mj rjm loo mafmj fa jst mkspafkdoj.
^lrl rjlokzlr ol lpokclckf hastrlml jf olekiurl 4 bly quj prjplrlr jo Caftraolmar plrlsjr lokhjftlma caf ol hkshl dltjrl mj Bz
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^YH (^uosj Ykmtb Hamuoltkaf) mjo hkcrapracjslmarS]9 OK]J, eufckf quj pjrhktj mj ijfjrlr uf khpuosamj afml culmrlml mj : vaot mj lhpoktum caf uf
muty-cycoj sjojcckafldoj.
^lrl cafsjiukr ufl pjrejctl afml skfusakmlo jfslokml sj plrtj tahlfma ufl skfusakmj mj :> 5>Bzy sj sudmkvkmj jf 4:5 puftas (vjr ekiurl =).
Jo vloar mj lhpoktum carrjspafmkjftj l clml ufa mjoas puftas mj ol skfusakmj js lohlcjflma mjftra mjo
hkcrapracjslmar mj earhl quj plrl clml puftaijfjrl uf vloar cafcrjta mj muty-cycoj.
Mj jstl earhl plrl clml ufa mj oas 4:5 puftas johkcrapracjslmar ijfjrl uf khpuosa mj afml cul-mrlml cuya muty-cycoj tjfmr ufl murlckf pra-parckaflo l ol lhpoktum mj ol skfusakmj jf clmlpufta.
Jstj hujstrja mj ol skfusakmj sj rjlokzl l ufl erj-cujfckl mj Bz (par jgjhpoa) y qujrjhastahlr 4:5 puftas, adtjfjhas quj jo vloar mj olerjcujfckl mj hujstrja tkjfj quj sjr kiulo l7
Erjcujfckl 8 :> Bz x 4:5 8 >Bz 8 Bz tlhdkf sj pujmj blcjr uf cocuoaskhkolr, adtjfkjfma ufl erjcujfckl mj trldlga mjBz.
Oas khpuosas jf earhl mj afml culmrlml ijfjrl-mas par jo hkcrapracjslmar sj jfvlf l uf ckrcuktaearhlma par 2 HASEJ] mj patjfckl (HAS^A-YJT) cafjctlmas jf ol coskcl cafekiurlckf mjpujftj. ]kjfjf ol eufckf mj caftraolr jo trlfsear-hlmar plrl earhlr ufl pjrejctl skfusakmj jf ol
slokml.
Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
5
Ekiurl 3. Ol hlyarl mj oas kfvjrsarjs mkspa-fkdojs jf jo hjrclma fa praparckaflf uflafml skfusakmlo skfa ufl afml culmrlmlhamkekclml caha ol quj sj hujstrl lqu.
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Fujstra kfvjrsar jst matlma mj ufl cahpojtlsjrkj mj caftraojs sadrj ol lhpoktum mj ol tjf-skf jf slokml, sadrj jo vloar mj ol carrkjftj pra-parckaflml l ol clril, sadrj ol tjhpjrlturl mjeufckaflhkjfta mj ol jtlpl mj patjfckl y sadrj jojstlma mj clril mj ol dltjrl.
Jo caftrao mj ol tjfskf suhkfkstrlml sj rjlokzladtjfkjfma ufl erlcckf mjo vloar mj pkca mj olskfusakmj mj slokml y jfvkfmaol lo CafvjrsarL/M mjo hkcra.
Sk jo vloar mj ol tjfskf jst par mjdlga a parjfckhl mjo fkvjo jstldojckma jo hkcrapracjslmarhamkekcl oas khpuosas ijfjrlmas luhjftlfma arjmuckjfma jo mutycycoj mj earhl quj jo vloar mjol tjfskf jf slokml vujovj lo vloar jstldojckma (+/-2%). Jstj caftrao pjrhktj hlftjfjr jo vloar mj oltjfskf mj slokml mjftra mj uf +/- 2% lufquj vlrjol ldsarckf mj carrkjftj mj ol clril a jo jstlmamj clril mj ol dltjrl.
Jo caftrao mj ol carrkjftj suhkfkstrlml jf slokml sjjejctl cafjctlfma jf sjrkj l ol clril ol jspkrlmj uf pjquja trlfsearhlmar (]4) jf cuya sjcuf-mlrka sj adtkjfj ufl tjfskf praparckaflo l olcarrkjftj quj oj ltrlvkjsl.
Jstl tjfskf js hlfmlml lo tjrhkflo CurrjftOaap mjo hkcra, quj kftjrvkjfj mjscafjctlfma jokfvjrsar jf culfta ol carrkjftj supjrl jo vloarhxkha pjrhktkma.
Jo caftrao mj ol tjhpjrlturl js rjlokzlma par uflF]C cafjctlml l ols lojtls mj mkskplckf mj oasHASEJ] mj patjfckl, hkjftrls quj jo caftrao mjojstlma mj ol dltjrl sj rjlokzl hafktarkzlfma ol
tjfskf prjsjftj jf sus caftlctas. Culoqukjr lfa-hlol quj sj pramuzcl js sjlolml hjmklftj ollctkvlckf mj uf zuhdlmar lcstkca y par jojfcjfmkma mj oas mkamas OJM carrjspafmkjftjs.
JS\ZJHL JOC]TKCA
Jf ol ekiurl : sj hujstrl jo jsqujhl joctrkca mjokfvjrsar. Jo carlzf mjo skstjhl jst cafstktukmapar jo hkcrapracjslmar S]9 OK]J (KC4), quj, plr-tkjfma mj oas 4:5 vloarjs caftjfkmas jf su hjha-rkl, pracjmj l ijfjrlr khpuosas ^YH, clml ufaclrlctjrkzlma par uf prjcksa vloar mj muty-cycojplrl cafstrukr ufl pjrejctl skfusakmj jf ol slokml.
Jstas khpuosas, adtjfkmas mjo tjrhkflo mj KC4,
saf hlfmlmas l oas kftjirlmas KC: j KC5, masKT.4
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
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Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl
Ekiurl :. Jsqujhl joctrkca mjo Kfvjrsar OR..Ol okstl mj oas cahpafjftjs jst rjpramuckml jf ol pikfl
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Jf jo sjiufma ckcoa, culfma jf jo tjrhkflo mjKC4 bly uf fkvjo oikca y : vaot, sj pra-mucj jf oas mas puftas cjftrlojs mjo pujftj (jftrjjo tjrhkflo 5 mj KC: y jo tjrhkflo 5 mj KC5) ufkhpuosa mj afml culmrlml cuyl lhpoktum jstcahprjfmkml jftrj +
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl
T< 8 >> abhT4 8 >> abhT3 8 >> abhT= 8 >> abhT: 8 =.9>> abhT5 8 abhT9 8 >> abhT2 8 =9.>>> abhT; 8 44.>>> abhT 8 >> abhT> abhT> abhT> abhT> abh
T> abhT abhT4> 8 >> abhT4< 8 :5> abhT44 8 >> abhT43 8 >> abhT4= 8 33.>>> abhT4: 8 4.4>> abh
T45 8 >> abhT49 8 >> abhT42 8 =.9>> abhT4; 8 =.9>> abhT3> 8 >> abhT3< 8 >> abhT34 8 =.9>> abhT33 8 abh (*)T3= 8 abh (*)T3: 8 abh (*)T35 8 abh (*)
T39 8 abh (*)T32 8 abh (*)T3; 8 abh (*)T=> 8 abh (*)T=< 8 =.9>> abh (*)T=4 8 abh > abhC< 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC4 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr
C3 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC= 8 hkcraE. jojctraotkcaC: 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC5 8 UC9 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr >>UC2 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr >>UC; 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC 8 E jojctraotkcaC.>>>pE paokstjrCE jojctraotkcaC>pE paokstjr (*)C>E jojctraotkca (*)
C.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C>E jojctraotkcaC>E jojctraotkca (*)C4> 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C4< 8 =9>.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C44 8 =9E jojctraotkca (*)C43 8 >E jojctraotkcaC4= 8 >E jojctraotkcaW< 8 Khpjmlfckl 34,:B (U@)W4 8 Khpjmlfckl 34,:B (U@)TS< 8 ^ujftj rjctkekclmar >U
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uf kftjrvloa mjo +/- 2% jo hkcra pracjmj kfstlft-fjlhjftj l hamkekclr su muty-cycoj plrl quj jovloar mj ol tjfskf jf ol slokml vujovl l su vloarfahkflo.
Jo caftrao mj ol carrkjftj hxkhl quj pujmj ltrl-
vjslr ol clril sj rjlokzl utkokzlfma uf sjfsar mjcarrkjftj cafstktukma par uf trlfsearhlmar (] 4)cuya prkhlrka jst earhlma par ufl fkcl jspkrlcafjctlml jf sjrkj l ol clril, y cuya sjcufmlrkajst cafjctlma l ol jftrlml fa kfvjrsarl mjo apj-
rlckaflo KC3-D. Ol slokml mj jstj lhpokekclmar jst
Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz
Ekiurl 9. Ol sjlo ^YHprjsjftj jf jo tjrhkflo
mj KC4 sj lpokcl, mjselslml, l oas mas kftjirlmas
KC:-KC5 quj pracjmjf lcaftraolr lotjrfltkvlhjftj
mas mj ols cultra plrjglsmj HAS^AYJT. Jf jo prk-hjra mj oas mas ckcoas ol
sjlo ^YH jst l fkvjooikca >. Jf jstls cafmk-
ckafjs ol tjfskf mj oas
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cafjctlml lo cahplrlmar earhlma par oas mas apj-rlckaflojs KC=/L j KC=/D. Jf cafmkckafjs farhlojsmj eufckaflhkjfta ol slokml mjo cahplrlmar jst lfkvjo oikca >. Lbarl dkjf, jf culfta sj pramucj uflsadrjclril ol tjfskf pramuckml par jo trlfsearhlmar]4 y lhpokekclml par jo apjrlckaflo KC3-D pravacl
quj ol slokml mjo cahplrlmar plsj l fkvjo oikca C sj mjslctkvl jo ckrcukta mj patjfckl y sjjfckjfmj jo mkama OJM AUJT]JH^.
Ol hafktarkzlckf mj ol tjfskf mj ol dltjrl sjrjlokzl adtjfkjfma ol tjfskf jf sus caftlctashjmklftj jo mkvksar earhlma par ols rjskstjfcklsT9-T2-T; y cafjctfmaoa lo tjrhkflo = mj KC4.
Ol lolrhl sj lctkvl culfma ol tjfskf mj ol dltjrlsupjrl oas
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
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Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz
Ekiurl . Jsqujhl prctkca mj haftlgj mj ol tlrgjtl dlsj mjo Kfvjrsar OR.. Caha sj pujmj adsjr-vlr jf ol plrtj supjrkar, jftrj oas mas madojs cafjctarjs elstaf hlcba utkokzlmas plrl ol cafjxkf l oldltjrl mj
lhpjrj kfcoukma jf jo `kt.
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hkjftrls quj oas +: vaot fjcjslrkas plrl ol lokhjftl-ckf mjo hkcra KC4 y mjo kftjirlma KC< sj adtkjfjf ltrlvs mj uf rjiuolmar mj tjfskf O92>: (KC9).
TJLOKWLCKF ^TC]KCL OR.
Lufquj jf uf prkhjr hahjfta pujmj plrjcjr mkecko,jo haftlgj mj jstj ckrcukta fa prjsjftl fkfiufl mkek-cuotlm sk sj rjlokzl jo haftlgj caf ols kfmkclckafjsquj jxpafjhas l caftkfulckf.
Jo kfvjrsar utkokzl trjs ckrcuktas khprjsas, OR.,OR./L y OR./D, tamas mj madoj clrl caftlolmras hjtlokzlmas.
Cahjfzlhas ol mjscrkpckf caf jo ckrcukta khprjsa
OR. (vjl ol ekiurl ), cuya haftlgj pujmjjhpjzlr caf ol kfstlolckf mj oas zcloas plrl oasckrcuktas kftjirlmas KC
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elstaf. Jo haftlgj mj jstj ckrcukta khprjsa sjcahpojtl kftramuckjfma, jf su carrjspafmkjftjzcloa, jo kftjirlma KC:, arkjftlfma su hujscl mjrjejrjfckl jf earhl Z tlo y caha sj kfmkcl jf olekiurl
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
5
Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl
Ekiurl
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
9
Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz
Ekiurl
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
2
Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl
Ekiurl
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^ar otkha sj blf mj saomlr ols khpjmlfckls W< y W4,prkhjra par jo olma mj oas cahpafjftjs y oujia par joolma mj ols pkstls mj cadrj.
HAF]LGJ jf jo ILDKFJ]J
Ol prkhjrl elsj mjo haftlgj cafskstj jf ol ekglckfmjekfktkvl, jf jo eafma mjo hujdoj, mj ols lojtls mjrjerkijrlckf caf sus ckrcuktas khprjsas (OR./L yOR./D) utkokzlfma oas tarfkooas hjtokcas y oassjplrlmarjs mj 4> hh.
Lbarl bly quj oaclokzlr oas 4 cldojs mj sjcckfhlyar mjo trlfsearhlmar ]< (prkhlrka) y, ufl vjzpjolmls ols puftls, kftramuckrols jf liugjras carrjs-pafmkjftjs mj oas ckrcuktas khprjsas OR./L yOR./D (ekiurl hh quj mjdjf ufkrsj mas l masplrl earhlr = sjplrlmarjs mj 5> hh (ekiurl
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lojtls mjo ildkfjtj a hujdoj y jejctulr, l caftk-fulckf, tamls ols cafjxkafjs kfmkclmls jf olsekiurls y 4>.
Oas cldojs pracjmjftjs mjo kftjrruptar mj jfcjf-mkma S< sj cafjctlf l oas carrjspafmkjftjs tjrhk-
flojs tkpa pkf, hkjftrls quj oas 3 cldojs pracj-mjftjs mj ol tahl mj slokml mj vaot sjcafjctlf l ol dlrrl, darfjrl a cojhl mj 3 paoasprjsjftj jf jo olma kzqukjrma mjo ckrcukta (H4 ),tjfkjfma hucba cukmlma jf fa kftjrclhdklroas.
