paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutis
samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero
Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli
IIIIIIII
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis
gamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemloba
2
paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutis
samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero
Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli
IIIIIIII
mTavari redaqtori
ramaz abesaZe
saredaqcio kolegia
n. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l. ToTlaZe, e. kakulia, m. kvaracxelia, a. kurataSvili, T. lazaraSvili, i. naTelauri, g. papava, vl. papava, r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r. javaxiSvili
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009
3
UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045) p - 121
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis
samecniero Srosamecniero Srosamecniero Srosamecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba in----
stitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqar----
Tvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnier----ekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, rom----
lebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveynis nis nis nis
saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.
krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis da daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod specialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul nebismier pirs.
© paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba
2009
4
ISSN 1987 – 6904 Strixkodi 9771987690003
COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
IIIIIIII
Editor-in-chief Ramaz Abesadze
Editorial Board
N. Arevadze, G. Berulava, N. Bibilashvili (executive secretary), V. Burduli, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, R. Javakhishvili, E. Kakulia, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadze, A. Kuratashvil i, M. Kvaratskhelia, T. Lazarashvili, I. Natelauri, G. Papava, V. Papava, R. Sarchimelia, L. Totladze
Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics
5
TBILISI 2009
UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045) p – 121
The collection of scientific works of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics publishes the works of Institute res-earchers and scientists-economists of Georgia dedicated to actual scientific problems and the problems vital for country economy.
The collection is intended for a wide range of readers and
will assist not only professionals but those concerned with
issues of economy.
© Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics
2009
ISSN 1987 - 6904
6
ramaz aramaz aramaz aramaz abbbbesaZeesaZeesaZeesaZe umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi
ganmartebis Sganmartebis Sganmartebis Sganmartebis Sesaxebesaxebesaxebesaxeb
umuSevroba udidesi negatiuri ekonomikuri da soci-
aluri movlenaa, romelTanac, drogamoSvebiT, msoflios
yvela qveyanas uxdeba brZola. amitom, masTan dakavSirebu-
li ganmartebebis sworad formirebas umuSevrobis zusti
suraTis daxatvisa da qmediTi praqtikuli RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveni azriT,
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebu-
li umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli gansazRvrebebis nawili,
maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT,
axlebur gaazrebasa da garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs. gan-
vixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
umuSevari.umuSevari.umuSevari.umuSevari. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis mixedviT, umuSevrad iTvleba 15 da meti wlis asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris daiwyos muSaoba da eZebs samuSaos [1, gv. 41].
am ganmartebaSi, romelic praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, Ziri-
Tadi aqcenti gadaitaneba adamianis gadawyvetilebaze _
surs Tu ara mas muSaoba. ufro zustad, umuSevrad ar iTv-
leba piri, romelsac Seusrulda samuSao asaki, ar eweva
raime sasargeblo saqmianobas da ar aqvs survili imuSaos.
marTalia, kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adamians aqvs Sromis
Tavisufleba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom fizikurad da go-
nebrivad jansaRi adamiani, romelsac survili ar aqvs imu-
Saos, ar azaralebs sazogadoebas. aseT pirTa gauTvaliswi-
nebloba xelovnurad amcirebs umuSevarTa raodenobas.
ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aseve umuSevrad iTvleba pi-
ri, romelsac aqvs survili imuSaos, magram aris sapensio
asakis (an pensioneri, romelsac surs imuSaos) an invalidi,
7
anu, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, misgan muSaoba ar moiTxove-
ba. aseTi pirebi umuSevrad ar unda iTvlebodnen, vinaidan,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, isini swored imitom ver Souloben samu-
Saos, rom araSromisunarianni arian. aseTi pirebis Seyvana
umuSevarTa rigebSi mxolod imitom, rom maT surT imuSaon,
xelovnurad zrdis umuSevarTa raodenobas. zemoT aRniSnu-
lis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoTvlili umuSev-
robis donis maCvenebeli ver upasuxebs mis ekonomikur da-
niSnulebas, Tu ra xarisxiTaa aTvisebuli qveynis yvelaze
umniSvnelovanesi resursi _ SromiTi resursi.
zemoT moyvanili ganmartebis mixedviT, aseve umuSevrad
iTvleba piri, romelic imyofeba specializebul dawesebu-
lebaSi an swavlobs.
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis Serbilebuli kri-teriumis mixedviT, umuSevradumuSevradumuSevradumuSevrad iTvleba 15 da meti wlis asa-kis mqone piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan gadaewura misi Sovnis imedi, magram Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas [1, gv. 41].
jer erTi, samuSaos povnis imedis gadawurva SesaZlebe-
lia mxolod maSin, rodesac adamians hyavs marCenali da me-
orec, samuSaos Tu ar eZebs, rogor iSovis mas.
Cveni azriT, umuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, romemememellll----
sac Seusac Seusac Seusac Seussssrurururullllda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqmimimimi----
anoanoanoanobasbasbasbas,,,, ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar
swavswavswavswavlobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. es gan-
marteba efuZneba samarTlebriv, ekonomikur da moralur
normebs da ara calkeuli pirovnebis survils, imuSaos Tu
ara. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs, rom pirovnebas ar SeuZ-
lia ar imuSaos, Tu mas muSaobis survili ar gaaCnia.
Tu Cvens ganmartebas mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, maSin,
imisda mixedviT aqvs Tu ara survili umuSevars imuSaos,
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri (romelic daeZebs
8
samuSaos) da pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri (romelic ar daeZebs samuSaos) umuSe-
vari. invalidebi da sapensio asakis pirebi, bunebrivia, arc
erT am kategorias ar unda miekuTvnebodnen.
arsebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri momomomosaxleobasaxleobasaxleobasaxleoba moicavs 15 da meti wlis asakis mqone pirebs, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiT, da umuSevrebs [1, gv. 41].
Tu umuSevrebis Sesaxeb Cven mier zemoT moyvanil gan-
martebas gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin es ganmarteba Semdegna-
irad dazustdeba: ekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxuri mosaxuri mosaxuri mosaxleoba moileoba moileoba moileoba moicccc----
avs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, rom----
lllleeeebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiT,,,, da aqda aqda aqda aq----
tiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebs....
maSasadame, mosaxleoba ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixed-
viT SeiZleba davyoT araaraaraaraekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosax----
leleleleobadobadobadobad. pirvelSi Seva samuSao asakis armqone da speci-
alizebul dawesebulebebSi myofi pirebi, aseve invalidebi
da sapensio asakis pirebi (maT Soris pensionerebi, romle-
bic ar muSaoben), xolo meoreSi _ yvela sxva piri. ekonomi-
kuri mosaxleoba TavisTavad daiyofa ekoekoekoekonnnnoooomikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiur
da ekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiur mosaxleobad. ekonomikurad aqtiur
mosaxleobaze ukve visaubreT. ekonomikurad pasiur mosax-
leobaSi gaerTiandebian: pasiuri umuSevrebi, savaldebulo
samxedro samsaxurSi myofi pirebi, moswavleebi (sajaro
skolisa da sxva saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebis), romle-
bic ar muSaoben da ar eZeben samuSaos.
rac Seexeba termins _ ”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”, albaT, Tanamed-
rove etapze saerTod umjobesia Tavi SevikavoT misi xmare-
bisagan, vinaidan praqtikaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba, xolo
ekonomikur literaturaSi misi gageba araerTgvarovania.
zogs miaCnia, rom igi aris gansakuTrebuli saqoneli (mag.,
marqsi da misi mimdevrebi), zogis azriT, igi aris sazo-
gadoebis is nawili, romlebic muSaoben an eZeben samuSaos
9
(mag., r. makkoneli, l. briu), e.i. ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba.
umuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis done gagagagannnniiiimarmarmarmarteba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa
raodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri moooosasasasaxleobis xleobis xleobis xleobis
odenoodenoodenoodenobbbbaaaassssTan, gamosaTan, gamosaTan, gamosaTan, gamosaxuli xuli xuli xuli prprprprocentobiT. ocentobiT. ocentobiT. ocentobiT.
Cven mier SemoTavazebuli Sesworebebis Tanaxmad, umuumuumuumu----
SevSevSevSevrobis donerobis donerobis donerobis done ganisazRvrebganisazRvrebganisazRvrebganisazRvreba umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da pasisisisi----
ur)ur)ur)ur) ricxoricxoricxoricxovvvvnobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT momumumumuSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSevarTavarTavarTavarTa (aq(aq(aq(aq----
titititiur da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTo raodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaxuli pxuli pxuli pxuli prrrroooo----
cencencencentobiT. tobiT. tobiT. tobiT.