Ol elsj skiukjftj mjo haftlgj cafskstj jf cafjxkfmj ols mas plrjgls mj cldojs hlrclmas caf oasfhjras < y 4 l oas carrjspafmkjftjs tjrhkflojstkpa pkf mj ols tlrgjtls OR./L y OR./D y mjol F]C kfstlolml jf ol lojtl mj mjrjcbl (vjrEki.), tjfkjfma prjsjftj quj jstj cahpafjftj
fa tkjfj paolrkmlm, par oa quj sus tjrhkflojs puj-mjf cafjctlrsj jf culoqukjr sjftkma.
Lbarl sj blf mj cafjctlr oas mas cldojs mjo sjcuf-mlrka mjo trlfsearhlmar l ol cojhl mj 4 paoassktulml l ol mjrjcbl mjo ckrcukta khprjsa (HBz
Ekiurl
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HZCBL L]JFCKF! Jf ol rjm joctrkcl jo tjrhk-flo mj tkjrrl sujoj jstlr cafjctlma l uf ckrcukta mjpratjcckf mkejrjfcklo lftj cartackrcuktas. ujstaquj jo kfvjrsar fa jst cafjctlma l ol rjm joc-trkcl jstl pratjcckf fa sj utkokzl. Bly quj tjfjrhucba cukmlma plrl fufcl pafjr jf caftlcta oastjrhkflojs mj ol tahl mj slokml mj vaot.
Js rjcahjfmldoj quj lftjs mj cafjctlr culoqukjrclril jf ol slokml sj vjrkekquj, caf uf tstjr, qujol tjfskf praparckaflml jf ol slokml jst cah-prjfmkml jftrj vaot+/- 2%, cafekrhlfmatlhdkf mj jstl earhl quj jo haftlgj bl skma rjl-okzlma carrjctlhjftj.
^TJCKA mj TJLOKWLCKF
Fujvl Jojctrfkcl cahjrcklokzl jo OR.7 Jo
casta mj tamas oas cahpafjftjs fjcjslrkas plrl
ol rjlokzlckf mj ol jtlpl dlsj mjo Kfvjrsar (ekiurl) y mj ols mas tlrgjtls OR./L y OR./D(ekiurl .
HA.7 Jo prjcka mjo ildkfjtj caf oas plfjojseraftlo y trlsjra pjrearlmas y sjrkirleklmas, kfcou-yjfma 4 lojtls mj rjerkijrlckf js mjo armjf mj oas$3:>.OR.7 Ckrcukta khprjsa7 $. Jf jstl eatairlel sj hujstrl jo kftjrkar mjo hujdoj ufl vjz rjlokzlmls ols cafjxkafjs jftrjtamas oas cahpafjftjs. Jf jo plfjo pastjrkar sj pujmjf lprjcklr ols mas iahls plslcldojs par mafmj
sj blf mj blcjr plslr oas cldojs caf oas madojs cafjctarjs elstaf utkokzlmas plrl ol cafjxkf l ol dltj-rl mj
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C H A MJ S C L T I L T J O CM JR C O Z S K U A ^L T L OJ C ]A T J S M J SL D J T JO J C ] T F K C L
CM7 Cursa mj ]cfkca jf Jfjril SaolrJmktarklo \ulr` STO, Sldjr Kftjrflckaflo S.L. mj CU, jo Coud SJ y ol Tjvkstl SldjrJojctrfkcl prjsjftlf jstj fujva pramucta huotkhjmkl. Caha ojctar mj Sldjr
Jojctrfkcl pujmj mjsclrilr jstj CM mjsmj fujstrl pikfl wjd, irldlr ol khlijf jfuf mksca vkrijf y rjlokzlr jo cursa quj sj prapafj. ^lrl rjlokzlr ol mjsclril tkjfj qujtjfjr jstl rjvkstl lo loclfcj mj su hlfa, mlma quj sj oj blrf prjiuftls sadrj su caf-tjfkma. ^lrl rjlokzlr ol mjsclril, vlyl lo sktka7 www.wjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr, blil cokc`jf jo cafa plsswarm j kfirjsj ol colvj ]JCSAO4=>. Mjdjr kfirjslr su mkrjcckfmj carrja jojctrfkca y, sk yl jst rjikstrlma, mj kfhjmklta pamr rjlokzlr ol mjsclrilskiukjfma ols kfstrucckafjs quj sj kfmkqujf. Sk fa jst rjikstrlma, sj oj jfvklr l suclskool mj carrja ol mkrjcckf mj mjsclril (rjikstrlrsj jf wjdjojctrafkcl js irltukta ytamas oas sackas pasjjf djfjekckas).
Jstj CM sj jfcujftrl mkvkmkma jf oas skiukjf-tjs 3 hmuoas7
Hmuoa
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
Oucjs Lftk Jfclfmkolhkjfta LutahtkclsDkjf sldkma js oa haojsta y pjokirasa quj js sjr jfclfmkolma lo
cafmuckr jo cacbj. ^jra olhjftldojhjftj clml vjz hls cafmuc-
tarjs khprumjftjs y hlo jmuclmas ckrcuolf caf ols oucjs olrils
jfcjfmkmls tama jo tkjhpa skf khpartlroj uf dojma ol sjiurkmlm
prapkl y mj qukjf vkjfj mj erjftj a qukjf tkjfj lmjolftj.
Sadrj uf trldlga pudokclma jf www.pldokf.cah
J
stj prctkca mkspasktkva lccka-
fl jo rjo lo mjtjctlr ufl eujf-
tj mj ouz sadrj su sjfsar (joOMT). ^asjj uf prjsjt a patjfck-
hjtra quj pjrhktj lgustlr ol sjfskdk-
okmlm ouhfkcl pjrhktkjfma jstldoj-
cjr caf prjckskf jo pufta mj lccka-
flhkjfta mj ols oucjs lftk jfclfmk-
olhkjfta. Jf jo clsa mj ols oucjs
eraftlojs pujmjf utkokzlrsj oas elras
olrias prapkas mjo vjbcuoa, jf clh-
dka, plrl ols oucjs trlsjrls sjr
fjcjslrka lirjilr oucjs mj patjfckl
lpuftlmls blckl ltrs. Mj jstlearhl, clml vjz quj uf cafmuctar
fas jfclfmkoj (yl sjl par mjolftj a
par mjtrs) jstj skstjhl oj rjspaf-
mjr jfclfmkofmaoa l o mjo hksha
hama.
Js apartufa lcolrlr quj jstj tkpa
mj jqukpas pujmj jstlr prabkdkma jf
loiufls rjikafjs, skjhprj js hjgar
lsjsarlrsj jf ufl lclmjhkl mj
jmuclckf vklo a jf
ols lutarkmlmjs
cahpjtjftjs.
Ol mjtjcckf
mj ol ouz js rjlokzl-
ml par jo rjskstar
OMT, jo culo vlrl
su rjskstjfckl jf
eufckf l ol ouz
lpokclml sadrj su
cpsuol. Jstj js
uf OMT tpkca mj
`!clhdklr jo
jstlma mj su slok-
ml mj >U l +U.
Jsta lcckafl ol
dlsj mjo trlfskstar
mj slokml, jo culo
caftraol jo rjo joculo lcckafl ols
oucjs.
Ftjsj quj,
culfma jo cafmuc-
tar quj fas jfclf-
mko dlgj ols oucjs
jo skstjhl lutah-
tkclhjftj mjglr
mj rjspafmjroj. !
HAF]LGJ
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Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
5
Kftramucckf
Fujstrl eujftj eufckafl caf rjiuol-ckf parquj ol sjlo mj jxcktlckf ha-mkekcl jo tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm mj hama mjhlftjfjr rjiuolmls ols eujftjs mj -34y +34U (jf rjlokmlm soa sj pujmj hlf-tjfjr rjiuolml ufl0 ol atrl sj rjiuol lu-tahtkclhjftj). ^lrl oairlr quj oleujftj rjiuoj l hxkhl clril bly quj
jxcktlrol caf uf pjrama mj lctkvkmlmmjo :>%, dlglr ol tjfskf mj eujftj farjiuolml l 4:>U, cafjctlroj ol clrilhxkhl y adsjrvlr quj sj ijfjrjf3:U, 35U a hls mj slokml.
Oujia clhdklr jo tkjhpa mj lctkvk-mlm l hlfa y adsjrvlr quj lgustj jf34U mj slokml. ^jra culfma jo tkjhpamj lctkvkmlm sj rjmucj fa pujmj blcjr-oa jf culoqukjr hahjfta, mjdj ijfjrlr
ufl sjlo mj jxcktlckf skhtrkcl plrlfa mjearhlr ol sjlo mj oas sjcufml-rkas. Jsta cahpokcl jo ijfjrlmar mj ha-ma quj bly quj utkokzlr mas cahplrlma-rjs plrl rjsaovjroa luf skf jhpojlr hsquj ols oolvjs caftraolmls par tjfskfmjo Huotkskh.
Fujstra prkhjr plsa vl l sjr rjsao-vjr jo eufckaflhkjfta lo hxkha tkjhpamj lctkvkmlm (:>%) y pastjrkarhjftj rj-
Jf ol jftrjil lftjrkar bldlhas jojikma ol tapaoail hslmjculml plrl fujstrl eujftj caf uf sjhkpujftj y ufleujftj plrtkml. ^jra jsl tjcfaoail rjqukjrj ufl sjlo mjjxcktlckf mj ols oolvjs huy jspjcklo. Jf jstj lrtcuoa,vlhas l mjslrraoolr jo ckrcukta ijfjrlmar mj jsl jxcktlckf,jf ufl skhuolckf jf huotkskh y vlhas l pradlr su euf -ckaflhkjfta caf uf trlfsearhlmar caf sjcufmlrka mj clrilplrl quj jftrjiuj 34U plrtkjfma mj ufl rjm mj 44>/
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Ijfjrlmar mj Jxcktlckf
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
9
saovjr jo jxcktlmar plrl quj rjiuoj l34U.
Ol Cafmkckf mj Hxkhlmj ol Eujftj
Jf fujstra cursa vlhas skjhprjmjsmj oa hs skhpoj l oa hs cahpoj-ga. Jf prkfckpka vlhas l rjsaovjr jo pra-dojhl plrl uf lhpokekclmar hafaefk-ca mj 5>Y y oujia jf atrls jftrjils,sjiukrjhas rjmksjlfma plrl vjr sk ooj-ilhas l oas Y quj pjrhktlf lok-hjftlr uf skstjhl jstjrjaefkca. ^lrlpamjr jxcktlr l uf skstjhl hafa mj5>Y par clflo0 ol tjfskf clocuolml mjeujftj js mj +34U y -34U lpraxkhlml-
hjftj oa quj khpokcl ufl carrkjftj mjeujftj pasktkvl a fjiltkvl mj 3>Y/34U8 >,;L. ^jra lo rjlokzlr ol prujdl mjhxkhl, ol slokml mj eujftj mjdj jstlrjxcjmkml0 sjr mj 35U par jgjhpoa yjftafcjs ol carrkjftj vl l sjr hjfar03>Y/35U 8 >,23L. Oa khpartlftj jsclocuolr ol rjskstjfckl mj clril cahamj 35U/>,23L 8 =3 Abhs. ^lrl blcjrol vjrkekclckf sadrj ol eujftj pasktkvlsj jftrjil ufl patjfckl mj 35U.>,23L8 3>Y quj suhlmas l oas 3>Y mj ol
eujftj fjiltkvl blcjf oas 5>Y mj
fujstra lhpokekclmar. Caf jstas mltaslrhlhas ol skhuolckf mj fujstra otk-ha ckrcukta caf mas rjskstarjs mj clrilmj =3 Abh.
Jo ckrcukta mjo sjcufmlrka (vjr ekiu-rl % plrl jvk-
tl quj sj pramuzcl uf saolplhkjfta mjols sjlojs mj iltj y sj jfckjfmlf oasmas HASEJ] lo hksha tkjhpa, oa qujpramuckrl uf cartackrcukta hahjft-fja mj eujftj l hlsl, caf uf sjiuramjtjrkara mj oas hkshas.
Jf culfta l ol earhl mj sjlo mjprkhlrka y sjcufmlrka sj pujmj adsjr-vlr jf ol ekiurl 4 ol sjlo prkhlrkl ol ta-hlhas sadrj jo prkhlrka y ol sjlo mjodadkflma kfejrkar caf rjejrjfckl l olhlsl lksolml.
Jo ojctar pujmj adsjrvlr ol pjrejc-tl skhjtrl mj ols earhls mj sjlo y olokhpkjzl mj ol sjlo mj sjcufmlrka. Joasckoairlhl mjo dadkflma supjrkar jsufl rjpokcl kfvjrtkml mjo asckoairlhlhastrlma.
]lhdkf js cafvjfkjftj adsjrvlrquj jo dadkflma prkhlrka jstl jxcktlmacaf ufl sjlo pjrejctlhjftj lotjrflmljs mjckr caf uf vloar hjmka kiulo l cj-ra oa quj fas pjrhktj lpravjcblr tamlsols clrlctjrstkcls mjo fcoja.
Lbarl mjdjhas jxcktlr jo hkshackrcukta pjra caf ufl sjlo quj tjfilpjrkamas mj lctkvkmlm hs cartas skfpjrmjr su vloar hjmka fuoa0 oa quj rj-qukjrj jo usa mj uf ckrcukta cahplrl-mar rpkma y uf ijfjrlmar mj afml
trklfiuolr.
Ekiurl 4 - Asckoairlhls mj ol eujftj.
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Lumka
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
2
Ekiurl 3 - Jxcktlmar caf pjrama mj lctkvkmlm vlrkldoj.
Ekiurl = - Asckoairlhl lo :>% mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm U 8 :U.
Ekiurl : - Asckoairlhl lo =>% mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm U 8 =U.
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Ijfjrlmar mj Jxcktlckf
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
;
Ckrcukta Jxcktlmar Skhuolma
Jf ol ekiurl 3 sj pujmj adsjrvlr jockrcukta skhuolma mjo jxcktlmar mj olsoolvjs caftraolml par tjfskf, caf pj-rkama mj lctkvkmlm vlrkldoj caf uf pa-
tjfckhjtra.Oa kmjlo plrl jftjfmjr jo eufckafl-
hkjfta mj jstj jxcktlmar js adsjrvlrols sjlojs mj caftrao mj ols oolvjs l mk-ejrjftjs pjramas mj lctkvkmlm, quj rj-suotlf tjfjr ufl earhl mj afml huyplrtkcuolr plrl cafsjrvlr ol skhjtrl,quj ilrlftkcj quj ol sjlo sadrj jo
trlfsearhlmar sjl lotjrfl (js mjckr cafvloar hjmka kiulo l cjra).
Caha jo pjrama mj lctkvkmlm mj-pjfmj mj ol tjfskf caftkful jftrjilmlcaf jo patjfckhjtra, vlhas l caoaclroas asckoairlhls gufta caf ol tjfskf y
jo pjrkama mj lctkvkmlm. Ujl ol ekiurl =.Lbarl quj sj sldj caha mjdj sjr
ol sjlo ijfjrlml sj pujmj lflokzlrcaha blcj jo ckrcukta plrl ijfjrlrollflokzlfma jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiurl 3. Jockrcukta js, jf ckjrta hama, skhkolr lohamuolmar ^YH mj fujstra lhpokekcl-mar mj lumka pjra cafskmjrlfma quj sj
mjdj ijfjrlr ufl sjlo caf vloar hj-mka fuoa. Js jvkmjftj quj ols oolvjs mj-djf jstlr jxcktlmls par mkejrjftjs sj-lojs y par jsa sj utkokzlf oas mas cah-plrlmarjs.
Jo ckrcukta mj slokml mj oas cahplrl-
marjs js kiulo y cafskstj saoa jf uf rj-skstar mj % mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm tjfskf U 8 4U.
Ekiurl 9 - Eufckaflhkjfta mjo cahplrlmar kfejrkar.
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Lumka
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
3
caf elsj mkrjctl y jf ol jftrlml - mjocahplrlmar kfejrkar ol slokml kfvjrtkml.Ol tjfskf caftkful mjo patjfckhjtraapjrl caha jgj mj rjcartj mj ols afmlstrklfiuolrjs, tlo caha pujmj adsjrvlr-sj jf jo asckoairlhl mj ol ekiurl 9.
Jf ol ekiurl 2 sj pujmj adsjrvlr joasckolirlhl mjo cahplrlmar supjrkarquj fas pjrhktj jftjfmjr cha sj ij-fjrl jo atra puosa mj slokml.
Caha ols afmls trklfiuolrjs jstfmjselslmls tlhdkf oa jstlrf olssjlojs mj slokml mj oas cahplrlmarjs.
Carrjspafmj lcolrlr quj ol sjfskdk-okmlm mj ol hamuolckf js eckohjftjhamkekcldoj clhdklfma jo vloar plp mjol afml trklfiuolr.
\u ^lsl Culfma ols masOolvjs Jstf Ldkjrtls1
Acurrj quj jo prkhlrka qujml ca-fjctlma l lotl khpjmlfckl y jsa fa jscafvjfkjftj. Ol saouckf mjo pradojhl
sj cafskiuj utkokzlfma mas mkamas ca-fjctlmas sadrj ols oolvjs caftraolmlspar tjfskf sjif jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiu-rl ;.
Caf jstas mas mkamas, sk ol carrkjf-tj fa ckrcuol par ols oolvjs jf mkrjcckfblckl ldlga0 ckrcuol par oas mkamas jfmkrjcckf blckl lrrkdl, pjra skjhprjbly uf ckrcukta cjrrlma plrl jvktlr olssadrjtjfskafjs sadrj jo dadkflma prk-hlrka.
Cafcouskafjs
Mj jstj hama yl tjfjhas rjsujotajo ckrcukta sjcufmlrka y ol jxcktlckf mjockrcukta prkhlrka. Jf ol prxkhl jftrjilvlhas l ufkr oas mas ckrcuktas plrl vj-
rkekclr jo eufckaflhkjfta y ol paskdkokmlmmj rjiuolckf. ^astjrkarhjftj rjjhpol-zlrjhas ols oolvjs caftraolmls par tjf-skf par oas HASEJ] quj yl jojikhasy mksjlrjhas jo mrkvjr mj oas hkshas.
^ar jo hahjfta trldlglhas caf uftrlfsearhlmar skhuolma, pjra ojs lvksl-has l oas ojctarjs mj Lrijftkfl quj yljstlhas jf caftlcta caf mkstrkdukmarjsmj hltjrklo mj ejrrktj plrl ol cafstruc-
ckf mjo cahpafjftj mjekfktkva. !
Ekiurl ; - Lirjilma mj oas mka -
mas rjcupjrlmarjs.
Ekiurl 2 - Eufckaflhkjfta mjo
cahplrlmar supjrkar
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HLFZLOJS ]CFKCAS
Jfjril Saolr]K^AS MJ JFJTIL - CJOMLS SAOLTJS EA]AUAO]LKCLS
EZFCKAFLHKJF]A [ CAFS]TZCCKF
]lo caha jfcaftrlhas jf ols jfckcoapjmkls, ol jfjril saolr js ol jfjril adtjfk-ml hjmklftj ol clptlckf mj ol ouz y jo cloar jhktkmas par jo Sao. Ol rlmklckf saolrquj loclfzl ol ]kjrrl pujmj lpravjcblrsj par hjmka mjo cloar quj pramucj l trl-vs mj ol ldsarckf mj ol rlmklckf, par jgjhpoa jf mkspasktkvas ptkcas a mj atratkpa. Js ufl mj ols oolhlmls jfjrils rjfavldojs, plrtkcuolrhjftj mjo irupa facaftlhkflftj, cafackma caha jfjril okhpkl a jfjril vjrmj. Sk dkjf, lo ekflo mjsu vkml tko, oas plfjojs eatavaotlkcas pujmjf supafjr uf rjskmua caftlhkflftjmkeckohjftj rjckcoldoj lo ml mj bay. Ol patjfckl mj ol rlmklckf vlrl sjif johahjfta mjo ml, ols cafmkckafjs lthaserkcls quj ol lhartkiulf y ol oltktum. Sjpujmj lsuhkr quj jf dujfls cafmkckafjs mj krrlmklckf jo vloar js supjrkar l oas:>> wltt par clml hjtra culmrlma mj supjrekckj sadrj jo fkvjo mjo sujoa. L jstlpatjfckl sj ol cafacj caha krrlmklfckl. Ols cjomls a couols saolrjs saf mkspask-tkvas quj cafvkjrtjf jfjril saolr jf jojctrkckmlm, yl sjl mkrjctlhjftj vl jo jejc-ta eatavaotlkca, a kfmkrjctlhjftj hjmklftj ol prjvkl cafvjrskf mj jfjril saolr lcloar a l jfjril quhkcl. Ol earhl hs cahf mj ols cjomls saolrjs sj dlsl jfjo jejcta eatavaotlkca, jf jo culo ol ouz quj kfckmj sadrj uf mkspasktkva sjhkcaf-
muctar mj mas clpls pramucj ufl mkejrjfckl mjo eatavaotlgj a mjo patjfcklo jftrjols clpls. Jstj vaotlgj js clplz mj cafmuckr ufl carrkjftj l trlvs mj uf ckrcuktajxtjrfa mj hama mj pramuckr trldlga tko.
Kfearhj ^rjplrlma par Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojga
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]kpas mj Jfjril
Lftjs mj cahjfzlr caf jo
mjslrraooa mj ol jfjril saolr,
vjrjhas ufl kftramucckf l oas
mkstkftas tkpas mj jfjril, su mjek-fkckf y cha sj ols jhpojl7
Jf eskcl, jfjrilsj mjekfj caha olclplckmlm plrl rjlok -zlr uf trldlga.
Sk hkrlhas l fujs-
tra lorjmjmar sj vj
quj ols polftls crj-
cjf, oas lfkhlojs sjhujvjf y quj ols
hqukfls y bjrrl-
hkjftls blcjf
hucbls tlrjls. ]amls
jstls lctkvkmlmjs
fjcjsktlf jfjril.
Ol jfjril js ufl
prapkjmlm mj oas adgj-
tas y sustlfckls y quj
sj vj jf ols trlfsear-
hlckafjs quj acurrjf
jf ol flturlojzl.
Ol jfjril sj
hlfkekjstl jf oas clh-
dkas eskcas, par jgjh-
poa, lo jojvlr uf adgjta,
trlfspartlroa, mjear-
hlroa a clojftlroa.
Ol jfjril jst
prjsjftj tlhdkf jf
oas clhdkas quhkcas,
caha lo qujhlr uf
traza mj hlmjrl a jfol mjscahpaskckf mj
liul hjmklftj ol
carrkjftj joctrkcl. Ol
ekiurl < hujstrl uf
jsqujhl quj jgjhpok-
ekcl jo ckcoa mj ol jfjril.
Jo Cafcjpta mj Jfjril
Jf ol eskcl, ol ojy ufkvjrslo mjcafsjrvlckf mj ol jfjril, quj
js ol dlsj plrl jo prkhjr prkfckpka
mj ol tjrhamkfhkcl, kfmkcl quj ol
jfjril okilml l uf skstjhl lksol-
ma pjrhlfjcj jf jo tkjhpa. Fa
adstlftj, ol tjarl mj ol rjoltkvkmlm
jspjcklo jstldojcj ufl jqukvlojf-
ckl jftrj hlsl y jfjril par olculo tamas oas cujrpas, par jo
bjcba mj jstlr earhlmas mj hltj-
rkl, caftkjfjf jfjril0 lmjhs,
pujmjf pasjjr jfjril lmkckaflo
quj sj mkvkmj cafcjptulohjftj jf
vlrkas tkpas sjif ols prapkjml-
mjs mjo skstjhl quj sj cafskmj-rjf (ekiurl 4). ^ar jgjhpoa, ol
jfjril ckftkcl sj culftkekcl
sjif jo havkhkjfta mj ol hltj-
rkl, ol jfjril quhkcl sjif ol
cahpaskckf quhkcl, ol jfjril
patjfcklo sjif prapkjmlmjs
caha jo jstlma mj mjearhlckf a
l ol paskckf mj ol hltjrkl jf rjol-ckf caf ols eujrzls quj lctlf
sadrj jool y ol jfjr-
il trhkcl sjif jo
jstlma tjrhamkfhk-
ca.
Ol jfjril fa js uf
jstlma eskca rjlo, fk
ufl "sustlfckl kftlf-
ikdoj" skfa soa ufl
hlifktum jsclolr
quj sj oj lskifl lojstlma mjo skstjhl
eskca, js mjckr, ol
jfjril js ufl
bjrrlhkjftl a lds-
trlcckf hltjhtkcl
mj ufl prapkjmlm mj
oas skstjhls eskcas.
^ar jgjhpoa, sj
pujmj mjckr quj uf
skstjhl caf jfjril
ckftkcl fuol jst jf
rjpasa. Sj utkokzl
caha ufl ldstrlc-
ckf mj oas skstjhls
eskcas par ol elckok-
mlm plrl trldlglr
caf hlifktumjs
jsclolrjs, jf cah-
plrlckf caf ols
hlifktumjs vjcta-
rklojs caha ol vjoa-
ckmlm a ol paskckf.
^ar jgjhpoa, jfhjcfkcl, sj pujmj
mjscrkdkr cahpojtl-
hjftj ol mkfhkcl
mj uf skstjhl jf
eufckf mj ols jfjr-
ils ckftkcl, patjfcklo, quj cah-
pafjf ol jfjril hjcfkcl, quj
jf ol hjcfkcl fjwtafklfl tkjfj
ol prapkjmlm mj cafsjrvlrsj, js
mjckr, sjr kfvlrklftj jf jo tkjhpa.
Hltjhtkclhjftj, ol cafsjr-vlckf mj ol jfjril plrl uf sks-
Hlfulojs ]cfkcas
Hlfulojs ]cfkcas
Ekiurl ,4% jf uf pjrama mj 3> las. Ol
kftjfskmlm mj jfjril rjlo mkspafk-
doj jf ol supjrekckj tjrrjstrj js
hjfar quj ol cafstlftj saolr mjdk-
ma l ol ldsarckf y l ol mkspjrskf
mj ol rlmklckf quj arkikfl ol kftj-
rlcckf mj oas eatafjs caf ol
lthsejrl.
Ol kftjfskmlm mj jfjril saolrmkspafkdoj jf uf pufta mjtjrhkfl-
ma mj ol ]kjrrl mjpjfmj, mj earhl
cahpokclml pjra prjmjckdoj, mjo ml
mjo la, mj ol barl y mj ol oltktum.
Lmjhs, ol clftkmlm mj jfjril
saolr quj pujmj rjcaijrsj mjpjf-
mj mj ol arkjftlckf mjo mkspasktkva
rjcjptar.
Jo bahdrj pujmj trlfsearhlr ol
jfjril saolr jf jfjril trhkcl a
joctrkcl (ekiurl 4>). Jf jo prkhjr
clsa ol jfjril saolr js lpravj-
cblml plrl jojvlr ol tjhpjrlturl
mj uf eoukma, caha par jgjhpoa jo
liul. [ jf jo sjiufma clsa ol
jfjril ouhkfasl mjo Sao js trlfs-
partlml par sus eatafjs
mj ouz, kfckmj sadrj ol
supjrekckj mj uf hltjrklo
s j h k c a f m u c t a r, jgjhpoa7
jo skokcka quj earhl ols
couols eatavaotlkcls,
eldrkclmls plrl qujhjmklftj mj stls oas
caojctarjs saolrjs clptjf
ol jfjril y pujmlf lohl-
cjflrol jf oas lcuhuol-
marjs, pramuckjfma jo
havkhkjfta mj ckjrtas
jojctrafjs quj cahpafjf
ol jstructurl lthkcl mj ol
hltjrkl.
Zf havkhkjfta mj
jojctrafjs pramucj uflcarrkjftj joctrkcl quj sj
utkokzl caha eujftj mj jfjril mj
cahpafjftjs joctrkcas a dkjf
jojctrfkcas. Js jo clsa mjo prkfck-
pka mj eufckaflhkjfta mj ols clocu-
olmarls saolrjs.
Jstls cjftrlojs mj jfjril
saolr jstf jf tama jo hufma. Jfoltktumjs mj 5>, clml hjtra cul-
mrlma mj uf caojctar saolr rjckdj
ufas hko `koawltt / barl mj jfjril
saolr jf uf la y pujmj uslr lpra-
xkhlmlhjftj ol hktlm mj jsl jfjr-
il plrl clojftlr liul. Jf oltktumjs
mj 3:, uf caojctar plrjckma rjckdj
jo madoj.