umuSevrobis donis amgvari gaangariSeba gamoiwvevs
praqtikaSi dReisaTvis arsebuli wesis mixedviT gaangariSe-
buli umuSevrobis donis sididis cvlilebas, magram, mig-
vaCnia, rom igi ufro realurad asaxavs SromiTi resur-
sebis gamoyenebis xarisxs qveyanaSi.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba, Tu Cven gamoviTvliT
umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul sxva maCveneblebsac. magali-
Tad, pasiuri umuSevrebis radenobis Tanafardobas aqtiuri
umuSevrebis an saerTod umuSevrebis raodenobasTan, ekono-
mikurad pasiuri mosaxleobis raodenobis fardobas ekono-
mikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis an saerTod ekonomikuri
mosaxleobis raodenobasTan da a. S.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi done literaturaSi gaigi-
vebulia struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis dones-
Tan [2, gv. 260; 3, gv. 558]. Cven migvaCnia, rom umuSevumuSevumuSevumuSevrorororobis bis bis bis bunebribunebribunebribunebrivi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac
ekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi sa----
xelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZliereeeebis Sembis Sembis Sembis SemTxvevaSic TxvevaSic TxvevaSic TxvevaSic ki umuki umuki umuki umu----
Sevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZ----
lebelia.lebelia.lebelia.lebelia. marTalia, bunebrivi umuSevrobis mizezi struq-
turuli da friqciuli umuSevrobaa, magram, xSirad, Se-
saZloa struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis done ar
emTxveodes umuSevrobis bunebriv dones (anu umuSevrobis
10
maqsimalurad SesaZlo dabal dones), anu meti iyos masze.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis zusti gazomva TiTqmis Se-
uZlebelia. yvelaze martivi meTodia umuSevrobis saSualo
donis dadgena xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, vinaidan
didi drois ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis done xSirad utol-
deba bunebriv dones [3, gv. 552]. bunebrivi donidan gadaxra
SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara mxolod ciklurma umuSevrobam,
aramed struqturulma umuSevrobis zrdamac Tu ar tardeba
RonisZiebebi mis Sesamcireblad. saerTod, bunebriv doneze
araerTi faqtori moqmedebs, romelTa regulirebis gareSe
SeuZlebeli iqneba struqturuli da realuri bunebrivi
done erTmaneTs daemTxvas. magaliTad, Tu mosaxleobis
struqturaSi izrdeba im jgufis xvedriTi wili, romlis
bunebrivi umuSevrobis done ufro didia (magaliTad,
axalgazrdebis), maSin bunebrivi umuSevrobis mTliani
donec gaizrdeba. amitom aucilebeli xdeba am jgufis bune-
brivi umuSevrobis donis Semcireba. bunebrivi umuSevrobis
doneze moqmedebs aseve xelfasis minimaluri donis dad-
gena, umuSevrebze daxmarebis daweseba, saSemosavlo gada-
saxadis sidide, profkavSirebis gavlena da, rac mTavaria,
struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis donis Semcirebi-
saken mimarTuli saxelmwifo politika.
umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. literaturaSi ZiriTadad
saubaria mxolod cikluri umuSevrobis Sedegad gamowveul
danakargebze, vinaidan bunebrivi umuSevroba gaigivebulia
struqturul da friqciul umuSevrobasTan. migvaCnia, rom
erTmaneTisgan unda gairCes struqturuli da cikluri
umuSevrobiT gamowveuli danakargebi. cikluri umuSevrobis
dros sawarmoo simZlavreebi arsebobs, oRond gamouye-
nebelia, maSasadame, cikluri umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad
axali dabandebebi saWiro ar aris, maSin, rodesac struq-
turuli umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad aucilebelia qveynis
axali ZiriTadi kapitalis Seqmna. umuSevroba mosaxleobis
11
sxvadasxva fenebs sxvadasxvagvarad azaralebs. zarals
ganicdian umuSevrebi xelfasis dakargvis gamo; saxelmwifo
biujeti _ Semosavlebis klebis da umuSevrebze daxmare-
bebis gacemis Sedegad; mewarmeebi kargaven mogebas; mcir-
deba mTliani erovnuli produqti da a.S. rasakvirvelia,
aRniSnuli zaralebis Sekrebis Sedegad saerTo zaralis
gamoTvla Secdomaa da igi gamoiwvevs ormag aRricxvas, vi-
naidan mSp warmoadgens sidides, romelSic Tavs iyris
yvela danakargi.
cikluri umuSevrobis danakargebi ganisazRvreba ouke-
nis cnobili kanonis mixedviT. magram es kanoni gamoy-
vanilia empiriuli dakvirvebis safuZvelze amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis magaliTze da is SedarebiT marTebuli iyo
am qveynisaTvis an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, analogiuri qveyne-
bisaTvis da ara gansxvavebuli empiriuli monacemebis mqone
qveynebisTvis (maT Soris igulisxmeba saqarTveloc).
aRsaniSnavia, rom oukenis kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs
umuSevrobis zogierT dadebiT efeqts (magaliTad, Tavi-
sufali drois arseboba, racionaluri gadawyvetilebis
miRebis meti SesaZlebloba). igi aseve ar iTvaliswinebs
mSp-s danakargebs umuSevrobiT gamowveuli socialur-poli-
tikuri da kriminogenuri situaciis gauaresebis, adamiani-
seuli kapitalis Semcirebis Sedegad gamowveul mSp-s
danakargebs. arada es danakargebi, ZiriTadad investiciebis
Semcirebis gamo, sakmaod mniSvnelovania. umuumuumuumuSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZli----
erebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daZaZaZaZa----
bulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyeneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowveuliveuliveuliveuli
danadanadanadanakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic da----
kavkavkavkavSirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis
zrdasTan.zrdasTan.zrdasTan.zrdasTan.
ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. literaturasa
da praqtikaSi xSirad SevxvdebiT daskvnas, rom umuSevrobis
donis Semcirebis erTaderTi gzaa ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
12
pebis daCqareba, magram, sinamdvileSi, garkveul pirobebSi
da zrdis tempebis garkveul intervalSi umuSevrobis done
ki ar mcirdeba, aramed SeiZleba igive darCes an gaizardos
kidevac. ratom? _ struqturuli umuSevrobis zrdis gamo,
rac Sromis nayofierebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli, vinaidan
produqciis gazrdili raodenoba moiTxovs muSaTa nakleb
raodenobas. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom ekonomikaSi
dasaqmebulia 10 muSa, umuSevrobis done aris 8%, gamo-
muSavebuli produqciis moculobaa 100 laris. maSin Sromis
nayofiereba Seadgens 10 lars. vTqvaT, inovaciis Sedegad
Sromis nayofiereba gaizarda 10%-iT, anu Seadgina 11 lari.
muSaTa raodenobis ucvlelobis pirobebSi gamomuSavebuli
produqciis moculoba gaxdeba 110 laris, anu isic
gaizrdeba 10%-iT. maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi pro-
duqciis 10%-iani zrdaa saWiro, umuSevrobis done rom
igive darCes. Tu Cven warmoebis moculobas gavzrdiT 10%-
ze naklebi sididiT, maSin amisaTvis dagvWirdeba ara 10
muSa, aramed naklebi, rac umuSevrobis donis zrdas gamo-
iwvevs. umuSevrobis done rom Semcirdes, aucilebelia
gamomuSaveba gaizardos 10%-ze meti sididiT, anu inovacias
Tan unda mohyves warmoebis gafarToeba. amitomaa rom, ino-
vaciur procesebTan erTad, umuSevrobis donis Semcirebas
didi dro sWirdeba.
rasakvirvelia, ciklur umuSevrobasTan saqme sxvagva-
radaa. am dros samuSao adgilebi arsebobs da ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis pirobebSi raime damatebiTi dabandebebis gaweva
saWiro ar aris. umuSevrobis done mcirdeba axali investi-
ciebis mozidvis gareSe.
friqciuli umuSevrobis dros erTmaneTisagan unda
ganvasxvaoT mosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdis Sedegad gamowveuli umu-
Sevroba (rodesac axalgazrda Sromisunariani xdeba an
saswavlebels amTavrebs da umuSevaria) da samuSaos neba-
yofilobiT an iZulebiT (oRond ara warmoebis daqveiTebis
13
gamo) dakargvis Sedegad gamowveuli umuSevroba. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi zedapirulad saqme gvaqvs struqturuli umu-
Sevrobis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi cikluri umuSevrobis
analogiur SemTxvevasTan, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi umu-
Sevrobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa axali dabandebebis gan-
xorcieleba, meoreSi ki ara.
zemoT SemoTavazebuli dazustebebis Sedegad aRmo-
ifxvreba umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli aRricxvis zogi-
erTi sirTule, vinaidan umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli
aRricxvis statistikuri maCveneblebi da mis safuZvelze
gamoTvlili sidideebi metad albaTuria Semdeg garemoeba-
Ta gamo:
statistikuri maCveneblebi SeiZleba Zalian swrafad
Seicvalos, vinaidan igi damokidebulia adamianis survil-
ze, imuSaos Tu ara. Cven mier SemoTavazebuli meTodis
SemTxvevaSi es naklovaneba aRmoifxvreba, vinaidan umuSe-
varTa raodenoba damokidebuli aRar iqneba adamianis sur-
vilze da damokidebuli iqneba mxolod imaze, daiwyebs Tu
ara umuSevari muSaobas.
SesaZlebelia, yvela invalidsa da sapensio asakis
mqone pirs hqondes samuSaos dawyebis survili, magram
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver poulobdnen mas, imis gamo, rom
maTi adamianiseuli kapitalis xarisxi veRar akmayofilebs
arsebul moTxovnebs. axali specialobis SeZena da kvalifi-
kaciis amaRleba ki maT aRar SeuZliaT. Aamis gamo, umu-
SevarTa raodenoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi darCeba gazrdili,
romlis Semcirebac faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iqneba. Cven
mier SemoTavazebuli meTodis SemTxvevaSi es naklovanebac
aRmoifxvreba, vinaidan umuSevarTa raodenobaSi invalidebi
da sapensio asakis pirebi saerTod ar Seitaneba, imisda miu-
xedavad, aqvT muSaobis survili Tu ara. es kategoria
mikuTvnebulia an araekonomikuri mosaxleobis jgufs (umu-
14
Sevrobis SemTxvevaSi), an aqtiuri ekonomikuri mosaxleobis
jgufs (dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi).
xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc momuSaveebi, ise umuSevrebi
ver xvdebian statistikur monacemebSi. magaliTad, adami-
anTa didi jgufi muSaobs samuSao asakis Sesrulebamde an
dakavebulni arian saojaxo saqmeebiT. agreTve Crdilovan
ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi. umuSevrebi, romlebic
ar gaivlian registracias, umuSevarTa rigebSi ver moxvde-
bian da a.S. am naklovanebaTa aRmosafxvrelad aucilebelia
umuSevarTa da momuSaveTa aRricxvis sistemis srulyofa da
gamkacreba. saxelmwifo unda awarmoebdes umuSevarTa sa-
valdebulo aRweras. umuSevarma unda gaiaros aRricxva da
daafiqsiros Tavisi damokidebuleba umuSevrobasTan dakav-
SirebiT (eZebs Tu ara samuSaos). rasakvirvelia, es ar niS-
navs, rom pirovneba vaiZuloT imuSaos Tu ar surs. magram,
saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes monacemebi im SromiTi potenci-
alis Sesaxeb, romelsac qveyana flobs.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1.1.1.1. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. 2008. 2.2.2.2. Гайгер Линвуд Т. Макроэкономическая теория и переходная
экономика. М., “ИНФРА-М”, 1996, с. 260. 3.3.3.3. Дженифер Д. Сакс, Фелипе Ларрен Б. Mакроэкономика. М.,
“ДЕЛО”, 1996.