Jfjril Eatavaotlkcl
Oas skstjhls mj jfjril eata-
vaotlkcl pjrhktjf ol trlfsearhlckf
mj ol ouz saolr jf jfjril joctrkcl,
js mjckr, ol cafvjrskf mj ufl plr-
tcuol ouhkfasl caf jfjril (eatf)
jf ufl jfjril jojctrahatrkz (vao-
tlkcl).
Jo jojhjfta prkfckplo mj uf sks-
tjhl mj jfjril eatavaotlkcl js ol
couol eatajoctrkcl, uf mkspasktkva
cafstrukma mj skokcka (jxtrlma mj ol
lrjfl cahf).
Oas plfjojs saolrjs jstf
cafstktukmas par ckjftas mj jstls
cjomls quj, cafjctlmls jf earhl
lmjculml, suhkfkstrlf tjfskafjs
suekckjftjs plrl, par jgjhpoa, ol
rjclril mj ufls dltjrls. ]kjfjf
utkokmlm jf hotkpojs clhpas,
mjsmj jo hdkta mahstkca, blstl
oas sltoktjs lrtkekcklojs.
Culfma ol jfjril ouhkfaslkfckmj jf ol couol eatajoctrkcl,
jxkstj uf mjsprjfmkhkjfta mj jojc-
trafjs mj oas tahas quj cahkjf-
zlf l ckrcuolr okdrjhjftj jf jo
hltjrklo. Sk hjmkhas jo vaotlgj
jxkstjftj jftrj oas mas jxtrjhas
mjo hltjrklo (pasktkva y fjiltkva)
adsjrvlrjhas quj jxkstj ufl mkej-
rjfckl mj patjfcklo jftrj >,: y >,5
vaot.
Sk oj lpokclhas ufl clril joc-trkcl, vjrjhas quj js paskdoj adtj-
fjr ufl carrkjftj mj 42 hkoklhpjr
par clml cjfthjtra culmrlma kou-
hkflma. Bjhas cafvjrtkma jo mks-
pasktkva jf ufl jspjckj mj dltjrl
joctrkcl, quj pjrhlfjcjr lpar-
tlfma jfjril kfmjekfkmlhjftj jf
tlfta rjckdl kouhkflckf.
^jra jstl pjqujl clftkmlm mj
jfjril js kfsuekckjftj j kftko, sk fa
sahas clplcjs mj adtjfjr hlya-
rjs vaotlgjs y carrkjftjs quj pjrhk-
tlf lpokclckafjs prctkcls. ^lrl
jooa sj mksjlf jf clml adojl ckjf-
tas mj mkamas, oas culojs, kftjrca-
fjctlmas jf sjrkj y plrlojoa saf
clplcjs mj suhkfkstrlr
tjfskafjs mj vlrkas vaotkas,
ls caha carrkjftjs mjo
armjf mj lhpjrkas.
Jstj skstjhl dskca mj
ijfjrlckf mj jfjril par
hjmka mj ol ouz saolr,pujmj adtjfjr uf rjfmk-
hkjfta hlyar sk sj mkspa-
fjf mkspasktkvas mj caftrao
lmjculmas.
^astjrkarhjftj, ol jfjril
adtjfkml mjdj sjr lohlcj-
flml plrl quj pujml sjr
utkokzlml par ol facbj, jf
quj ol lusjfckl mj ouz fa
pjrhktj su adtjfckf
mkrjctl. Oas plfjojs saol-rjs pujmjf lcapolrsj jf
Jfjril Saolry Cjomls Saolrjs
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
Ekiurl 4
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earhl hamuolr, jooa pjrhktj quj
pujmlf plslr mj uf skstjhl
mahstkca mj ijfjrlckf mj jfjr-
il, l atra hs patjftj plrl kfmus-
trkls a kfstlolckafjs mj irlf cafsu-
ha (ekiurl 4
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vaotlkcls (EUs), ols ufkmlmjs
tkjfjf uf lota irlma mj rjpj-
tkdkokmlm.
Ols couols EUs saf
hlfuelcturlmls uslfma
mkejrjftjs hltjrklojs y pra-
cjsas plrl crjlr oas mkamas,yl quj oas eldrkclftjs caftk-
flf jxpoarlfma ol hlfjrl
mj ldlrltlr jo casta a kfcrj-
hjftlr ol jekckjfckl mj caf-
vjrskf mj ols hkshls.
Culfma ol ouz saolr kfck-
mjftj tkjfj ol jfjril y jo
jspjctra ouhkfasa fjcjslrka
plrl lotjrlr jo jstlma mj
jqukokdrka mj ol gufturl F-^
jf jstas mkamas, sj ijfjrluf jxcjsa mj clrils okdrjs,
ols quj pujmjf sastjfjr ufl
carrkjftj, sk sj ckjrrl jo ckrcukta
jxtjrfa.
^lrl lqujooas ojctarjs quj
qukjrjf cafacjr jo ejfhjfa caf
hlyar mjtlooj, plsa l mlrojs uf
rjsuhjf sadrj jo tjhl.
Mlma quj jo ejfhjfa EU tahl
ouilr mjftra mj uf sjhkcafmuctar,
sj blcj fjcjslrka jftjfmjr qu
blcj quj uf hltjrklo sjl uf dujf
cafmuctar, uf dujf lksolftj (fa-
cafmuctar) y, par otkha, uf sjhk-
cafmuctar.
Ol carrkjftj joctrkcl, par mjekfk-
ckf, js ol clftkmlm mj clrils quj
ckrcuolf par ufkmlm mj tkjhpa.
Culfma sj lpokcl uf vaotlgj jftrj
oas jxtrjhas mj uf hltjrklo, sj
crjl uf clhpa joctrkca mjftra mjo
hksha. Oas jojctrafjs udkclmas jf
ol rdktl jxtjrkar mjo taha mj jstjhltjrklo, ol hs ojglfl mjo fcoja,
jstlrf sahjtkmas l ufl eujrzl
cuya vloar jst mlma par ol jxprj-
skf7
E 8 q x J (
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uf pracjsa radatkzl-
ma, jf mafmj oas ta-
has mj ols sudstlf-
ckls maplftjs sj
kftramucjf uslfma
clafjs jojctrfkcas
quj dahdlrmjlf oascrkstlojs (pracjsa mj
khpolftlckf). Ol
kfmustrkl usl jo crkstlo
mj skokcka (Sk) parquj
su cahpartlhkjfta l
lotls tjhpjrlturls js
supjrkar lo mjo ijr-
hlfka (Ij). \ukz
jf jo eutura blyl couols EUs
bjcbls caf mklhlftjs, yl quj sj
blf mjscudkjrta vlrkas pracjsasplrl eldrkclroas jf clftkmlm y l
dlga prjcka, pjra fa sj bl kfvjstk-
ilma caha oojvlr lmjolftj jo pra-
cjsa mj mkeuskf. Jstj hltjrklo,
clrdf, js supjrkar lo skokcka culf-
ma ol tjhpjrlturl lhdkjftj js joj-
vlml.
Gufturl ^-F
Jo pracjsa mj mkeuskf js rjpj-
tktkva, mj hlfjrl quj pujmjf crjlr-
sj zafls culsk-cafmuctarls, lksol-
marls a sjhkcafmuctarls caf mkej-
rjftjs clrils hlyarktlrkls. Jsta
pjrhktj crjlr mas zafls culsk-caf-
muctarls jf oas jxtrjhas mjo mkama,
ols quj skrvjf plrl lfcolr oas
cafjctarjs jxtjr-
fas, ls caha mas
zafls lmylcjftjs,
ufl mjo tkpa F0 olatrl mjo tkpa ^. Ol
zafl jftrj jstls
mas rjikafjs sj
mjfahkfl gufturl
(gufctkaf, jf
kfios).
Fatl7 Adsjrvjjo ojctar quj olojtrl F sj carrjol -ckafl caf fjiltkva
y ol ojtrl ^ c a fpasktkva, kfmkclfma
culo js ol clril hlyarktlrkl jfclml zafl.
Jstlma mj Jqukokdrka
Ol tjarl hujstrl quj ols clr-
ils hlyarktlrkls (jojctrafjs mj uf
olma y bayas mjo atra) fa pjrhlfj-
cjf kfhvkojs, mjspolzfmasj
blckl ol zafl lmylcjftj, mafmj ol
cafcjftrlckf js dlgl. Jstj mjs-
polzlhkjfta mj clrils (carrkjftjs
mj mjspolzlhkjfta) lcuhuol clr-
ils pasktkvls jf ol zafl F y fjil-
tkvls jf ol zafl ^, crjlfma ufl
mkejrjfckl mj patjfcklo jf ol guftu-
rl, ol quj jstldojcj uf clhpa joc-
trkca (J). Jo pracjsa hkirltarka caf-
tkfl blstl quj sj vj kftjrruhpkma
culfma jo vloar mjo patjfcklo loclf-
zl oa quj sj mjfahkfl jo fkvjo mj
Ejrhk plrl jsl sudstlfckl.
Jo clhpa joctrkca J (U/mkstlf-
ckl) jf jstl zafl
tjfmr uf vloar
jojvlma, yl quj ol
gufturl tkjfj huy
pjquja jspjsar.
Ol ekiurl 43 hujs-
trl jo jstlma mjjqukokdrka plrl ufl
gufturl F- .
Fatl7 Jf ol jxprj -skf (
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uf hltjrklo sjhkcafmuc-
tar. Hjmklftj uf trltlhkjf-
ta lmjculma rjsuotlf mkej-
rjftjs clpls quj ijfjrlf
uf clhpa joctrkca. Lo kfck-
mkr ouz sadrj ol couol
saolr, ols clrils pasktkvlsy fjiltkvls saf sjplrlmls
par uf clhpa joctrkca,
qujmlfma mkspafkdojs
plrl su utkokzlckf jf
lhdas paoas mj ol cjoml
saolr, caha jf ufl dltj-
rl. Ol carrkjftj caftkful
(MC) ijfjrlml par jfjril saolr
pujmj utkokzlrsj mkrjctlhjftj plrl
blcjr eufckaflr lplrltas joctrkcas
a lohlcjflrsj jf dltjrls.Lotjrfltkvlhjftj, ol jojctrkckmlm
pujmj trlfsearhlrsj jf carrkjftj
lotjrfl par hjmka mj uf kfvjrsar y
lokhjftlrsj l ol rjm mj carrkjftj
joctrkcl. ^lrl adtjfjr hlyarjs
ufkmlmjs mj patjfckl sj liruplf y
cafjctlf vlrkls cjomls saolrjs jf
uf hmuoa saolr, l su vjz oas
hmuoas saolrjs earhlf oas irlf-
mjs plfjojs y ekflohjftj ufl jstl-
ckf mj ijfjrlckf mj jfjril
joctrkcl hlskvl. Ol ekiurl 4:
hujstrl ol cahpaskckf mj ufl
cjoml eatavaotlkcl.
Cha sj blcjf ols cjomlssaolrjs1
[l bjhas vksta lspjctas tjrk-
cas sadrj jo eufckaflhkjfta mj ols
cjomls saolrjs. Tjpjtkrjhas loiu-
fas cafcjptas pjra arkjftlmas l ol
earhl jf quj sj mjdjf cafstrukr
ols cjomls saolrjs. Ols cjomls saol-rjs mj skokcka sj joldarlf utkokzlfma
polfcbls hafa-crkstlokfls, polf-
cbls paokcrkstlokfls a ohkfls mjo-
ilmls
Ols polfcbls hafa-crkstlokfls
(mj lpraxkhlmlhjftj
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tjrkar mj ol polfcbl sj
pujmj cudrkr tatlohjf-
tj par jo hjtlo, pjra jo
erjftj mj ol hkshl
tkjfj quj tjfjr saol-
hjftj uf pltrf jf
earhl mj rjgkool a mjofjls ekfls mj hjtlo,
mj atrl hlfjrl jo
hjtlo doaqujlrl lo sao
mjo skokcka y fa bldrl
fkfiufl rjspujstl l
oas eatafjs mj ol ouz
kfckmjftj.
^lrl jftjfmjr ol apjrlckf mj
ufl couol eatavaotlkcl, fjcjsktl-
has cafskmjrlr ol flturlojzl mjo
hltjrklo y ol flturlojzl mj ol ouzmjo sao. Ols cjomls saolrjs jstf
earhlmls par mas tkpas mj hltjrklo,
ijfjrlohjftj skokcka tkpa p y skokcka
tkpa F. Ol ouz mj ckjrtls oafiktumjs
mj afml pujmj kafkzlr oas tahas
jf jo skokcka y jo clhpa kftjrfa pra-
muckma par ol ufkf quj sjplrl
loiufls mj ols clrils pasktkvls
("liugjras") mj ols clrils fjiltk-
vls (jojctrafjs) mjftra mjo mkspask-
tkva eatavaotlkca. Oas liugjras sj
hujvjf blckl ol clpl pasktkvl a
clpl mj tkpa ^ y oas jojctrafjs
blckl ol fjiltkvl a clpl tkpa F.
Lufquj jstls clrils apujstls sj
ltrljf hutulhjftj, ol hlyarl mj
jools saolhjftj sj pujmjf rjcah-
dkflr plslfma l trlvs mj uf ckr-
cukta jxtjrfa eujrl mjo hltjrklo
mjdkma l ol dlrrjrl mj jfjril
patjfcklo kftjrfa. ^ar oa tlfta sk sj
blcj uf ckrcukta sj pujmj pramuckr
ufl carrkjftj l plrtkr mj ols cjomlskouhkflmls, pujsta quj oas jojctra-
fjs okdrjs tkjfjf quj plslr l trlvs
mjo ckrcukta plrl rjcahdkflrsj caf
oas liugjras pasktkvas, vjl ol ekiurl
45.
Ol clftkmlm mj jfjril quj
jftrjil uf mkspasktkva eatavaotlkca
jstl mjtjrhkflma par7
Jo tkpa y jo rjl mjo hltjrkl.Ol kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz mjo sao.
Ol oafiktum mj afml mj ol ouz mjosao.
^ar jgjhpoa, ols cjomls saolrjs
mj skokcka hafacrkstlokfa lctulo-
hjftj fa pujmjf cafvjrtkr hs jo
mj 4:% mj ol jfjril saolr jf jojc-trkckmlm, parquj ol rlmklckf jf ol
rjikf kferlrragl mjo jspjctra jojc-
trahliftkca fa tkjfj suekckjftj
jfjril caha plrl sjplrlr ols clr-
ils pasktkvls y fjiltkvls jf jo
hltjrklo.
Ols cjomls saolrjs mj skokcka
paokcrkstlokfa jf ol lctulokmlm tkjfjf
ufl jekckjfckl mj hjfas mjo 4>% y
ols cjomls lharels mj skokcka tkjfjf
lctulohjftj ufl jekckjfckl cjrcl
mjo %, mjdkma l prmkmls mjjfjril kftjrfls hs lotls quj ols
mjo skokcka hafacrkstlokfa.
Zfl tpkcl couol eatavaotlkcl mj
skokcka hafacrkstlokfa mj > ch4
pramuckr cjrcl mj .: vaot mj Carrkjftj
Caftkful y 3 lhpjrkas dlga ol ouz
mjo sao jf pojfa vjrlfa (jo >>Y
x h4). Ol jfjril mj slokml mj ol
couol js clsk mkrjctlhjftj prapar-
ckaflo l ol kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz mjosao. (^ar jgjhpoa, sk ol kftjfskmlm
mj ol ouz mjo sao sj mkvkmj par ol
hktlm ol jfjril mj slokml tlhdkf
sjr mkshkfukml l ol hktlm).
Zfl clrlctjrstkcl khpartlftj
mj ols cjomls eatavaotlkcls js quj
jo vaotlgj mj ol couol fa mjpjfmj
mj su tlhla, y skiuj skjfma dls-
tlftj cafstlftj caf jo clhdka mj ol
kftjfskmlm mj ouz. Ol carrkjftj jf
uf mkspasktkva, skf jhdlria, js clskmkrjctlhjftj praparckaflo l ol
kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz y lo
tlhla. ^lrl cahpl-
rlr mkvjrsls cjomls sj
ols colskekcl par mjfsk-
mlm mj carrkjftj, a
lhpjrkas par cjfthj-
tra culmrlma mjo rjlmj ol couol.
Ol patjfckl jftrjilml
par ufl couol saolr sj
pujmj luhjftlr caf
dlstlftj jekclckl
jhpojlfma uf hjcl-
fksha mj sjiukhkjfta
plrl hlftjfjr jo mkspasktkva eata-
vaotlkca mkrjctlhjftj erjftj lo sao,
a cafcjftrlfma ol ouz mjo sao uslf-
ma ojftjs a jspjgas. Skf jhdlria,bly ohktjs l jstj pracjsa, mjdkma
l ol cahpojgkmlm mj oas hjclfks-
has, y mj ol fjcjskmlm mj rjerjsclr
ols cjomls. Ol carrkjftj js rjoltkvl-
hjftj jstldoj l lotls tjhpjrltu-
rls, pjra jo vaotlgj sj rjmucj, caf-
muckjfma l ufl clml mj patjfckl l
clusl mjo luhjfta mj ol tjhpjrl-
turl mj ol couol.
Mj hs jst mjckr quj oa mlma
blstl lqu js soa ufl kftramucckf
l ol jfjril saolr y quj jf sucjsk-
vls jmkckafjs sjiukrjhas lflokzlf-
ma jo tjhl. Hkjftrls tlfta, rjcujrmj
quj pujmj mjsclrilr uf Cursa
Cahpojta mjsmj fujstrl wjd, caf ol
colvj7 ]JCSAO4=>. !
Dkdokairlelbttp7//fjwtaf.cfkcj.hjc.jsbttp7//www.afk.jscujols.jmu.lrwww.hafairlels.cah (Iafzojz, Klfkfl)bttp7//www.scrkdm.cahbttp7//www.tjxtasckjftkekcas.cah/jfjrikl/cjouolsbttp7//www.istrkltuh.cah/jfjriklsaolr/b t t p 7 / / w w w. e a r h l s j o j c t . c a h / l r j l s - t j h l t k c l s / j f j r -
ikls-rjfavldojs/jfjrikl-saolr.bthb t t p 7 / / j f j r i k l s a o l r t j r h k c l . d o a i s p a t . c a h / 4 > > 5 / > 4 / k f t r a
mucckf-ols-jfjrikls-rjfavldojsQ>3.bthob t t p 7 / / w w w. s a o l r h l k . f j t / j s p l f a o / j f j r i k l % 4 > s a o l r -
eufckaflhkjfta.bthbttp7//www.liramkiktlo.cah/lcckafl/khlijs/sao3.bthb t t p 7 / / j s . w k k p j m k l . a r i / w k k / J f j r i % C 3 % L M l Q s a o l r Q t
%C3%L;rhkclb t t p 7 / / w w w. s a o l r t j . j s / e k o j s / p j r s a f l o Q k h i s / J s q u j h l Q s
aolrQtjrhkcl.gpibttp7//www.istrkltuh.cah/jfjriklsaolr/b t t p 7 / / j f j r i k l j f c b k o j . c a h / j f j r i k l s r j f a v l d o j s Q l r c b k -
vas/jfjriklsQrjfavldojs.gpi
b t t p 7 / / w w w. c a f s t r u h l t k c l . c a h / c a f s t r u p j m k l / J f j r i %C3%LMlQSaolr
Hlfulojs ]cfkcas
Hlfulojs ]cfkcas
Ekiurl 45
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Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
^rapafjhas quj lrhj jo ckr-cukta mj ol ekiurl `!blcjf quj jsta sjl
paskdoj. Skjfma ol mj`! ol clril y jvktlf-ma quj jo trlfskstar sj
qujhj y lo hksha tkjh-pa quj ol carrkjftj fa
jftrj par jo mkama.Culfma ldrkhas olpujrtl, pafjhas l
fjiltkva (hlsl) ol dlsjmjo DC339 caf oa culo
blcjhas quj jo trlfsks-tar fa cafmuzcl y olcarrkjftj quj plsldl l
trlvs mj o plsj lbarlpar jo mkama, kouhkflfma
ol ohplrl y clrilfma
jo cafmjfslmar.
Lotjrlfma jsas vloarjs sj oairlclhdklr oas tkjhpas l iusta. Jotrlfskstar mj jejcta mj clhpa
pujmj sjr rjjhpolzlma par ufDZW9= plrl quj jo ckrcukta pujml
hlfjglr carrkjftjs hlyarjs. Jfclsa mj uslr mkcba cahpafjftj, jo
jsqujhl mj cafjxkafjs js joskiukjftj7 vksta mj erjftj (quj ufapujml ojjr ols kfscrkpckafjs) y caf
ols pltls blckl ldlga mj kzqukjrmll mjrjcbl ol prkhjrl js Iltj (I),
ol mjo hjmka js Mrlkf (M) y ol otkhljs Saurcj (S).
]jhparkzlmar / Mkeusar
plrl Ouz Kftjrkar mj Cldkfl
Jo ckrcukta quj prapafjhas pjrhktj quj ol ouz mjobldktcuoa mj uf vjbcuoa pjrhlfjzcl jfcjfmkmlloif tkjhpa oujia mj cjrrlml ol pujrtl y, jf vjz mjlplilrsj lo kfstlftj sj vl mkeuhkflfma caf uflclmjfckl ojftl, tlo caha ufl ouz mj ckfj a slol mjjstlr mj cltjiarl. Sk dkjf bay tamas oas lutas pasj-jf uf skstjhl skhkolr, jstj ckrcukta pujmj sjr jhpoj-lma jf clsas jspjcklojs mj kouhkflckf lskstkml.
Sjojcckf mj Ejmjrkca ^rlma
HAF]LGJ
Ekiurl
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Jo jsqujhl mj ol ekiurl 4 hujs-
trl jo mklirlhl arkikflo mj cldojlmamj ol ouz mj cldkfl. Ftjsj quj jopuoslmar mj ol pujrtl cafhutl ol
hlsl y jo pasktkva jst skjhprj prj-
sjftj jf ol ohplrl. ^lrl
kfstlolroa dlstl caf cartlrjo cldoj quj oojvl ol hlsl l
ol ohplrl mj tjcba, pravj-fkjftj mj oas puoslmarjs jfoas dlstkmarjs mj ols pujr-
tls. Jo cldoj quj vkjfj mjoas puoslmarjs mjdj cafjc-
tlrsj l ol jftrlml^uoslmar. Jo cldoj quj vlblckl ol ohplrl lbarl sj
cafjctl l ol slokml mjohmuoa. Ol tjfskf
mj lokhjftlckf pujmj sjrtahlml hksha mj ol ohpl-rl mj tjcba a mjsmj uf
cldoj mjo skstjhl joctrkcamjo luta, tjfkjfma jspjcklo
cukmlma mj fa lejctlr jofarhlo eufckaflhkjfta mjohksha. Tjcarmlr quj jstj
skstjhl tkjfj quj jstlr pjr-hlfjftjhjftj lokhjftlma
par oa quj uf cldoj pravj-fkjftj mj ol oolvj mj kifk-ckf fa sjr ufl dujfl
kmjl. ]lhdkf bly quj pra-vjjroj mj hlsl pjrhlfjf-
tj, pjra jstl pujmj sjr
tahlml mj culoqukjr tarfkooamj ol clrracjrl a dkjf
mjsmj jo pufta mj jfcjfmk-ma pjrhlfjftj mj ol ouz
kftjrkar. Jf jo mklirlhl mjol ekiurl 3 sj hujstrl plr-cklohjftj ol kfstlolckf l ol
culo fa sj oj bl pujsta olhlsl plrl skhpokekclr jo
jsqujhl y su cahprjf-skf.Sk jo vjbcuoa jst jqukpl-
ma caf uf skstjhl mj sjiu-rkmlm a lolrhl quj utkokcj
oas puoslmarjs mj ols pujr-tls caha mjtjctarjs mjkftruskf bldr quj cafjc-
tlr jo ckrcukta caha sjhujstrl jf ol ekiurl =.
Lqu, ol tahl mj ol lolrhlsj skiuj jejctulfma mjsmjjo puoslmar plrl quj jo
rjtlrma mj lplilma fa
lejctj jo mjsjhpja mj ol
hkshl. Jo mkeusar lejctl fkclhjf-tj l ol ouz mj cldkfl.
Tjcarmlr quj jf jstas mas
jsqujhls fa sj bl mkduglma oltahl l hlsl mjo hmuoa plrl skh-
pokekclr jo mksja, pjra mjdj sjrcldojlml. Fatl mj lrhlma. Jf olekiurl : sj hujstrl ol polcl mj ckr-
cukta khprjsa suijrkml0 skf jhdlr-ia, pujmj sjr lrhlma skf polcl mj
ckrcukta khprjsa, saomlfma oas cah-pafjftjs jftrj s y caoaclfma tamamjftra mj ufl clgl postkcl caha ol
mj uf rjo mj cacbj. Oujia rjoojflrtama caf postkca eufmkma mj pkstaol
y jspjrlr l quj sj sjquj.
Tjcarmlm quj js dujfa, lftjs mjvjrtjr jo postkca eufmkma pradlr quj
jo skstjhl eufckafj, plrl fa tjfjr
quj mjsjcblroa. !
Haftlgj
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
Ekiurl 4
Okstl mj Hltjrklojs
\< - DC339 - ]rlfskstar F^F
\4 - DSS
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
Fa hj clfsa mj mjckr quj oljojctrfkcl js uf kmkahl y
quj tama oa quj js elctkdojmj sjr pjfslma, pujmj cafstrukrsjjojctrfkclhjftj, lufquj hucblsvjcjs ol tjcfaoail fa blyl oojil-ma lf l mjtjrhkflmas ohktjs mjf-tra mj oa khlikfldoj.
Sldl Zm. quj pujmj cafstrukruf mjtjctar mj vkdrlckf caf culo -qukjr kfstruhjfta lfloikca jhpoj -lma caha mjtjctar1, a
\uj sj pujmj jhpojlr ol dadk -
fl mj uf rjo plrl ol mjtjcckf mjuf clhpa hliftkca1
Lufquj jf prkfckpka plrjcj ufllekrhlckf huy lprjsurlml, jsoikca pjfslr quj sk sj jfcujftrluf kfstruhjfta lfloikca mjftra mjuf lhdkjftj jf havkhkjfta, olliugl sj mjspolzlr y caf jooa sjhavjr ol dadkfl lsacklml l mkcblliugl, caha jsl dadkfl jst mjf-tra mj uf clhpa hliftkca crjlmapar uf khf pjrhlfjftj, jftafcjs,
jf oas jxtrjhas mjo lrraoolma sjijfjrlr ufl pjqujl tjfskf, tlo
caha oa kfmkclf ols ojyjs mjo hli-fjtksha. Jsta qukjrj mjckr qujpamjhas lpravjcblr ol tjfskfijfjrlml jf ufl dadkfl mj ufvhjtra (par jgjhpoa) culfmamkcba kfstruhjfta js havkma, plrlmksplrlr culoqukjr jojhjfta qujkfmkquj quj buda ufl vkdrlckf.
Caha ol tjfskf ijfjrlmlpamr blcjr ckrcuolr ufl pjqujl
carrkjftj (quj mjpjfmj mjo kfstru-hjfta jhpojlma caha sjfsar y mjol hlifktum mj ol vkdrlckf), jsfjcjslrka jhpojlr uf sjhkcafmuc-tar jspjcekca plrl lpravjcblrmkcbl sktulckf lo hxkha. ^ar jsjhatkva, jhpojlhas jf fujstra ckr-cukta, uf lhpokekclmar apjrlckaflo
Mjtjctar mj Ukdrlckf y
Mjtjctar mj Clhpas HliftkcasCaf uf lhpokekclmar apjrlckaflo jspjckekca jhpojlma cahacahplrlmar y jojhjftas cahufjs quj pujmjf jfcaftrlrsj jfjo tloojr mj culoqukjr tcfkca rjplrlmar, js paskdoj lrhlr sjf-sarjs clplcjs mj mjtjctlr yl sjl ol prjsjfckl mj uf clhpahliftkca a ol vkdrlckf pramuckml par jo havkhkjfta mj uf joj-hjfta. Jf jstj lrtkcuoa mjscrkdkhas lhdas haftlgjs.