Abesadze Ramaz ON SOME DEFINITIONS CONNECTED
WITH UNEMPLOYMENT
SUMMARY
15
Some parts of definitions connected with unemployment been current
for years in theory and practice, require new understanding and certain precise definition in the direction of improvement of their practical use. It is very important to form correctly the definitions as to depict accurate picture of unemployment and realize effective practical measures.
The article offers new definitions of such terms as: unemployed; economic and noneconomic population; economically passive and economi-cally active population; unemployment level and natural level of unemploy-ment; unemployment losses.
The article specifises the connection between economic growth and unemployment level and gives some considerations to overcome difficulties connected with unemployment.
16
vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava finansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebis
problemaproblemaproblemaproblema
Tanamedrove globaluri finansuri krizisiT warmoqm-
nil uamrav problemas Soris dRis wesrigSi dgeba msof-
lio masStabiT ekonomikaze zombi-firmebis Setevis Tema [1-
2], ris gamoc gaCnda publikaciebi e.w. ekonomikis “axali”
sferos – “zombi-nomikis” (“zombie-nomics”) [3] Sesaxeb.
ras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirebisebisebisebis
iaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiiiileba?leba?leba?leba?
zombi-ekonomikis fenomeni, uwinares yovlisa, ukavSirdeba
iaponias, sadac gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi “Caisaxa”
(magaliTad, [4]). zombi-ekonomikis safuZvels warmoadgens ara-gadaxdisunariani, faqtobrivad gakotrebuli firmebi, romle-
bic, amavdroulad, ganagrZoben funqcionirebas, ris gamoc maT
“zombebs” uwodeben.
zombi-firmebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi finansuri
wyaroa dakreditebis sistema [5, 6]. kerZod, aseTi firmebis
dakreditebas axdenen e.w. zombi-bankebi, romlebic am firmebs
SeRavaTiani pirobebiT aZleven kreditebs (kerZod, kreditebs
aZleven saSualo sabazroze dabali saprocento ganak-
17
veTebiT) [6, 7]. aseTi winaswarve gaumarTlebeli kreditebi am
bankebis aSkara danakargebs iwvevs [8, gv. 368]. zombi-firmebis funqcionirebis mocemul sqemasTan dakav-
SirebiT bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor axerxeben zombi-
bankebi arsebobis gagrZelebas. aseTi bankebis ukan, rogorc
wesi, dgas mTavroba [9, gv. 301], romelic gascems samTavrobo garantiebs, axorcielebs depozitebis dakreditebas, rac, sabo-
loo angariSiT, iwvevs imas, rom zombi-bankebi gadasaxadebis
gadamxdelTa xarjze arseboben [10, gv. 164]. amgvari finansuri struqtura erTgvarad stimuls aZlevs `jansaRi~ firmebis
zombebad gadaqcevas [4, gv. 40]. swored zombi-firmebis, zombi-bankebisa da mTavrobis
urTierTobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba zombi-ekonomika, romelic
mZime tvirTad awveba ekonomikis jansaR nawils. kerZod,
zombi-bankebis mxridan SeRavaTiani dakreditebis sistemiT
uzrunvelyofili zombi-firmebis arseboba zRudavs bazarze
jansaRi firmebis gaCenisa da arsebobis SesaZleblobas [4, gv.
33], romlebsac ufro maRali saprocento ganakveTebiT uwevT kreditebis aReba [11]. amasTan, SeRavaTiani dakreditebis gamo,
zombi-firmebs konkurenciul brZolaSi ufro advilad SeuZ-
liaT fasebis Semcireba [6, gv. 288] da iq momuSave adami-
anebisaTvis xelfasis gazrda [4, gv. 33]. xolo bazarze jansaRi firmebis, anu efeqtianad funqcionirebadi firmebis
daSvebis dabrkoleba, saboloo angariSiT, mTeli ekonomikis
efeqtianobas amcirebs [8, gv. 364]. zombi-ekonomika, rogorc aseTi, finansur krizisSi iRebs
saTaves [8, 12]. rogorc cnobilia, stagnaciis pirobebSi
ekonomikas SedarebiT xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi
warmoebisa da vaWrobis uZraoba axasiaTebs, rasac Tan sdevs
umuSevarTa ricxvis zrda, xelfasisa da mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis Semcireba. aseT pirobebSi mTavrobisagan,
rogorc wesi, moiTxoven ekonomikis amgvari mdgomareobidan
gamoyvanas, da igi sabanko sistemis (sabanko krizisis Tavidan
18
asacileblad) da mTeli ekonomikis funqcionirebis SenarCu-
nebas sabiujeto dafinansebis gziT cdilobs.
finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg ekonomika
memkvidreobad iRebs mis arasicocxlisunarian nawils, ro-
melic cdilobs, saxelmwifos mxridan SeinarCunos im fi-
nansuri mxardaWeris sistema, romliTac igi stagnaciis
pirobebSi sargeblobda. Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
zombi-ekonomika finansuri krizisis memkvidreobas warmo-
adgens.
unda aRiniSnos rom, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Ta-
naxmad, zombi-ekonomikis fenomeni damaxasiaTebelia ara
mxolod iaponiis an ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis
mqone qveynisaTvis (magaliTad, [13]), aramed ganviTarebadi eko-
nomikis mqone qveynebisTvisac (magaliTad, [10]).
ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ zombizombizombizombi----ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika
da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?
zombi-ekonomikis mimarT mTavari kiTxva SemdegSi mdgo-
mareobs: ra ganapirobebs mis SedarebiT stabilur arse-
bobas?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare [14]. am
Teoriis ZiriTadi “instrumentia” “rutinis” cneba, romel-
Sic igulisxmeba firmebis qcevis Camoyalibebuli wesebi da
saSualebebi, romlebic aregulirebs maT (qcevis) aRwar-
moebas.
zombi-ekonomikis rutina yalibdeba finansuri krizi-
sebis pirobebSi, roca mTavrobasa da bankebs Soris myar-
deba urTierToba aramomgebiani firmebis mxardasaWerad im
mizniT, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli ekonomikis mniSvne-
lovani daqveiTeba da umuSevrobis zrda. SedarebiT xangr-
Zlivi stagnaciis SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba gadaizrdeba
19
im firmebis qcevis Camoyalibebul wesebad da saSualebebad,
romlebic aregulirebs am qcevis aRwarmoebas, anu Sesa-
bamis rutinad. aq metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos stag-
naciis xangrZlivoba, rac aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis,
rom Sesabamisma rutinam Camoyalibeba moaswros.
finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg swored es
rutina uzrunvelyofs zombi-ekonomikis arsebobas, radgan,
sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, da krizisis miuxedavad, arc erTi
mTavroba ar moisurvebs, rogorc minimum, umuSevrobis gaz-
rdas, romelic aSkarad moimatebs zombi-firmebis daxurvis
SemTxvevaSi, radgan jansaRi firmebi ver moaxdenen momen-
talur reagirebas zombi-firmebis arsebobis Sewyvetaze da
operatiuli wesiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas [11, 15].
Sesabamisi qveynebis ganviTarebaze zombi-ekonomikis
uaryofiTi gavlena aSkaraa. Sesabamisad, unda gamovavlinoT
da avamoqmedoT is meqanizmi, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba misgan Tavis daRweva.
Teoriulad cxadia, rom zombi-ekonomikis mospobis qme-
diTi meqanizmi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli gakotrebis Se-
saxeb kanonmdeblobasTan.
gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba qmediTi instrumen-
tia zombi-firmebis da zombi-bankebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi
aSkarad SeiniSneba gakotrebis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis
iuridiuli gaformebis garTulebis tendencia (magaliTad,
[16]).
zombizombizombizombi----ekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxeb
zombi-ekonomikis rutinis gagebis gasaRebs iZleva
jeims biukenenis sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoria, romlis
Tanaxmadac, politika ganmartebulia, rogorc bazris gan-
sakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba [17]. finansuri krizisebis piro-
20
bebSi yalibdeba swored iseTi ekonomikuri politika, ro-
melic, erTi mxriv, mTavrobis umaRles miznad acxadebs
ekonomikaSi Carevas misi krizisuli situaciidan gamoyvanis
mizniT, xolo meore mxriv, xels uwyobs im ekonomikuri su-
bieqtebis kerZo interesebis realizacias, romlebic krizi-
sis gamo gakotrebis zRvarze aRmoCndnen.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, zombi-ekonomikis rutina fi-
nansuri krizisis pirobebSi sabazro ekonomikis produqtia.
Sesabamisad, am rutinis matarebelia ara ubralod homo
economicus-i, aramed misi iseTi mutanti, romelic finansuri krizisis gamo deformirebuli sabazro ekonomikis fun-
qcionirebis pirobebTan Seguebis, adaptirebis procesSi Ca-
moyalibda. pirobiTad homo economicus-is aseT mutants, Cveni
azriT, yvelaze zustad axasiaTebs termini zombie economicus-i [18], romelic swored zombi-ekonomikis rutinis matarebe-
lia.
arsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikis
zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?
Tanamedrove globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi
mravali qveyana mimarTavs kerZo finansuri institutebis, zog-
jer ki realuri seqtoris zogierTi firmisadmi finansuri
daxmarebis specialur samTavrobo programebs [19, gv. 22-23], rac aSkarad qmnis zombi-ekonomikis rutinis Camoyalibebis
safrTxes. es safrTxe SeiZleba savsebiT realuri gaxdes, Tu
finansuri krizisi droSi ise gaWianurdeba, rom am xnis gan-
mavlobaSi, aRniSnuli daxmarebis ganxorcielebis gamo, zombi-
ekonomikis rutina Camoyalibebas moaswrebs.
ramdenime wlis win amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi zombi-
ekonomikis fenomenis arsebobas gadaWriT uaryofdnen [20, gv.
120], Tumca, bolo xans, finansuri krizisis gamo, sul ufro
xSirad xazgasmiT aRiniSneba zombi-firmebis gaCenis saSiS-
21
roeba [21, 22], da, mainc, dResac SeiniSneba am problemis
ugulebelyofis faqtebi [23]. asea Tu ise, finansuri mxardaWe-
ris samTavrobo programas savsebiT samarTlianad eZleva
zombi-programis kvalifikacia, xolo SeerTebuli Statebis xa-
zinas zombi ekonomikis “dedis” statusi eniWeba [24]. samarTli-
anoba moiTxovs xazi gavusvaT, rom amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi sabanko seqtoris zombirebis mimarTulebiT moZraobis
pirveli niSnebi jer kidev Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis
dawyebamde didi xniT adre gamovlinda, roca mTavrobam sub-
sidirebis gziT moaxdina bankebis mier gasacemi ipoTekuri
kreditebis dazRvevis stimulireba mosaxleobis dabalSemo-
savliani fenebisaTvis, romlebic ver akmayofilebdnen sayovel-
Taod miRebul sabanko moTxovnebs [25]. amasTan, metad mniS-
vnelovania im garemoebis gaTvaliswineba, rom Tanamedrove fi-
nansur kriziss safuZvlad udevs amerikelTa fsiqologiuri
stimulebi, aiRon vali, Tundac ar iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom
SeZleben mis dafarvas [26, gv. 44]. zombi-ekonomikis Camoyalibebis saSiSroeba aseve re-
aluri gaxda kanadis [27] da evrokavSiris zogierTi qvey-
nisTvisac [28, 29].
postkomunisturi kapitalizmis qveynebSi Tanamedrove
finansuri krizisi aseve xels uwyobs iseTi samTavrobo
programebis SemuSavebas, romlebic emyareba gakotrebis pi-
ras misuli bankebisa da firmebis finansur mxardaWeras (ma-
galiTad, [30]).
grZelvadiani SeRavaTiani dakreditebisa da investire-
bis ganxorcielebis mizniT gaaqtiurda specialuri saxelm-
wifo institutebis (bankebis) Seqmnis proeqtebi (magaliTad,
[31]).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikis TeoriiT karga xania
damtkicebulia da msoflio gamocdilebiTac dadasturebu-
lia ekonomikis saxelmwifo SeRavaTiani dakreditebis dam-
Rupveli xasiaTi (magaliTad, [32, gv. 22-28]), ganviTarebuli
22
qveynebic (ris Sesaxebac zemoT iTqva) da postkomunisturi
kapitalizmis qveynebic isev da isev mimarTaven finansur
krizisTan dapirispirebis am instruments. es ki, saboloo
angariSiT, xels uwyobs zombi-ekonomikis rutinis Camo-
yalibebas.
Tanamedrove finansurma krizisma gansakuTrebiT aqtu-
aluri gaxada “mogebis privatizaciisa da zaralis naciona-
lizaciis” damRupveli principi [19, gv. 10]. unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikis zombirebis pirveli
simptomebi postkomunistur sivrceSi pirvelad ruseTSi
1998 wlis agvistos krizisis droidan gamovlinda [15, gv.
210] da swored aman misca sababi postkomunisturi zombi-
ekonomikis fenomenis gaCenas [15, gv. 211]. Tanamedrove finan-sur kriziss ki, romelsac, garda imisa, rom fesvebi Tavad
ruseTSi aqvs gadgmuli da agreTve globaluri finansuri
krizisiTaa ganmtkicebuli, SeiZleba ufro gaWianurebuli
xasiaTi hqondes, rasac bevrad ufro seriozuli Sedegebi
mohyveba.
daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna
ekonomikis mkvdari nawilis fenomeni ucxo ar aris
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone zogierTi qveynisTvis: finan-
surma krizisebma xeli Seuwyo rutinis warmoqmnas, rome-
lic sabanko sistemis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs faqtob-
rivad gakotrebuli firmebisadmi samTavrobo mxardaWeris
stabilurobas. Sedegad iqmneba zombi-bankebis da zombi-
firmebis qseli, romelic warmoqmnis swored zombi-ekono-
mikis sistemas.
zombi-ekonomikis rutinis matarebeli “cocxali” adami-
ani ki aRar aris, aramed zombia _ zombie economicus-ia. Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis pirobebSi zombi-eko-
nomikis safrTxe sul ufro Zlierad “ukakunebs karze” gan-
23
viTarebuli ekonomikis im qveynebsac, romlebic bolo drom-
de axerxebdnen ekonomikis zombirebis Tavidan acilebas.
zombi-ekonomikisgan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi qmediTi
meqanizmia gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis amoqmedeba,
risTvisac aucilebelia mmarTveli elitis Sesabamisi po-
litikuri nebis arseboba. ar unda velodoT, rom finansuri
krizisis pirobebSi am elitas, msoflios nebismier qve-
yanaSi, eyofa politikuri gambedaoba, aamoqmedos gakotrebis
meqanizmi, magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom es meqanizmi
gadaudeblad amoqmeddes postkrizisul periodSi. da is
qveyana, romlis xelmZRvanelobasac eyofa politikuri neba,
Tavi daaRwios zombi-ekonomikas, ekonomikuri aRmavlo-
bisaTvis mZlavr stimuls SeiZens.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Stepek J. “How Zombie Companies Suck the Life from an Economy”, Money Week, November 18, 2008; http://www.moneyweek.com/news-and-charts/economics/how-zombie-companies-suck-the-life-from-an-economy-14089.aspx.
2. Willie CB J. “Gold, Zombie Banking System, Lightning, Earthquakes and Hurricanes”, The Market Oracle, January 20, 2009; http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article8346.html.
3. LeLaulu L. “Zombie Economics?”, The Development Executive Group, January 13, 2009; http://www.devex.com/articles/zombie-economics.
4. Hoshi T. “Economics of the Living Dead”, The Japanese Economic Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2006.
5. Caballero R.J., Hoshi T., Kashyap A.K. “Zombie Lending and Depressed Restructuring in Japan”, NBER Working Paper 12129, 2006.
6. Smith D.C. “Loans to Japanese Borrowers”, Japanese International Economies, Vol. 17. No. 3, 2003.
7. Hoshi T., Kashyap A. “Solutions to Japan’s Banking Problems: What Might Work and What Definitely will Fail”, in Ito T., Patrick H.,
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Weinstein D.E. (eds.), Reviving Japan’s Economy: Problems and Prescriptions. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005.
8. Ahearne A.G., Shinada N. “Zombie Firms and Economic Stagnation in Japan”, International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol. 2, Nо. 4., 2005.
9. Kane E.J. “The Dialectical Role of Information and Disinformation in Regulation-Induced Banking Crises”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 8. Issue 3-4, 2000.
10. Kane E.J. “Capital Movements, Banking Insolvency, and Silent Runs in the Asian Financial Crisis”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 8. Issue 2, 2000.
11. Caballero R., Kashyap A.K. “Japan's Indian Summer”, The Wall Street Journal, July 18, 2002; http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/anil.kashyap/research/awsj.pdf.
12. Hoshi T., Kashyap A.K. “Japan’s Economic and Financial Crisis: An Overview”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter, 2004; http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/anil.kashyap/research/japancrisis.pdf.
13. Holle P., “The Evolution of a Zombie Economy”, The Frontier Centre For Public Policy, March 15, 2005; http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=979.
14. Нельсон Р.Р., Уинтер С. Дж. Эволюционная теория экономических изменений. Москва: ЗАО «Финстатинформ», 2000.
15. Lindsey B. Against the Dead Hand: The Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
16. Cussen M.P. “Changing The Face Of Bankruptcy”, Investopedia, 2009; http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/bankruptcy-act.asp?partner=NTU.
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20. Bonner W., Wiggin A. Financial Reckoning Day: Surviving the Soft Depression of the 21st Century, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
21. Coy P. “A New Menace to the Economy: 'Zombie' Debtors”, BusinessWeek, January 15, 2009; http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_04/b4117024316675.htm.
22. Krugman P. “Wall Street Voodoo”, The New York Times, January 18, 2009.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/opinion/19krugman.html?_r=2&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.
23. Krugman P. “The Big Dither”, The New York Times, March 5, 2009; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/opinion/06krugman.html.
24. Kunstler J.H. “The Inevitable Fate Of Our ‘Zombie’ Economy”, Contrarian Stock Market Investing News, November 28, 2008; http://www.contrarianprofits.com/articles/the-inevitable-fate-of-our-zombie-economy/9233.
25. Holmes S.A. “Fannie Mae Eases Credit To Aid Mortgage Lending”, The New York Times, September 30, 1999; http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9c0de7db153ef933a0575ac0a96f958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.
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28. Kelly M. “Our Zombie Nation and Zombie Banks”, Machine Nation, October 28, 2008; http://machinenation.forumakers.com/economy-business-and-finance-f8/morgan-kelly-our-zombie-nation-and-zombie-banks-t1496.htm#43586.