^ar7 Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgabvqulr`Nwjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr
HAF]LGJ
Ekiurl
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jspjcekca mj oas utkokzlmas cahacahplrlmar (OH33;F), lufqujtlhdkf tuvkhas rjsuotlmas lcjptl-dojs jf apjrlckaflojs caf jftrlmlEJ] mjo tkpa OE3:5 y blstl caf jocoskca CL9=
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
Ols jsclols mj oas huothjtraslfloikcas cahufjs, kfcousa
ols hs dlgls, tkjfjf su puftamj hjfar mkvkskf jf
doj, ol hjmkckf caf loiufl prjckskfmj rjskstjfckls hjfarjs quj jstj
vloar.[l oas huothjtras mkiktlojs pasj-
jf jsclols quj loclfzlf erlcckafjs
mj abh, pjra kfcousa ls ols hkshlsfa vlf hucba hs loo.
Caf jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiurl ,>
huothjtra cahf jf su jsclol mjtjfskafjs y caf dujfl prjckskf.
Jo ckrcukta js dlstlftj skhpoj,jhpojl lpjfls uf kftjirlma cahadlsj y apjrl caf huothjtras cahu-
fjs, l plrtkr mj >>!par vaot mjsjfskdkokmlm.
Ol kmjl dskcl js blcjr ckrcuolrpar ol rjskstjfckl mjscafackml uflcarrkjftj mj kftjfskmlm cafstlftj
cafackml. Caha ol carrkjftj tkjfjufl kftjfskmlm cafstlftj, mjftra mj
ufl ckjrtl dlfml mj rjskstjfckl, ol
tjfskf jf oas jxtrjhas mj jstl
rjskstjfckl vlrklr caf su vloar. Ls,sk tuvkrlhas ufl carrkjftj ekgl mj
hL, par jgjhpoa, lpokclfma ol Ojymj Abh tjfjhas7
T 8 U/>,>hL ol carrkjftj,tjfmrjhas ufl hjgar sjfskdkokmlm,
pujs jf jstj clsa7
T 8 U/>,hU plrl clml abh.Jf atrls ploldrls, sk uf huothj-
tra tuvkjrl ufl jsclol mj 5>>hU mj
tjfskf caftkful, pamrjhas cafvjr-tkrol jf ufl jsclol mj > l 5 abh.
Supafkjfma ol jxkstjfckl mj mkvk-skafjs jftrj > y >hU jf fhjramj , clml ufl mj jool carrjspaf-
mjr l >,
Jst colra quj, culfta hlyar sjl
ol carrkjftj mj prujdl, hjfarjs
sjrf ols rjskstjfckls quj pamrjhashjmkr, pjra jf caftrlplrtkml jxkstj jo
cloar ijfjrlma jf jo mkspasktkva lfl-okzlma y jo prapka bjcba mj quj johksha fa pujmj sapartlr, jf loiu-
fas clsas, carrkjftjs jojvlmls.Ls, suijrkhas quj oas ojctarjs
usjf mas paskdkokmlmjs mj cahpa-fjftjs quj pjrhktlf ijfjrlr carrkjf-tjs mj prujdl mj hL y >hL. Jf
jo prkhjr clsa tjfmrjhas hU parabh y jf jo sjiufma, >hU par
abh.Zf cukmlma jspjcklo sj mjdj
tahlr caf oas jojctramas uslmas jf
ol hjmkckf, pujs jf dlgls rjskstjf-ckls blstl ol prapkl rjskstjfckl mjo
lolhdrj mj prujdl sj vujovj skifkek-cltkvl.
Oas cldojs quj vlf blckl jo huo-
thjtra sj ufjf l oas lolhdrjs mj oleujftj mj carrkjftj cafstlftj gufta l
ol puftl mj prujdl. Jsta jvktl olkfeoujfckl mj sus rjskstjfckls jf olhjmkckf y paskdkoktl uf hjgar lgustj
l cjra.Jo kftjirlma uslma js uf 92>:
quj eufckafl caha eujftj mj
carrkjftj cafstlftj. Sk su vjrskf
Hkokbhjtra
Hjmkmar mj Tjskstjfckls Dlgls
Ol hlyarl mj oas huothjtras, tlfta lfloikcas cahamkiktlojs, fa hkmjf rjskstjfckls dlgls (erlcckafjs mjabh), oa culo js huy fjcjslrka jf mjtjrhkflmls lpokcl-ckafjs, tlo caha ol hjmkckf mj lrraoolhkjftas mjtrlfsearhlmarjs a ol vjrkekclckf mjo jstlma mjcahpafjftjs jf pujftjs mj hjmkckf.^rapafjhas jo lrhlma mj uf ckrcukta quj pjrhktjtahlr hjmkckafjs caf erlcckafjs mj >,
^ar7 Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgabvqulr`Nwjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr
HAF]LGJ
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eujrl ol mj >hL,
utkokcj uf mkskplmarmj cloar plrl jo kftj-
irlma.T< y T4 mjtjrhk-
flf ol kftjfskmlm mj
ol carrkjftj mj pruj-dl7 plrl oas vloarjs
farhlojs tjfjhasufl carrkjftj mjhLy plrl oas vloa-
rjs jftrj plrftjskstjfjhas ufl carrkjf-
tj mj >hL. Sk joojctar qukjrj, pujmjlirjilr ufl oolvj
cafhutlmarl qujlotjrj ol carrkjftj mj prujdl, ls
adtjfmr mas jsclols plrl su kfstru-hjfta.
Jf ouilr mj G< y G4 sj pujmjf
uslr pkfzls cacamrkoa quj sj tahlrfl ols puftls mj prujdl mjo huothj-
tra. Atrl paskdkokmlm cafskstj jfcafjctlr oas cldojs mj ol eujftj mjcarrkjftj cafstlftj l ols puftls mj
prujdl.Jo trlfsearhlmar mjdj tjfjr
carrkjftj mj par oa hjfas >hL mj
sjcufmlrka, sk eujrl stl ol kftjfsk-mlm mj prujdl. Jo clplcktar C< mjdj
tjfjr ufl tjfskf mj lksolckf mj paroa hjfas 4:U y oas mkamas pujmjf
sjr mj culoqukjr tkpa mj rjctkekclmarjsplrl carrkjftjs par jfckhl mj
>hL (oas >4 a jqukvlojftjs
saf oas hs cahufjs).Mjdjhas cahjfzlr caf jo lgustj
mjo lplrlta, plrl jsta cafjctlrjhasjftrj oas tjrhkflojs G< y G4, uf huo-thjtra cahf jf ol jsclol mj
carrkjftjs caftkfuls quj pjrhktl ojjr >hL, cafearhj l oas vloarjs
mj oas cahpafjftjs uslmas.Lgustlhas jftafcjs T< (trkhpat)plrl ojjr ol carrkjftj mj >hL
cafearhj ol prujdl. Bjcba jsta, jokfstruhjfta jst oksta plrl su usa7
cafjctlhas jf G< y G4 jo huothjtrajf ol jsclol hs dlgl mj tjfskafjscaftkfuls (MC vaot) y pamjhas blcjr
ols hjmkckafjs.Tjcarmlhas quj clml vaot jf ol
jsclol mj hL carrjspafmj l
>,>hL carrjspafmj l >,E x 4:UTI< - 92O>:T< -
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Culmjrfa mjo ]cfkca Tjplrlmar
OK D J T L C K F M J]J O E A F A SCJ O Z O L T J S
Okdjrlr Safy Jrkcssaf par EkrhwlrjJf mkejrjftjs jmkckafjs mjSldjr Jojctrfkcl pudokcl-has lrtcuoas sadrj ol okdjrl-ckf mj tjoeafas cjouolrjsSafy Jrkcssaf utkokzlfmamkejrjftjs prairlhls. Jfhucbas clsas, plrl pamjr
oairlr fujstra adgjtkva mjdl-has dlglr ol vjrskf mjo ekrh-wlrj, rjlokzlr dlc`-up, hamk-ekclr lrcbkvas, jtc. Hucblsvjcjs, jstas plsas sujojfsjr olrias y pjokirasas par oaculo jf aclskafjs bjhasrjcahjfmlma caoaclroj ufplrcbj lo prairlhl quj pjrhktl ol utkokzlckf mj uf cbkp mj culoqukjr apjrlmar0 jo pradoj-hl sj prjsjftl culfma fa tjfjhas ol sjiurkmlm quj mkcbas plrcbjs eufckafjf y, par jooa
skjhprj rjcahjfmlhas quj vjrkekquj ol eujftj mjo lrcbkva l caoaclr. Hjmklftj jo lpartjmj Iustlva Ojhls, Slfmra Slrcasckl y Tlo Sjrfjtta, jftrj atras, oairlhas rjcapkolr uflsjrkj mj plrcbjs quj eujraf pradlmas caf xkta jf mkejrjftjs hamjoas, rlzf par ol culo,mjckmkhas pudokclr jstj tutarklo mafmj jxpokclhas jstj htama.
Lutar7 Kfi. Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgaj-hlko7 bvqulr`Nlr.kftjr.fjt
O
l okdjrlckf mj uf tjoeafa cjouolr Safy Jrkcssaf
par ol kfcouskf mj uf plrcbj jf jo ekrhwlrj quj
quktj jo doaquja quj oj caoaclf ols cahpllsprjstltlrkls mj ofjls plrl tjojeafl cjouolr (plrl quj
soa sj pujmlf rjikstrlr cbkps mj mkcbl cahpll), js
uf htama sjfckooa. Skiukjfma jstas skhpojs plsas
pamrf okdjrlr vlrkas hamjoas mj Safy Jrkcssaf. Oas
hamjoas caf oas quj bj rjlokzlma prujdls caf xkta
saf7 `3, `9:>, w3>>, w2, z::> y w5>>. ^jra euf-
ckafl caf hucbas hamjoas hs.
Dskclhjftj cafskstj jf caoaclroj, lo ekrhwlrj mjo
tjoeafa, uf plrcbj hjmklftj ol utkokzlckf mj uf
Saetwlrj y uf Cldoj ZSD.
LMUJT]JFCKL7 Jstj htama js kfvlskva lo cjou-olr, caf sus cafsjcujftjs rkjsias. Fa fas blcjhas
rjspafsldojs par pradojhls quj pujmlf surikr.
Tjcahkjfma quj cahprjfml quj bly clsas mj xkta
pjra clsas mj erlclsa tlhdkf, skjhprj js saouckafl-
doj culoqukjr pradojhl quj pujml surikr, pjra bly qujdusclr dkjf y lrhlrsj mj plckjfckl.
Jo saetwlrj jf cujstkf js jo SJ]aao 4 oktj (mj
fujstrl wjd pamr dlglr vlrkls vjrskafjs, rjcahkjfma
ol v
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quj sk fa cakfckmj jo ekrhwlrj pujmjf mllr jo skstjhl
apjrltkva y caf jooa blstl js pradldoj quj jo cjouolr fa
jfckjfml.
^lrl vjrkekclr jo ekrhwlrj mjo cjouolr, pujmj dus-
clroa jhpojlfma jo gaystkc` y ol tjcol * mjo tjoeafa,mkiktlfma ol skiukjftj sjcujfckl7
mjrjcbl, * , kzqukjrml , kzqukjrml, * , kzqukjrml, *
Jfcaftrlr oas mltas carrjspaf-
mkjftjs l ol vjrskf mj skstjhl kfs-
tlolma jf su tjoeafa, kfirjslfma
jf ol apckf7 Kfearhlckf mj
Saetwlrj. Oas plrcbjs quj eujraf
vjrkekclmas y quj eufckaflf carrjc-tlhjftj saf oas skiukjftjs7
Hamjoa ^lrcbj@9:> T4> T4> T>4
Y2 T3>:
Y2 T=jl>3 T5IL>>=
Y4>> T=BL> T5il>>=
Y3>> T=jl>33> T9CL>> T;L>35
@: T=JL>3 T5CL>>;
Jo plrcbj T=BL>>
Zfl vjz oaclokzlma jo prairlhl
y jo plrcbj, cpkjoas l su mksca rik-
ma. Jo saetwlrj fa fjcjsktl kfstlol-
ckf. Culfma jgjcutj jo lrcbkva
sjtaao4ot.jxj, stj slomr eufcka-flfma (tamlvl fa oa jgjcutj).
Jo plrcbj js uf lrcbkva mj tjxta
caf jxtjfskf v p quj mjdjrtjfjr oaclokzlma, caha yl hjfcka-
flhas.
Cafjctj jo tjoeafa (L^LILMA)
l ol ^C par hjmka mjo cldoj ZSDhlftjfkjfma ol tjcol C mjo tjoea-
fa prjskaflml blstl quj sjl rjca-
fackma par ol cahputlmarl. Lo lpl-
rjcjr jo hjfslgj mj fujva blrmwl-
rj jfcaftrlma mjdj kfstlolr oas mrk-
vjrs quj sj jfcujftrlf mjftra mj ol
clrpjtl mjo SJtaao 4 oktj.
Bjcba jsta mjscafjctlhas jo tjoeafa.
Jgjcutj jo SJtaao 4 oktj y sjojcckafj jo hamjoa mjo
cjouolr jf pbafj typj mj ol ekiurl
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Lbarl, skf mjscafjctlr jo cjou-
olr, oaclokcj ol clskool hksc ekojsjf mafmj jstf oas 3 puftas, ekiurl
3, prjskaflhas y sj ldrj ufl vjf-
tlfl plrl dusclr lrcbkvas, sjojc-
ckaflhas jo lrcbkva mjo plrcbj cafjxtjfskf .v`p prjvklhjftj mjsclr-
ilma (sk jstldl cahprkhkma prkhj-
ra mjscahprhloa).
Blil uf cokc` jf ol pjstll
wrkttj scrkpt, ol dlrrl mj ldlgamjo prairlhl jhpkjzl l carrjr y
lplrjcj ol kfmkclckf mjo prairlhl
mj quj jst jspjrlfma quj cafjc-
tjhas jo tjoeafa, ekiurl =, jftaf-
cjs, fujvlhjftj hlftjfkjfma ol
tjcol C prjskaflml oa cafjctlhas lo cldoj ZSD.