29. Schnittger F. “Ireland's Zombie Economy”, European Tribune, January 14, 2009; http://www.eurotrib.com/?op=displaystory;sid=2009/1/14/113437/798.
26
30. Илларионов А. «Природа российского кризиса», Институт экономического анализа, 2 октября, 2008; http://www.iea.ru/macroeconom.php?id=8.
31. Данилишин Б. «Экономика Украины: жизнь после кризиса?», Зеркало недели, № 1 (729), 17 – 23 января, 2009; http://www.zn.ua/2000/2020/65131/.
32. Хэзлитт Г. Типичные ошибки государственного регулирования экономики. Москва: Серебряные нити, 2000.
Papava Vladimer FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE PROBLEM OF ZOMBIEING
OF THE ECONOMY
SUMMARY
As international experience shows, dead firms do exist and “suc-cessfully” function in the most developed economies as well with Japan being the most obvious example. These insolvent and, in fact, bankrupt firms which continue to operate despite their “mortality” are commonly referred to as “zombie-firms.” It must be emphasized that a zombie-economy is a phenomenon peculiar not only to Japan and other developed market economies but also to those countries with developing economies as international experience has shown. A zombie-economy’s routine is carried by the “gone and departed” man, the so-called zombie economicus. The only effective mechanism to get rid of a zombie-economy is to adopt a sound bankruptcy law which, in turn, requires the strong political will of the ruling elite.
27
vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebi
umuSumuSumuSumuSeeeevrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSi
umuSevrobis Semcireba bevradaa damokidebuli mewar-
meobis ganviTarebaze. samewarmeo seqtoris ganviTarebis
sxvadasxvanairma pirobebma SeiZleba Seamciros an gazardos
umuSevroba. bolo wlebSi (2001 _ 2007) umuSevrobis done
saqarTveloSi nel-nela izrdeboda. 2001 wels umuSevarTa
wili ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis raodenobaSi
Seadgenda 11,1%-s, 2006 wels _ 13,6%-s, Semdeg odnav Sem-
cirda da 2007 wels Seadgina ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis 13,3%. amasTan, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leobis ricxovnoba TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda: 2001 wels is
28
moicavda 2113,3 aTas adamians, 2007 wels ki _ 1905,3 aTas
adamians. Semcirebis miuxedavad ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-
saxleobis ricxovnobis absolutur gamosaxulebaSi umu-
Sevrebis raodenoba odnav gaizarda: 235,6 aTasi 2001 wels,
maqsimumi _ 279,3 aTasi adamiani 2005 wels da 261 aTasi
adamiani 2007 wels. dasaqmebulebis raodenoba (maT Soris
SinameurneobebSi) Semcirda 1877,7 aTasi adamianidan 2001
wels 1704,3 aTas adamianamde 2007 wels. amasTan, daqira-
vebulebis odenoba, romelSic Sedis samewarmeo seqtorSi
dasaqmebulebis ZiriTadi nawili, amave wlebSi meryeobda
29,4%-dan 2004 wels 31,8%-mde 2007 wels (ekonomikurad aq-
tiuri mosaxleobis mTel ricxovnobaSi) [2, gv. 43]. sakmaod
farToa cneba “TviTdasaqmebulebi”. igi moicavs mesakuT-
reebs, romelTa saqmianobis mizans warmoadgens mogebis an
ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT) miReba [2, gv. 41];
ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSave pirebs. TviT-
dasaqmebulebis wili ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis
ricxovnobaSi meryeobda 53,8%-dan 2001 wels 58,3%-mde 2003
wels (maqsimumi), 54,3% _ 2007 wels [2, gv. 43].
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gavlena umuSevrebis raode-
nobaze bevrad damokidebulia mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
koordinaciis xarisxze. amasTan, qveyanaSi “sustad” xdeba
zogierTi iseTi samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeebis stimuli-
reba, romlebsac SeuZlia arsebiTad Seamciros umuSevrobis
done. amis Sedegad saxezea arasakmarisad dabalansebuli
ekonomika. ekonomikis disbalansi vlindeba SemdegSi:
rTuli samomxmareblo da fondebis Semqmneli teqnolo-
giebis (avtomobilebi, kompiuterebi, macivrebi, teleradio-
aparatura da a.S.) importi ganapirobebs maTi momsaxurebis
(servisis) da reabilitaciis (remontis) dargebis mniSvne-
lovani xvedri wilis arsebobas, rac saerTod ki Seesaba-
meba saqmianobis saxeebis WrilSi meurneobis struqturis
srulyofis Tanamedrove tendenciebs, magram, amasTan erTad,
29
saqarTveloSi sustia Zalisxmeva mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
mimarT aRniSnuli da zogierTi sxva saboloo produqtis
warmoebis sferoSi, ramac umniSvnelo gaxada mewarmeobis
ganviTarebis done saqmianobis rig aqtualur dargSi. aRniS-
nuli ganapirobebs qveyanaSi struqturuli umuSevrobis ma-
Rali donis arsebobas.
patara qveyanaSi saWiroa ramdenime sakvanZo (leading edge)
da maRalteqnologiuri (high level) [1, gv. 40] dargis arCeva ma-sobrivi warmoebisaTvis (Tumca Tanamedrove pirobebSi
aqtualuria diversifikaciis problemac); saerTaSoriso sa-
qonelgacvla ki unda warmoebdes sxva qveynebTan mWidro
kooperaciis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT urTierTSevsebis
principis gamoyenebiT, riTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba aseTi
dargebis eqsporti (amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom bolo peri-
odSi qveyanaSi gaixsna ramdenime calkeuli “aqtualuri”
warmoeba: magaliTad, metaloplastikatebis qarxana, mTeli
rigi teqnikurad rTuli nakeTobebis amwyobi qarxana q.
quTaisSi, romelic momavalSi daiwyebs kooperirebas qvey-
nis SigniT ganlagebul iseT sawarmoebTan, romlebic daam-
zadeben am qarxnisaTvis sakomleqto nawilebs).
Semdeg, qveyanaSi sul ufro naklebi yuradReba eTmoba
mecnierul-kvleviTi da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro SemuSa-
vebebis sferos, am mimarTulebiT praqtikulad ar arsebobs
saerTaSoriso kooperacia. am sferos gareSe ki, jer erTi,
SeuZlebelia qveynis normaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofa da “Tanamedrove teqnologiur wyobaze” [3]
gadasvla, meore, SeuZlebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli
ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa umuSevarTa procentis mkveTri
Semcirebis gaTvaliswinebiT. e. i. mecnierul-kvleviTi da
sacdel-sakonstruqtoro SemuSavebebis seqtoris Semcireba
aseve ganapirobebs qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali donis
arsebobas.
30
ekonomikuri disbalansis kidev erTi mizezia uyurad-
Reboba ekonomikis tradiciuli dargebis umetesobis (Rvinis
warmoebisa da samSeneblo masalebis mrewvelobis warmo-
ebebis garda) da, agreTve, zogierTi sxva importCanacv-
lebiTi sawarmos mimarT. magaliTad, 80-ian wlebSi zug-
didSi daiwyo faifuris qarxnis funqcionireba. marTalia
es qarxana ZiriTadad SedarebiT dabali xarisxis pro-
duqcias (faifuris warmoebis zogierTi xerxi amJamadac
gasaidumloebulia) uSvebda, magram transformaciul peri-
odSi saWiro iyo am qarxnis potenciuri SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswineba da mis bazaze konkurentunariani sawarmos
Seqmna.
ekonomikis struqturaSi iseTi disbalansebis Tavidan
asacileblad, romlebic qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali do-
nis arsebobis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens, saWi-
roa sistemuri maregulirebeli strategiis ganxorcieleba
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis stimulirebis sferoSi.
saWiroa mewarmeobis dabalansebuli ganviTarebis uz-
runvelyofa saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT rogorc qveya-
naSi saerTod, aseve mis regionebSi. amasTan, mewarmeobis
sistemebis dabalanseba mniSvnelovania ara marto saqmiano-
bis saxeebis WrilSi, aramed aseve, samewarmeo saqmianobis
obieqtTa zomebis mixedviT da maTi instituciuri saxeebis
WrilSi.
jerjerobiT garkveulwilad SeimCneva msxvili sawar-
moebis, gansakuTrebiT maTi saTavo ofisebis, koncentrireba
TbilisSi. regionebis interesebis ignorireba ki iwvevs maTi
socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis CamorCenas da,
kerZod, umuSevrobis donis zrdas.
msxvili sawarmoebi xSirad, amasTan, TiTqmis yovel
dargsa da dargTaSoris aspeqtSi axdenen kooperirebas sa-
Sualo da mcire sawarmoebTan, rac, msxvili sawarmos gaxs-
nis Semdeg, uzrunvelyofs masTan kooperirebadi mravali
31
saSualo da mcire sawarmos gaCenas da, maSasadame, umu-
Sevrobis Semcirebas axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis
xarjze. didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso kooperacias,
rodesac qveynis saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi (rom ara-
feri vTqvaT msxvilebze) asruleben msxvili transerov-
nuli korporaciebis SekveTebs. aseve, didi mniSvneloba aqvs
saerTaSoriso kooperacias franCaizingis saxiT, rodesac
adgilobrivi franCaizi (agenti) TviTon gadis momxmare-
belze, amasTan, iyenebs franCaizoris (principalis) markas
(brends) da teqnologias (razec uxdis mas mogebis wils).
magram TviT regionebSi msxvili sawarmos (adgilob-
rivi mesakuTreebis an transerovnuli korporaciis sa-
warmos) arseboba uzrunvelyofs regionebis ganviTarebis
dinamikis mdgradobas da warmoadgens umuSevrobis Semci-
rebis garants, maT Soris msxvili qarxnebis irgvliv mra-
vali saSualo da, gansakuTrebiT, mcire sawarmoebis gaCenis
xarjze.
bolo periodSi saerTaSoriso kooperaciis SesaZleb-
lobebi, warmoebaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis CarTviT,
gaizarda ganviTarebul qveynebSi autsortingis (rogorc
qveynebis SigniT, aseve qveynebis gareT) gavrcelebis xarj-
ze. amitom franCaizingis da, gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi,
autsortingis procesebi unda gaxdes mewarmeobis saxelm-
wifo da sabazro koordinaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani mimarTuleba.
instituciur aspeqtSi, liberaluri ekonomikuri poli-
tikis batonobis ukanasknel periodSi, bevr ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi izrdeboda privatizaciis moculoba da, agreTve,
Zlierdeboda zogierTi sawarmos (kerZod, msxvili kom-
paniebis) saTavo ofisebis gadatanis procesi ofSorul
zonebSi, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad, samxreT ko-
reaSi) meore process adgili ar hqonia. msoflio ekono-
mikurma krizisma SeaCera es tendenciebi, TviT mTavrobebma
32
ki kerZo seqtoris gacilebiT ufro seriozuli regu-
lireba da mxardaWera daiwyes. sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad
xdeboda kerZo sawarmoebis aqtivebis nawilis Sesyidva,
amitom Sereuli sawarmoebis wili bevr qveyanaSi garkveuli
zomiT gaizarda. es niSnavs, rom xelaxla moxda saxelm-
wifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobis mniSvne-
lovani aqtualizacia. yvelaze SorsmWvreteli ekonomistebi
winaswarmetyvelebdnen am Temis aqtualizaciis SesaZleb-
lobas, rasac mowmobs Sesabamisi publickaciebi. saxelm-
wifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partnioroba erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani instituciuri meqanizmia, romelic iseTi
warmoebebis mxardaWeris SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic
aqtualuria rogorc eqsportis da Sida moxmarebis zrdis,
aseve umuSevrobis Semcirebis poziciebidan.
amJamad ganviTarebulia saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors
Soris partniorobis Semdegi saxeebi: kontraqtebi (sa-
xelmwifo saWiroebebze saqonlis da momsaxurebis miwo-
debis, teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevisa da marTvis Sesaxeb);
SeTanxmebebi (lizinguri, ijaruli, produqciis gayofis
Sesaxeb); gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonebi; koncesiebi;
erToblivi sawarmoebi [5, gv. 64; 6, gv. 79] (instituciuri Te-oriis TvalsazrisiT partniorobis yvela es saxe warmo-
adgens sakontraqto urTierTobebs [7, gv. 109]). saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobis proeqtebi aadvi-
lebs kapitalis gadinebas msoflio bazrebze, astimuli-
rebs ucxouri investiciebis modinebas ekonomikis realur
seqtorSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos
da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobas regionebis ekono-
mikisaTvis, romelSic mis safuZvelze viTardeba kapitalis,
saqonlis da momsaxurebis [5, gv. 65], aseve Sromis adgi-
lobrivi bazrebi.
rogorc Cans, saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors Soris
partniorobis xerxebis ganviTareba aseve eqvemdebareba sti-
33
mulirebas saxelmwifos mxridan. amasTan, stimulirebis
zogierT saxes aqvs SerCeviTi xasiaTi: saxelmwifo Sesyid-
vebi, Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis ganviTarebis ko-
ordinacia (Tu aseTebi arsebobs saxelmwifoSi).
mizanSewonilia aRvniSnoT, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi
yvela sawarmo, miuxedavad qonebrivi statusisa, rogorc
kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo da Sereuli (aseve adgilobrivi da
ucxouri), muSaobs regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikis re-
JimSi (Tuki keTdeba gamonaklisi, magaliTad, Tavisufal
ekonomikur zonaSi monawileobis uflebis mopoveba _
konkursSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs yovel msurvel sa-
warmos; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi,
SeRavaTi vrceldeba yovel sawarmoze, romelic iRebs Sesa-
bamis valdebulebas da a.S.), e.i. warmoadgens samewarmeo
saqmianobis subieqts da maT mimarT gamoiyeneba saqmianobis
koordinaciis erTnairi meTodi, miuxedavad imisa, sakuT-
rebis ra statusi aqvs TiToeuls.
Tu ganvixilavT instituciur aspeqts organizaciul-
samarTlebrivi formis mixedviT, maSin, umuSevrobis Semci-
rebis aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, msxvili sawarmoebis gan-
viTareba mizanSewonilia saaqcio sazogadoebis an koope-
rativis (soflad) saxiT, rac mosaxleobis farTo fenebs
sakuTrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas miscems da dama-
tebiT aqtivebs moizidavs realuri investiciebis gan-
saxorcieleblad. saSualo da, gansakuTrebiT, mcire sawar-
moebisaTvis aqtualuria sxva instituciuri (organizaciul-
samarTlebrivi) formebi. magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, umuSev-
robis Semcirebis sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, saWiroa pat-
ronatis, profkavSirebis da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
(maT Soris teritoriulis) organoebis urTierTqmedebis
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis arseboba.
maSasadame, mewarmeobis ganviTareba mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli saxelmwifos struqturis Semqmnel politikasTan.
34
amasTan, saqmianobis saxeebis WrilSi struqturis cvli-
lebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios rogorc umuSevrobis donis
gazrda, aseve misi Semcireba. sabazro sistemebis umrav-
lesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifos makoordine-
beli funqciis ukmarisobis pirobebSi, xSirad, gansakuT-
rebiT transformaciul pirobebSi an axal teqnologiur
wyobaze gadasvlis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (saqarTveloSi
amJamad orive garemoeba arsebobs), ekonomikis struqturaSi
arasasurveli gadaxrebi Cndeba. ekonomikis koordinaciis
meqanizmebis (rogorc saxelmwofo, aseve sabazro) amocanaa
negatiuri tendenciebis Tavisdrouli SemCneva-gamovlineba
(gansakuTrebiT, axal teqnologiur wyobaze gadasvlis
dros) da mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis iseTi xelsayreli
instituciur-ekonomikuri garemos Seqmna, romelic xels
Seuwyobs im gadaxrebis aRmofxvras, romelic Seqmnilia
arasakmarisad kontrolirebadi sabazro ZalebiT. amasTan,
saWiroa rogorc saxelmwifo koordinaciis meqanizmis, aseve
sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoyeneba (ukanasknelSi
vgulisxmobT koordinacias mewarmeTa gaerTianebebis mxri-
dan, arsebuli kanonmdeblobis CarCoebSi da SeTanxmebuls
saxelmwifos makoordinebel organoebTan).
Tanamedrove pirobebi moiTxovs ekonomikuri da soci-
aluri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo da sabazro koordinaciis
CarCoebSi maTi regionuli Semadgenlis arsebobas. glo-
balizaciis pirobebSi regioni xdeba sakvanZo erTeulad,
radgan zustad lokalizebul teritoriaze warmoebs yvela
qveynis damatebuli Rirebulebis Seqmna da amitom regi-
onuli pirobebi bevrad gansazRvravs warmoebuli produq-
ciis konkurentunarianobas [8]. ganviTarebul qveynebSi es
mraval programasa da kvlevaSi aisaxeba, romelic cal-
keuli teritoriebis konkurentunarianobis analizs eZRvne-
ba [4, gv. 86].
35
kerZod, Tanamedrove pirobebSi gadaisinjeba speci-
aluri interesebis jgufebis regionuli roli; maTi Se-
sabamis saxelisuflebo organoebsa da profkavSirebTan
dialogis safuZvelze irkveva regionuli ekonomikuri
politikis Sesaxeb maT mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebis
efeqtianobis xarisxi da realizaciis SesaZleblobani.
“evrokavSiris struqturuli politikis mniSvnelovani ele-
mentia regionis ganviTarebis tendenciebis dawvrilebiTi
analizi, specialuri interesebis adgilobriv jgufebTan
konsultaciebi da amis safuZvelze ganviTarebis im ele-
mentebis xelSewyobis daxvewili meqanizmebis awyoba,
romlebic ukve arsebobs mocemul teritoriaze. rogorc
wesi, safinanso mxardaWera _ aseTi proeqtebis mxolod
mcire nawilia da saxsrebi miimarTeba ganaTlebaze, gadam-
zadebasa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze” [4, gv. 89].
kidev ufro meti yuradReba unda mieqces regionuli
ganviTarebis koordinaciis sakiTxebs im qveyanaSi, romelic
imyofeba transformaciul periodSi (gansakuTrebiT,
amasTan erTad, msoflio safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis
zegavlenis qveS). amasTan, saWiroa regionuli ganviTarebis
bunebrivi da instituciuri faqtorebis racionaluri
urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba. bunebriv
faqtorebs miekuTvneba: bunebrivi resursebis arseboba; ge-
ografiuli mdebareoba; arsebuli infrastruqtura da
mrewveloba; adamianuri da socialuri kapitalis struqtu-
ra. instituciur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: regionis te-
ritoriaze sakuTrebis struqtura da koncentracia; centr-
Tan arsebuli urTierTobebi; urTierTobebi regionul da
adgilobriv administraciasa da bizness Soris da a.S. [4,
gv. 89].
zemomoyvanilidan cxadia, rom ekonomikuri da soci-
aluri ganviTarebis regionuli saxelisuflebo da sabazro
koordinacia saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi koordinaciis mni-
36
Svnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. misma saxelisuflebo da
sabazro Semadgenlebma xeli unda Seuwyon qveynis dabalan-
sebul ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas umuSevrobis
donis minimizaciis pirobebSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura
1. abesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burduli v.uli v.uli v.uli v. inovaciuri ganviTarebis gzebi globalizaciis pirobebSi. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli. t. I, Tbilisi,
2008.
2. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. Tbilisi, 2008. 3. Глазьев С. Мировой экономический кризис как процесс смены
технологических укладов. Вопросы экономики, №3, 2009. 4. Григорьев Л., Зубаревич Н., Урожаева Ю. Сцилла и Харибда
региональной экономики. Вопросы экономики, №2, 2008. 5. Дерябина М. Государственно-частное партнерство: теория и
практика. – Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008. 6. Клинова М. Глобализация и инфраструктура: новые тенденции во
взаимоотношениях государства и бизнеса. Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008.
7. Смотрицкая И., Черных С. Институт контрактных отношений на рынке государственных заказов. Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008.
8. Porter M. E. Regions, Globalization, Development – Ragional Stadies, Vol. 57, №6-7, 2003.
Burduli Vakhtang
THE WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS IN GEORGIA IN THE CONTEXT OF REDUCTION
OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL
37
SUMMARY In the article is shown necessity of active stimulation of some kinds of
business activities, which may significantly decrease level of unemployment. First of all are considered productions based on high level and leading edge technologies, also some other traditional for Georgia productions, which were closed down after postsoviet economic collapse owing to noncompetitiveness of produced output. In the article is also shown scale and institutional (organizational-legal) aspect of development business undertakings promoting reduction of unemployment level. It is shown that with the transition on contemporary technological structure importance of regional regulation of the economy is increasing and in connection with it are designated directions of perfection of business undertakings’ regional coordination.
giorgi berulavagiorgi berulavagiorgi berulavagiorgi berulava saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis
konkurentunariankonkurentunariankonkurentunariankonkurentunarianoooobis Sesaxebbis Sesaxebbis Sesaxebbis Sesaxeb
38
konkurentuli upiratesobis zrda erT-erTi ZiriTadi
amocanaa saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzaze.
konkurentunarianoba aris saxelmwifos unari, miaRwios
mwarmoeblurobis ufro maRal doneebs da moipovos ro-
gorc saeqsporto, aseve Sida bazrebis didi wili. msoflio
gamocdileba gvTavazobs, rom saxelmwifoebis _ gansakuT-
rebiT ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone patara saxelmwi-
foebis _ keTildReoba da ganviTareba imdenad ar aris
damokidebuli maT bunebriv simdidreebze, rogorc maT
unarze _ moipovon konkurentuli upiratesoba uwyveti
ganaxlebiT da adgilobrivi mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dar-
gebis gaumjobesebiT. es unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad SeZlebs saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyos “ZiriTadi
baza” im saqmianobebisaTvis, romelic “...iqneba yvelaze
produqtiuli samuSaoebis, ZiriTadi teqnologiebis da yve-
laze Tanamedrove kvalifikaciebis adgili” [1, gv.19]. Sro-
miTi resursebi warmodgenilia im ZiriTad faqtorebs So-
ris, romelic moicavs amgvar “ZiriTad bazas” da aqedan
gamomdinare gansazRvravs qveynis konkurentunarianobas.
qveynis SromiTi resursebis konkurentunarianoba gani-
sazRvreba ara mxolod personalis raodenobiT, aramed im
rTuli unar-CvevebiT, romelsac iZenen umaRlesi ganaTle-
bis, samsaxurebrivi gamocdilebis miRebis gziT, aseve mene-
jerebis kreatulobiT da unariT, gardaqmnas adamianuri
kapitali umaRlesi xarisxis farTo samomxmareblo saqon-
lad da miaRwios momxmareblis moTxovnebis dakmayofi-
lebas. faqtorebis mravalferovneba gansazRvravs qveynis
SromiTi resursebis konkurentunarianobas. esenia: saerTo
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi, rogoricaa: makroekono-
mikuri mdgomareoba, ekonomikis ganviTarebis politika,
siRaribe da Tanasworoba, jandacvisa da saganmanaTleblo
sistemis saimedooba da individualuri kompaniebis mier
daqiravebuli SromiTi resursebis strategiebis efeqti-
39
anoba. sxvadasxva Semsruleblebi da dainteresebuli mxa-
reebi pasuxismgebelni arian aRniSnuli faqtorebis uzrun-
velyofaze. aqedan gamomdinare, konkurentunarianoba Sro-
miTi resursebis sferoSi moiTxovs mWidro TanamSrom-
lobas mTavar dainteresebul mxareebs, e.i. mTavrobas, kerZo
seqtorsa da samuSao Zalas Soris.
saqarTvelom ganaxorciela ZiriTadi reformebi, rom-
lis mizania biznespirobebis gaumjobeseba da miaRwia
zrdis maRal tempebs. Tumca, ekonomikuri zrdis xarisxi
kvlav dabali rCeba ekonomikur da socialur mdgradobas-
Tan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, aRniSnuli zrda ar ukavSirdeba
arc inovaciebs da investiciebs maRali teqnologiebis
samrewvelo dargebSi da arc mcire da saSualo mewarmeebis
saqmianobis gafarToebas, arc samuSao adgilebis raode-
nobis zrdas da Tanabrobas Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi,
arc siRaribis Semcirebas, arc produqtiulobis mniSvnelo-
van zrdas [1].
ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs SromiTi resur-
sebis unar-CvevebiTa da codniT da im faqtorebiT uzrun-
velyofaSi, romlebic mniSvnelovania konkurentunarianobis
xelSewyobisa da qveynis myari ekonomikuri zrdis miR-
wevaSi. saqarTveloSi ganaTleba da codna misi istoriis
manZilze yovelTvis imsaxurebda maRal Sefasebas. Tumca,
socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnis procesma, romelic 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo, Rrma krizisSi Caagdo sa-
qarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema. ekonomikurma sirTuleebma
gamoiwvia ganaTlebis dafinansebis arsebiTi Semcireba, ro-
melmac metad uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina ganaTlebis
mTel sistemaze, rogoricaa ganaTlebis infrastruqturis
gauareseba, maswavleblebis da sxva personalis dabali
motivacia, korufcia, saswavlo masalis da mowyobilobis
arasakmarisoba da moZvelebuli saswavlo programa. ganaT-
lebis sistemis socialuri araefeqtianobis realizebis
40
gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam, msoflio bankis
xelSewyobiT, daiwyo ambiciuri reformis programa mimdi-
nare dekadis dasawyisSi. am reformis mizani iyo ga-
naTlebis doneebis dadgena saqarTveloSi marTvis, dafinan-
sebis da xarisxis kontrolis axali meTodebis gamoyenebiT
[5]. ganaTlebis sistemam, miuxedavad ambiciuri reformis
mcdelobisa, kvlav ver uzrunvelyo ganaTlebuli da kva-
lificiuri SromiTi resursebis aRzrda, romelTac swrafi
adaptirebis unari eqnebaT garemoebebis Secvlis SemTxve-
vaSi.
mimdinare situaciis analizi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT faqtorebis ori didi jgufi, romelic kon-
kurentul SromiT resurebs aferxebs saqarTveloSi, esenia:
“moTxovnis” da “miwodebis” faqtorebi. mTavari naklovaneba
moTxovnis mxareze dakavSirebulia mTavrobis uunaro-
basTan, uzrunvelyos myari ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ga-
remo, sadac yuradReba eqceva biznesis ayvavebas, inova-
ciebze dafuZnebul inevsticiebs da mowinave teqnologiebis
gadacemas, sadac Seqmnilia samuSao adgilebi da arsebobs
kvalificiuri da konkurentunariani SromiTi resursebis
moTxovna. am medlis meore mxare is aris, rom ekonomikam
ver uzrunvelyo kvalificiuri SromiTi resursebis miwo-
deba im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac amgvari moTxovna ar-
sebobs.
msoflio gamocdilebis SeTavazebis Sesabamisad, sa-
xelmwifos konkurentuli SromiTi resursebis warmatebiT
ganaTlebis mizniT saWiroa TanamSromloba mTavar dainte-
resebul mxareebs, e.i. kerZo seqtors, mTavrobas da samuSao
Zalas Soris. biznesis pirobebis analizi saqarTveloSi
gvTavazobs, rom urTierTkavSiri mTavar dainteresebul
mxareebs Soris regulirdeba undoblobiT da ara erTob-
livi faseulobebiT. TiToeuli monawile cdilobs, maqsi-
malurad gazardos sakuTari sargebeli (mag., mTavroba
41
cdilobs gazardos Semosavlebi gadasaxadebisgan, momu-
Saveebi cdiloben gaezardoT xelfasebi, kerZo biznesi –
moklevadian mogebas) mTeli sistemis Rirebulebis maqsi-
malurad gazrdis xarjze [2]. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanam-
Sromlobis xelSewyoba mTavar dainteresebul mxareebs So-
ris erToblivi Rirebulebebis, RonisZiebebis da politikis
SeqmnaSi, romelic orientirebulia grZelvadiani konku-
rentunarianobis miRwevaze, aris kidev erTi SesaZlebloba
SromiTi resursebis ganviTarebisTvis. mTvarobam unda Seas-
rulos mniSvnelovani roli saerTo sistemis xelSewyobaSi,
romlis mizania konkurentuli SromiTi resursebis waxa-
liseba, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc “moTxovnis”,
aseve “miwodebis” mxareze. kerZo bizness da samuSao Zalas
SeuZlia aseve mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos SromiTi
resursebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebaSi Tanamedro-
ve unar-CvevebSi investirebis gziT. zemoaRniSnuli analizis safuZvelze Cven davamuSaveT
rekomendaciebis ori didi paketi, SromiTi resursebis
konkurentunarianobis problemis ori aspeqtis Sesabamisad.
rekomendaciebis pirveli paketi orientirebulia “moTxov-
nis mxaris” faqtorebze da misi mizania ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis procesis Semdgomi zrda saqarTveloSi dabrko-
lebebis gadalaxvis gziT, romelic Seiqmna rogorc “sabaz-
ro naklovanebebis”, aseve “saxelmwifo naklovanebebis” Se-
degad [1, 4]. kerZod:
• saqarTvelos mTavrobam Tavi unda aaridos “Caurev-lobis” princips da awarmoos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
aqtiuri politika, romelic orientirebulia sawarmoo
struqturebis dinamiur gardaqmnaze.