Cahjfzlr uf pracjsa dlstlftj carta y jf uf
hahjfta oj pjmkr quj rjhujvl ol dltjrl y ol vujovl
l caoaclr. ^lrl jooa, mjscafjctj jo cldoj, slquj ol
djtjrl mjo tjoeafa, vujovl l caoaclrol y fa cafjctj
atrl vjz lo cldoj. Culfma tjrhkfj blil cokc` jf ol pjs-
tll TJLM[, plrl quj jo prairlhl skil su trldlga
mjdj vaovjr l cafjctlr jo cldoj ZSD hlftjfkjfma ol
ojtrl C mjo tjoeafa prjskaflml.
Clsk kfhjmkltlhjftj lo blcjr oa lftjrkar jo prairl-
hl oj vl l blcjr ufl prjiuftl sadrj sk mjsjlhas
pafjr a rjhavjr jo plrcbj, Zm. prjskafj FA. [l quj
sk prjskafl [JS jstlrl mjsclrtlfma jo plrcbj.Zfas sjiufmas mjspus jo prairlhl kfmkclr quj
bl tjrhkflma jo pracjsa.
Sk tama slok dkjf yl jstlr mkserutlfma mj su tjo-
eafa okdjrlma.
^ar sk fa qukjrj dlglroas mj ol wjd, l caftkfulckf
mlhas loiufas plrcbjs quj bjhas cahpradlma.
Capkj jo carrjspafmkjftj l su tjoeafa jf uf lrcbkva
mj tjxta (jo doac` mj fatls mj Ykfmaws par jgjhpoa),
iurmjoa caha tjxta polfa y oujia clhdkj ol jxtjf-
skf par v`p.
^lrl Y2 caf ekrhwlrj T=J@>>>>>>
mD:>=43>>44>:4E>DMC>=5
^lrl Y2 caf Ekrh T=JJL>333>>
m=43>>44>
E>D:>:4E>DMC>=5
^lrl Y2 caf ekrhwlrj T=MD>>:. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T=MD>>:.v`p y
jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7
0Y2 T=MD>>:
0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH+==>>>
m>;34c7 9>D:>=EJ>>43>>44>
E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl Y2>> caf ekrhwlrj T>4. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T>4.v`p y
jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7
0Y2>> SY-T>4
0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH+==>4>>>>
d:D:>=>43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl Y9>> caf ekrhwlrj T4 SY-T44>>>>
d:=d3>7 9>D:>=>43>>44>
E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
Okdjrlr Safy Jrkcssaf par Ekrhwlrj
Ekiurl =
Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs
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Culmjrfa mjo ]cfkca Tjplrlmar
^lrl Y4>> caf ekrhwlrj T=BL>> SY-T=BL>>>d;4;327 9>D:>=>43>>44>
E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl @9:> caf ekrhwlrj T44>>>>d=:;=c7 9>D:>=>43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl W::> caf ekrhwlrj T5IL>>=. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T5IL>>=.v`p y
jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7
0W::> SY-T5IL>>=
0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH
+==>>>
cj:dj>7 9>D:>=43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl W::> caf ekrhwlrj T5CL>>;. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T5CL>>;.v`p y
jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7
0W::> SY-T5CL>>;
0Tjhavj SKH-Oac`
0sbl`lmjvkria - hjoamklshavkojs.cah
0(p) skhax SKHQoac`Qrjhavjr pltcb ijfjrltar
+==>>>
CJ3;4>7 9>D:>=>43>>44>E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl Y3>> caf ekrhwlrj T=JL>33> SY-T=JL>3>>
C;;M5=7 9>D:>=43>>44>E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
^lrl `3 caf ekrhwlrj T=ML>==. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T=ML>==.v`p y
jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7
0@3 SY-T=ML>==
0Tjhavj SKH-Oac`
+==>>>
D=:J=27 9>D:>=43>> 44>
E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5
Caha ufl lcolrlckf pjrsaflo, ojs cahjfta quj ol
vjrskf v
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5
^rairlhlckf
mj hkcracaftraolmarjs
^KCSldjr Jojctrfkcl tkjfj jo iusta mj prjsjftlr jo taha F 59 mj
ol caojcckf Coud Sldr Jojctrfkcl7 ^rairlhlckf mjHkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC, quj pamr jfcaftrlr jf oas hjgarjsqukascas mjo pls.
Jstl adrl js ol caftkfulckf jf culfta lo lprjfmkzlgj mj hkcra-caftraolmarjs ^KC, par oa quj lbarl tacl jxpokclr ol plrtj prctk-cl sadrj ol cafekiurlckf y prairlhlckf mj stas. ^lrl jooa jsquj bjhas prjplrlma jo prjsjftj hltjrklo plrl quj, jf pacatkjhpa y mj ufl hlfjrl rjoltkvlhjftj cartl, sjlhas clplcjs mjlprjfmjr l prairlhlr hkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC.
^lrl lprjfmjr l prairlhlr hkcra c a f t ra o l m a rjs, pamjhasjhpjzlr par culoqukjrl, lo ekflo mj cujftls oa khpartlftj js sldjr kmjftkekclr quj tjfjhas ufl fjcjskmlm, y plrl jooaprapafjhas jf jo prjsjftj okdra cahjfzlr par oas ^KCs, yl quj cujftlf caf ufl ekoasael mj apjrlckf sjfckool yjftjfmkdoj, y oa crjjhas lprapklma plrl lqujools pjrsafls quj vlf plrtkjfma mj cjra, a kfcouskvj plrl lqujools pjr-safls quj yl tkjfjf cafackhkjftas dskcas sadrj prairlhlckf mj hkcracaftraolmarjs.
Jo prjsjftj okdra cahkjfzl jxpokclfma cha sj mjdj jejctulr ol cafekiurlckf mj oas pujrtas mj uf hkcracaftraol-mar ^KC, plslfma pastjrkarhjftj l ol utkokzlckf mj oas carrjspafmkjftjs pujrtas plrl kfirjslrojs a slclr mltas l trl-vs mj jooas.
^astjrkarhjftj sj jfcujftrlf jxpokclmls ufl sjrkj mj rutkfls jojhjftlojs, quj saf kfmkspjfsldojs plrl quj johkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC apjrj lo >%0 js khpartlftj hjfckaflr quj jo tkpa mj hkcracaftraolmar quj pujmj sjr jhpoj-lma js mj 2, tjrhkflojs.
Jf jstj lrtcuoa rjpramuckhas oas prkhjras tjhls quj sj trltlf jf ol adrl.
JO OKDTA MJO HJS
CL^k]ZOA K - TZ]KFLS DlSKCLS
CAFEKIZTLCKAF MJ OAS ^ZJT]AS CAHAJF]TLML A SLOKML
OJC]ZTL MJ ML]AS MJ ZF ^ZJT]A
JSCTK]ZTL MJ ML]AS JF ZF ^ZJT]A
LSKIFLCKAF MJ ML]AS L ZF TJIKS]TA
KFCTJHJF]A [ MJCTJHJF]A MJ ML]ASMJ OAS TJIKS]TAS
Kfcrjhjfta a Mjcrjhjfta mjo mlta mj ufrjikstra jf ufl ufkmlm
Kfcrjhjfta a Mjcrjhjfta mjo mlta mj ufrjikstra jf vloarjs mkejrjftjs l ol ufkmlm
MKSJA MJ ZF CAF]LMAT
Caftlmar Lscjfmjftj
Caftlmar Mjscjfmjftj
MKSJA MJ ZF TJ]LTMA DlSKCA ^AT
DZCOJSSZHL LTK]HJ]KCL
TJS]L LTK]HJ]KCL
HZO]K^OKCLCKAF LTK]HJ]KCL
MKUKSKAF LTK]HJ]KCL
CL^k]ZOA KK - TZ]KFLS KF]JTHJMKLS
EZFCKAF OAIKCLLFM [ SZS L^OKCLCKA -FJS
EZFCKAF OAIKCL AT [ SZS L^OKCLCKAFJS
EZFCKAF OAIKCL RAT [ SZS L^OKCLCKA -FJS
EZFCKAFJS OAIKCLS MJ CAH^LTLCKaFJF]TJ TJIKS]TAS (8, ?, 6)
Cahplrlckf KIZLO (8) MKEJTJF]J ()
Cahplrlckf HJFAT \ZJ (?) HL[AT AKIZLO \ZJ ()
Cahplrlckaf HL[AT \ZJ (6) HJFAT AKIZLO \ZJ ()
OJC]ZTL MJ ZF ]JCOLMA HL]TKCKLO
CAFEKIZTLCKaF MJ OLS KF]JTTZ^CKAFJS
KH^OJHJF]LCKaF MJ ZF TJ]LTMA ^AT]KHJT
Jo ]KHJT mj 2 dkts (]HT>)
Jo ]KHJT mj
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Cafekiurlckf mj oas ^ujrtascaha Jftrlml a Slokml
Jo prkhjr jgjrckcka quj sj rjlokzlcaf uf hkcracaftraolmar js ol mj ojjr ajscrkdkr mltas mkscrjtas (mkiktlojs) l trl-vs mj sus pujrtas. ^ar oa tlfta, ol prk-hjrl lctkvkmlm quj tkjfj quj rjlokzlrsj,js ol mj cafekiurlr sus rjspjctkvaspujrtas yl sjlf caha mj jftrlml a mjslokml mj mltas.
]amas oas hkcracaftraolmarjs pa-sjjf pujrtas quj mjpjfmkjfma mj sujstructurl eskcl rjolckaflml caf ol clf-tkmlm mj tjrhkflojs, pujmjf pasjjr uflclftkmlm mj pujrtas kiulo l < 4 3,
jtc.L caftkfulckf mjscrkdkrjhas ol hl-
fjrl jf quj tkjfjf quj sjr cafekiurlmasoas pujrtas mj uf hkcracaftraolmar ^KC,y plrl jooa, fas dlslrjhas jf = hkcra-caftraolmarjs ^KC mj mkejrjftjs tlhl-as, oas culojs tahlrjhas caha hamj-oa y l plrtkr mj stas, pamrjhas rjlokzlrculoqukjr lpokclckf, fa khpartlfma olclftkmlm mj tjrhkflojs quj pasjlf oashkcracaftraolmarjs, yl quj oa khpartlf-tj js lprjfmjr l cafekiurlroas y adtjfjr
jo hxkha djfjekcka mj sus bjrrlhkjf-tls kftjrfls.
^lrl cafekiurlr oaspujrtas mj jftrlml aslokml mj mltas mkiktlomj oas hkcracaftraol-marjs, sj tkjfj qujiulrmlr uf vloar jf jorjspjctkva rjikstra mjcafekiurlckf mjo pujr-ta l sjr jhpojlma. Jo
rjikstra mj cafekiurl-ckf mjdj sjr hlfkpu-olma jf jo oolhlmatrks, quj mjpjfmkjfmamjo pujrta sj cahpoj-hjftl jo fahdrj mjorjikstra l trksl sk sjtrltl mjo pujrta L, atrksd sk sj trltl mjopujrta D, a trksc sk sjtrltl mjo pujrta C, jtc.Farhlohjftj ol hlyar
clftkmlm mj pujrtasquj pasjj uf hkcra-
caftraolmar ^KC js mj : par oa quj soaoojilrl blstl jo pujrta J.
Cldj lcolrlr quj oas hkcracaftraol-marjs quj cujftlf caf uf soa pujrtacaha js jo clsa mjo ^KC
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Tjikstra trks 8 lo 4 caha jftrlml, y oas dkts mjo 3 lo : caha slokml mjo fkca pujrta.
havwe trkska
]ldol 0clhdkl lo dlfca (cjra)LMC's > (cjra) cahplrlmarjs mj vao-tlgj, tlo caha sj koustrl jf jo cmkia mjoprairlhl mj ol tldol. Blstl jstj puftabjhas rjvkslma mj qu hlfjrl sj ojjf
oas pujrtas L D C, jtc., mj hkcracaf-traolmarjs quj pasjjf hs mj uf pujr-ta (jo ^KC
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Kftramucckf
Ol farhl SLJ G
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jo hjmka eskca. Lmjhs rjlokzl ufl
mkejrjfcklckf jftrj mas vlrklftjs7
Ol jspjckekclckf SLJ G
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Jstl clrlctjrstkcl sj pujmj kfbldk-
oktlr jf culoqukjr hahjfta caf jo
cahlfma L] GS.
]amls ols rjspujstls l uf pjmk-
ma saf khprjsls par jo CK, yl sjl uf
saoa hjfslgj CLF a ufl trlfshk-
skf huotksjihjfta tlo caha oa mjek-
fj jo pratacaoa mj trlfspartj G>, pujmj sjr
hs ecko tkpjlr ufl vjrskf hs
cartl mj jstj cahlfma7
6 L] H^ EJCD
y blcjr quj jo JOH349 lirjiuj
4 cjras lutahtkclhjftj. Jstl vjr-
skf hs cartl mjo cahlfma js caf-
vjfkjftj y jqukvlojftj l ol atrl vjr-
skf. Jf oas pratacaoas G EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
^amr mjtjfjr jstj hama mj
hafktarja aprkhkjfma culoqukjr
tjcol. Culfma lplrjzcl fujvlhjf-
tj jo prahpt, prujdj jo hksha
cahlfma pjra caf jo earhltja lctk-
vlma7
6L] CLE> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
5 >EJCL >> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
5 >EJCL >> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE
Fujvlhjftj, jf loif pufta jo
hafktarja tjfmr quj mjtjfjrsj
aprkhkjfma culoqukjr tjcol.
Sk jst elhkoklrkzlma caf ol
farhl SLJ G lftjs mjo EJCL js jo dkt
mj ^ikfl mj Mltas). Fatj quj jo CK
fa khprkhj jo vloar mjo dkt
Tjsjrvlma culfma jst lctkvlma jo
earhltja. Sk fjcjsktl vjroa, tjfmr
quj mjslctkvlr jo earhltja.Kfhjmkltlhjftj l caftkfulckf
mj >EJCL jst jo vloar >>, quj
rjprjsjftl ol Mkrjcckf eujftj. Jf
jstj clsa, js >> plrl jo Hatar #
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fa bl suerkma ol jxtjfsl prujdl quj
blf tjfkma fujstras pratacaoas luta-
havkostkcas. Skhpojhjftj bjhas
tjfkma uf irlf fhjra mj pjmkmas
mj sapartj mjo pratacaoa, y qukskhas
mlroj loia plrl quj cahkjfcj l
jxpjrkhjftlr. Caha skjhprj, jstl-
has ldkjrtas l sus cahjftlrkas y
suijrjfckls plrl euturls hjgarls.