• mTavrobam unda Seqmnas biznesgaremo, romelic xels Seuwyobs efeqtiani bazris meqanizmebis gamovlenas
konkurenciis procesis da axali sawarmoebis Seqmnis pro-
cesebis stimulirebis meSveobiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs
42
Tavisufal SeRwevas bazarze; gamoricxavs nebismier SesaZ-
leblobas mTavrobisTvis, monawileoba miiRos sakuTrebis
gadanawilebis procesSi.
• dResdReobiT saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovania sa-marTlis normis gaumjobeseba samarTlebrivi da sasamarT-
lo sistemis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebiT, Tu unda miaR-
wios grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebs.
rekomendaciebis meore paketi orientirebulia qar-
Tuli ekonomikis SesaZleblobaze, uzrunvelyos SromiTi
resursebi, romelic aRWurvilia Tanamedrove da saWiro
kvalifikaciebiT da codniT. kerZod:
• mTavrobam mniSvnelovnad unda gazardos investi-ciebi ganaTlebaSi, upirvelesad, yvelasaTvis unda uzrun-
velyos sabazo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba.
• mTavrobam unda ganaxorcielos specialuri masti-mulirebeli RonisZiebebi kerZo seqtorisTvis, raTa gaafar-
Toos misi monawileoba ganaTlebasa da SromiTi resur-
sebis ganviTarebaSi.
• saswavlo dawesebulebebSi unda dainergos same-warmeo kultura, rac saWiroebs am dawesebulebebis xelm-
ZRvanelobis meTodebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs.
• saswavlo dawesebulebebSi swavlebis meTodebi da saswavlo gegma mniSvnelovnad unda Seicvalos Semdegna-
irad: saswavlo programaSi gadacemadi unar-Cvevebis Setana
swavlebis yvela doneze; gamocdis da xarisxis kontrolis
gaumjobesebuli meTodebi; swavlebis da kvlevis meti
interdisciplinuroba; saswavlo programebis socialuri
da ekonomikuri relevantoba da programebis xarisxis gaum-
jobeseba, gansakuTrebiT samagistro da sadoqtoro ganaT-
lebis doneze.
• xeli unda Seewyos mWidro TanamSromlobis damya-rebas kerZo biznessa da saswavlo dawesebulebebs Soris,
SeTavazebul kvalifikaciebsa da kompetencias da moTxov-
43
nil kvalifikaciebsa da kompetencias Soris Seusabamobis
gamoricxvis mizniT.
• ganaTlebis sistemam unda uzrunvelyos uwyveti ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebi samarTlebriv da mareguli-
rebel struqturaSi arsebuli dabrkolebebis gamoricxviT,
magaliTad, saSualo ganaTlebas, profesiul ganaTlebas da
umaRles ganaTalebas Soris gaumjobesebuli gadasvlis
uzrunvelyofiT.
• kerZo sawarmoebma unda gamoiyenon Tanamedrove SromiTi resursebis marTvis meTodebi, romelic orien-
tirebulia marTvis unar-Cvevebis gaumjobesebasa da samuSao
adgilze momzadebis da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis
gaumjobesebaze.
gamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literatura
1. berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n. saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis usafrTxoebis
aspeqtis gaZliereba. monografia, “grifoni”, Tbilisi,
2007.
2. Duffey Joseph. “Competitiveness and Human Resources.” California Management Review, Spring, 30, 3, 1988.
3. Porter M. E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York, NY, 1990.
4. Rodrik D. Growth Strategies. In: Aghion Ph., Durlauf St. (eds.). Handbook of Economic Growth. North Holland, 2004.
5. UNDP Georgia Human Development Report 2008: The Reforms and Beyond, UNDP, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2008.
44
Berulava George
ON THE COMPETITVENESS OF GEORGIA’S HUMAM RESOUIRCES
SUMMARY
The goal of this paper is to provide insight into how Georgia can
increase its productivity and give its human resources and companies specialized advantages. In this study the current situation and reforms in relevant areas such as economic development and the secondary, vocational and higher education systems are described. The existing problems and opportunities in these spheres as well as the role of each stakeholder and their potential to contribute to the enhancement of Georgia's human resource competitiveness are identified. On the basis of above analysis some policy recommendations for both government and private sector are elaborated.
45
revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili Uucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikis
ganviTarganviTarganviTarganviTareeeebis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtori
თანამედროვე ეტაპზე მეცნიერულ-ტექნიკური პროგრესის დაჩ-
ქარება და ინოვაციური საქმიანობის გაფართოება დღის წესრიგში
აყენებს უცხოური ინვესტიციების როლისა და მნიშვნელობის კიდევ
უფრო გაძლიერებას. ამაზე ნათლად მეტყველებს შემდეგი გარემოება.
თუ პირველი მსოფლიო ომის დროს უცხოური ინვესტიციები მთელი
კაპიტალდაბანდებების მხოლოდ 10%-ს შეადგენდა, გასული საუ-
კუნის დამლევს მათი წილი 3-ჯერ გადიდდა [9].
გლობალიზაციის თანამედროვე ეტაპზე როგორც განვითა-
რებული, ისე განვითარებადი და გარდამავალი ეკონომიკის მქონე
ქვეყნები სისხლხორცეულად არიან დაინტერესებული უცხოური
ინვესტიციების გაფართოებით. აღსანიშნავია, რომ საფინანსო რესურ-
სების დიდი ნაწილი ძირითადად განვითარებულ ქვეყნებშია
თავმოყრილი. ამ ქვეყნების კომპანიები და ორგანიზაციები ფლობენ
მსოფლიო საფინანსო რესურსების უმეტეს ნაწილს, რომელთა
მოძრაობა ინვესტირების გზით ხორციელდება. ამასთან, მსოფლიოში
პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციები ძალზე სწრაფი ტემპით
იზრდება. გასული საუკუნის ბოლო 30 წლის განმავლობაში იგი 100
მლრდ დოლარიდან 6,8 ტრილიონ დოლარამდე გაიზარდა, რაც
მსოფლიო ეკონომიკის გლობალიზაციის გაღრმავებაზე მიუთითებს
[6, გვ. 300].
საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების მოზიდვის გაფარ-
თოების აუცილებლობა ნაკარნახევია ქვეყანაში შექმნილი არასახარ-
ბიელო ეკონომიკური მდგომარეობით: ეკონომიკური ზრდის დაბა-
ლი ტემპებით, უმუშევრობის მაღალი და ხალხის ცხოვრების დაბალი
46
დონით, ეკონომიკის ცალკეული დარგების ასამოქმედებლად, საწარ-
მოო და სოციალური ინფრასტრუქტურის შესაქმნელად საჭირო
სახსრების უქონლობით.
ეკონომიკის რეფორმირების განვლილ პერიოდში საქართვე-
ლოში მნიშვნელოვანი ღონისძიებები გატარდა უცხოური ინვეს-
ტიციების მოზიდვის, მათი წახალისებისა და დაცვისათვის საჭირო
საკანონმდებლო-ნორმატიული ბაზის შესაქმნელად. ქვეყანაში გან-
ხორციელებული საკანონმდებლო-ნორმატიული ბაზისა და საინვეს-
ტიციო გარემოს სრულყოფის კვალდაკვალ, უცხოური ინვესტი-
ციების შემოდინება მატების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება, რაც ნათლად
ჩანს ქვემოთ მოყვანილი გრაფიკიდან (იხ. ნახ. 1).
ნახ. 1. პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციები საქართველოში
2000–2008 წწ. (ათას. აშშ $) [4].
საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვლა პირდაპირ
კავშირშია ქვეყნის ეკონომიკის რეფორმირებასთან. სახელმწიფო
ქონების პრივატიზების საწყის ეტაპზე (1995–1996) საქართველოში
უცხოური ინვესტიციები ფაქტობრივად არ შემოსულა (გარდა 3753
ათასი დოლარი უკრაინული ინვესტიციისა). 1997–1998 წწ. ქვეყანაში
2 000.000
1 800.000
1 600.000
1 400.000
1 200.000
1 000.000
800.000
600.000
400.000
200.000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
47
უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოდინება თანდათან მატულობდა, მაგ-
რამ მომდევნო პერიოდში (2002 წლამდე) აღნიშნული მაჩვენებელი
კლების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება, რაც ინვესტიციების მოზიდვის
საკანონმდებლო ბაზის არასრულყოფილებით, კორუფციის მაღალი
დონით, ქვეყნის არასტაბილური მდგომარეობითა და ინვესტირების
სხვა არახელსაყრელი გარემოებებით იყო განპირობებული.
2003 წლიდან საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვ-
ლა საგრძნობი მატების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება და მან 2007 წელს 2
მლრდ დოლარს გადააჭარბა. რაც შეეხება მომდევნო 2008 წელს,
საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვლა, წინა წელთან
შედარებით, თითქმის ნახევარი მლრდ დოლარით, ანუ 23%-ით
შემცირდა, რაც განპირობებული იყო 2008 წლის აგვისტოს საყოველ-
თაოდ ცნობილი მოვლენებით – საქართველოში რუსეთის მიერ
განხორციელებული აგრესიით, რამაც საგრძნობლად გააუარესა ქვეყ-
ნის საინვესტიციო იმიჯი და, შესაბამისად, შეამცირა ინვესტიციების
შემოსვლის მოცულობა. კერძოდ, 2008 წლის მე-3 კვარტალში, წინა
კვარტალთან შედარებით, უცხოური ინვესტიციების მოზიდვა 605,4
მლნ დოლარიდან 134,7 მლნ დოლარამდე, ანუ 77,8%-ით შემცირდა.