Jo JOH349 Eujrl mj Caftrao1
L vjcjs plrjcj quj jo JOH349
jst eujrl mj caftrao, y Zm. tkjfj quj
sldjr cha rjstlurlr jo armjf.
Lftjs mj sjiukr trltlfma ol hamkekcl-
ckf mj hucbas plrhjtras, stjplrjcj sjr uf dujf pufta plrl trltlr
cha vaovjr lo cahkjfza. \ukzs oj
blyl mkcba lo JOH349 quj hafkta-
rjj tamas oas mltas, y bly plftlools
y plftlools mj mltas quj plslf
vaolfma. \ukzs jo CK lbarl jst
rjspafmkjfma caf FA ML]L culf-
ma s trldlgldl lftjrkarhjftj. Lqu
vlf loiufas cafsjgas quj pujmjf
lyumlr.
Jo JOH349 skjhprj pujmj sjrkftjrruhpkma jf ufl tlrjl hjmklftj
ol aprjskf mj ufl tjcol mjo tjcolma.
Caha plrtj mj su apjrlckf farhlo,
sj blcjf vjrkekclckafjs mj oas clrlc-
tjrjs rjckdkmas y sk sj jfcujftrlf jo
CK plrlr oa quj jst blckjfma jf ol
prxkhl apartufkmlm. L h j f u m a ,
jsta skifkekcl quj caftkfulr jfvklf-
ma ol kfearhl-
ckf jf ol ofjl
carrkjftj, oujiasj mjtjfmr,
khprkhkr uf
prahpt blstl
quj sj vlcj jo
dueejr y su pra-
irlhl mj tjrhk-
flo blyl tjrhk-
flma mj khprkhkr
oa quj bl rjckdk-
ma. L vjcjs, oas
pradojhls plrj-
cjf hs sjrkas
y Zm. fa rjcujr-
ml oa quj bkza plrl blcjroas tlf hlo.
\ukzs Zm. blyl lgustlma loiufas
mj oas tjhparkzlmarjs, oujia jxpjrk-
hjftlma caf jo ekotra CLF, a qukzs
trltlma mj vjr qu sucjmj sk oas
dytjs mj jfcldjzlhkjfta eujrlf
clhdklmas. ]ama jsta sj pujmj rjk-
fkcklokzlr jfvklfma jo cahlfma L]
Sjt ta Mjeluots7
6 L] MA@
Jsta sjr suekckjftj plrl rjstlu-
rlr jo armjf, pjra l vjcjs pujmj
trljr rjsuotlmas kfjspjrlmas. Zfl
sarprjsl ls acurrkr sk jst cafjc-
tlma l uf vjbcuoa quj usl uf prata-caoa, pjra jo pratacaoa lohlcjflma
(jo mj mjejcta) js atra. Jf jstj clsa,
jo CK cjrrlr ol sjskf y oujia clh-
dklr jo pratacaoa lo mj mjejcta.
Sk L] M fa trlj oas rjsuotlmas
jspjrlmas, pujmj sjr fjcjslrka
blcjr loia hs mrstkca, caha ol rjk-
fkcklokzlckf mj tama jo CK. Bly
pacls earhls jf quj sj pujmj rjlok-
zlr jsta caf jo JOH349. Zfl earhl
js quktlr ol lokhjftlckf y oujia rjl-pokclrol. Atrl earhl js jfvklr jo
cahlfma mj rjkfkcklokzlckf tatlo7
6 L] W
Lo CK oj oojvl lpraxkhlmlhjftj sj pu-sa jf hlrcbl jo ]rlfshksar mj ]U Mkik-tlo mj @w jf jo Clflo 43 mj ZBE, cafol prjsjfckl mj ols hxkhls lutarkml-mjs y pjrsaflo mjo rjl mj kfijfkjrl mjT]L S.J., pjrsaflo mj FJC Lrijftkfl,FJC Glpf, TES y mj ols jhprjslskfstlolmarls mj Lrijftkfl Crkstawjr yWlhplrkfk - Eoahjfdakh STO.
Mj jstl earhl, Clflo 9 Lrijftkfl jsol prkhjrl jhksarl jf fujstra pls jfaerjcjr ]jojvkskf Mkiktlo mj Lkrj, okdrj yirltuktl dlga ol farhl mjo Skstjhl Lr-ijftkfa mj ]U Mkiktlo ]jrrjstrj (SL]UM-]) (Skstjhl Lrijftkfa mj ]U Mkiktlo -]jrrjstrj).
Cafvaclhas l tamas oas kftjirlf-tjs mj ol cahufkmlm tcfkcl y mj pra-mucckf l suhlrsj l jstj fujva mjsl-ea, quj mjdjr sjr cuhpokhjftlma parjo tlojfta y ol mjstrjzl quj clml ufapujml lpartlr.
Ol tjojvkskf mkiktlo tjrrjstrj (]M]) yl jst lqu y tjfjhas qujcafacjr oas mjtloojs mj eufckaflhkjfta, rjl mj cadjrturl yclrlctjrstkcls tcfkcls parquj fa mumj quj sus cokjftjs vlf lcahjfzlr l prjiuftlroj lo rjspjcta, y hs lf mjspus mjo huf -mklo. Bay sj jhktjf jf Lhrkcl Oltkfl hucbas clflojs jf ]M]y jstf mkspafkdojs plrl tamas oas bldktlftjs.
LZ]AT7 KFI. LODJT]A B. ^KCJTFApkcjrfalNeuoozjra.cah.lr www.pkcjrfa.cah.lr
]JCFAOAIL MJ ^ZF]L
Ekiurl < - ]rlfsejrjfckl mj tjcfaoail mj Glpf l Lrijftkfl.
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
9
]jcfaoail mj ^uftl
Caha jf Clflo 9 jst mlfma jo prkhjr pl-sa tjcfaoikca jf ol ]U Mkiktlo ]jrrjs-trj caf jo SL]UM-].
Jo irlf slota oa mlhas kfkcklohjftjtamas oas quj kftjirlhas ol ]U ^dokcljf Clflo 9, y oujia oa mlrjhas jf caf-gufta caf taml ol cahufkmlm mj ol ]ULrijftkfl.
Kt's afj shloo stjp ear PlX hlf,
afj iklft ojlp ear hlf`kfmZf pjquja plsa plrl uf bah-drj, uf irlf slota plrl ol buhlfkmlm
(Fjko Lrhstrafi4> mj Guoka mj
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
93
]M]7 ol ]U mjo ^rjsjftj^artldkokmlm7 ]joeafas cjouolrjs a
]U mj hlfa (Blfmbjom)Havkokmlm (jf BM]U a SM]U)7 ]U
jf vjbcuoas y trlfspartjsKftjrlctkvkmlm (hkmojwlrj)7 mltl
dralmclst 8 kfearhlckf lmkckaflo
Ukmja/lumka htamas mj cahprj-skf7 H^JI-4//H^JI-=0 B.45=KSMD-]7 Kftjirltjm Sjrvkcjs Mkiktlo
Dralmclst - tjrrjstrklo (trlfshkskf mkik-tlo tjrrjstrj mj sjrvkckas kftjirlmas)
SL]UM-]7 KSMD-]
^askdkokmlmjs quj fas ml olKSMD-] Sadrj ufl Jhksarl mj ]M]
Jo pdokca crjj quj ol farhl KSMD-
] mj ]M] fas ml eufmlhjftlohjftj olpaskdkokmlm mj adsjrvlr khijfjs mj lo-tl mjekfkckf y safkma mj lotl clokmlm.^jra jsl js saoa ufl mj sus paskdkokml-mjs.
Jf rjlokmlm fas ataril ufl ilhlmj vjftlgls quj sj pujmjf jfuhjrlrmjo skiukjftj hama. Sjrvkcka huotkpra-irlhl quj pjrhktj jhktkr trjs clflojsjf jo hksha lfcba mj dlfml jf quj ufclflo lfloikca jhktj ufa saolhjftj.Jo mkspoly mjo skftafkzlmar mkr parjgjhpoa 3>..4, 3>.3 jtc. (vjl ol ek-iurl 3). Skstjhl ktjrltkva mj ]U qujpjrhktj ufl vl mj rjtarfa mj kfearhl-ckf l trlvs mj ufl ofjl tjojefkclpjrhktkjfma rjlokzlr vatlckafjs jftkjhpa rjlo a jo caftrao mj vkmjagujiasa plrtkckplr mj colsjs. Ujr ol ekiurl =.
^jrhktj lmkckaflr kfearhlckf l olkhlijf jf culoqukjr hahjfta y l pjmk-ma mjo usulrka caha kfearhlckafjs mj-partkvls, barl, buhjmlm, jtc. vjr ol ek-
iurl :.
]rlfshkskafjs l Hvkojsy l ]joeafas Cjouolrjs
Jf ufl ploldrl quj jo skstjhlKSMD-] pjrhktj ol okdjrtlm tatlo plrl vjr]U parquj Zm. pujmj vjr ]U ekgl mjsmjufl lftjfl jxtjrfl a ufl kftjrfl, a ]Uhvko mjsmj tjoeafas cjouolrjs, vjb-cuoas a ]Us mj hlfa. Ujr ol ekiurl 9.
^rayjcta mjKftjirlckf ]jcfaoikcl
Jo pjreko mjo prayjcta loclfzl ol kfs-tlolckf y cafekiurlckf mj uf skstjhlK S M D - ] jf ol pravkfckl mj Dujfas
Lkrjs blstl Slftl Ej caha uf lprjfmk-zlgj plrl ol kfstlolckf mj = trlfshksa-rjs hs, tamas jooas maflmas par jo ia-dkjrfa mj Glpf jf atrls clpktlojs mjpravkfckl. Js mjckr jftrjflhkjfta sa-drj jo skstjhl KSMD-] y mjslrraooa y
jstumka mj atras hamjoas dlslmas jfo. ]lhdkf sj jstumklrf ols vlrklftjsmj KSMD-] dskca quj saf jo skstjhlmj ]U Huotk-Afj-Sji quj earhl plrtjmj uf skstjhl mj jfsjlfzl l mkstlf-ckl.
Jf culfta l oas adgjtkvas mjo pra-yjcta saf advklhjftj ol trlfsejrjfcklmj ]jcfaoail jf Lrijftkfl hjmklftj jomjslrraooa y jstumka mjo KSMD-] y olltjfckf, prahackf y mkeuskf mj ol ]Umkiktlo tjrrjstrj.
Ekiurl 5 - Tjcjpckf hvko.
Ekiurl : - Lirjilma mj kfearhlckf jf plftlool.
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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl
9=
]jcfaoail mj ^uftlZdkclckf mj ol Lftjfl ^rkfckplo
Ol lftjfl prkfckplo mj skstjhl sjudkclr mjdlga mj ol lftjfl mj UBE mjohksha clflo 9, sktulml jf ol tjrrlzl mjoHkfkstjrka mj Sloum y Lcckf Sacklo.
Ol lftjfl cujftl caf = plfjojsquj pujmjf adsjrvlrsj jf ufl vkstl mjcastlma y jf polftl jf ol ekiurl 2.
Caha sj pujmj adsjrvlr ol lftjflsj jfcujftrl caoaclml loia par mjdlgamj ol lctulo lftjfl mj UBE, mj hamamj fa lejctlr ol farhlo krrlmklckf mj olhkshl blstl quj sj mjcrjtj jo skojfckalfloikca.
Jf ol ekiurl ; sj pujmj adsjrvlrufl eatairlel mj ol lftjfl jhpolzlmljf su ouilr mj trldlga sadrj uf pjmjs-
tlo jf ol tjrrlzl mjo Hkfkstjrka mj Sloumy Lcckf Sacklo.
Caha sj pujmj adsjrvlr, jo clfloaekcklo mj ]M] jhktj jf jo clflo 43 mjZBE y sj pujmj clptlr pjrejctlhjftjcaf ol lftjfl culiuk pudokclml jffujstrl rjvkstl y quj pasjj ufl jxcj-ojftj ilflfckl jf jo clflo 43.Ekiurl 9 - ]amas oas hamas mj adsjrvlr ]U.
Ekiurl 2 - ^olfas mj ol lftjfl mj castlma y jf polftl.
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Mklirlhl mj Tlmklckfmjo Clflo 43
Jf ol ekiurl prjsjftlhas jo lh-poka mklirlhl mj rlmklckf mj ol lftjfl
jhksarl jf mafmj jstf mkduglmls olscastls mj Lrijftkfl y Zruiuly parqujlo trltlrsj mj ufl farhl caf ]U hvkosj mjdj pravjjr ol paskdkokmlm mj rjckdkrsjlojs jf jhdlrclckafjs quj sur-qujf jo Ta mj ol ^oltl. Mjftra mj tjrrk-tarka Lrijftkfa pamjhas adsjrvlr qujlo Fartj ol jhkskf oojil blstl Clhpl-fl y par jo sur blstl Ijfjrlo Hlfskooljf tlfta quj par jo jstj sj adsjrvl olcadjrturl blstl ol ckumlm Zruiulyl mjCaoafkl mjo Slcrlhjfta y par jo ajstj
blstl Ijfjrlo Ols Bjrls.Adsjrvj quj jo caoar lhlrkooa js jo
rjl mj cadjrturl prkhlrkl caf ufl kf-tjfskmlm mj clhpa hlyar l 5;mDuU/hquj js ufl kftjfskmlm mj clhpa jxcj-ojftj plrl ufl jhkskf mkiktlo quj tkjfj vjcjs hjgarjs rjsuotlmas quj ufllfloikcl, l tlo jxtrjha quj uf skhpojmkpaoa yl pujmj adtjfjr ufl sjlo lmj-
culml. ^ar jsa supafjhas quj fujs-trl lftjfl Culiuk pujmj sjr uf jxcj-ojftj luxkoklr.
Sk dkjf ol Culiuk jstl cartlml plrljo cjftra mj ol dlfml mj ZBE (clflo :>jf lpraxkhlmlhjftj :>>HBz) js oa