!
! " # $ % & ' ( ) ! * + & , - . $ & ' ( . & ! / ( + ' ! 0 # ( + ! 1 - ! 2 - 3 $ !
4++(!56&73&))#!8)(3.(19!
/-%'&-:;.-!!"#
$%&'(')*#+%#$%(,-./+0(#%*#%-#12/./3'%*.0#
+%#-/(#42/5.,2/(#6'(./-%(#+%#$/+'0#
!"#$#%&''()*+,+-.,+#'+./-(0+1#2&"#'
3-4#"0#5-.0&'2-'6+")17#'
89:'
'
'
'
'
'
'
9)0&"#;'3"#<'9<'6=+>)+??&'
3+"-,0&";'3"<'@<'A+"'
6&2+"-,0&"#;'3"#<'B<'C?#.-(!
Es de sentido común elegir un método y experimentarlo. !
Si no resulta admitirlo sinceramente e intentar otro.
Pero sobre todo intentar algo.
Franklin D.Roosevelt
!
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
Índice
(
=7)*$> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1
5>'&@>7????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? -
A7%"+)&$$*<7 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? B
67#%+@C#(D&7$*+7#,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? E
8,#'*D*$#$*<7 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? F
8,#'*D*$#$*<7(GH">>7I ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? F
;*@*%#$*+7>'()>(,#'(8,#'*D*$#$*+7>' ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? J
8,#'*D*$#$*<7()>(!>"7K7)>L ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? /
M"#%#@*>7%+' ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1.
N&*"O"P*$+Q(5>)&$$*<7($>""#)#(R(D*S#$*<7(T>"$&%K7># ????????????????????????????????????????????????1.
N&*"O"P*$+Q(5>)&$$*<7(#U*>"%#(R(D*S#$*<7(*7%>"7#($+7(T,#$#(V+,#"(WX5 ???????????????1.
8+7'>"V#)+"Q(5>)&$$*<7($>""#)#(>(*7@+V*,*L#$*<7($+7(Y>'+(6Z[ ????????????????????????11
\US>%*V+'???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1B
]#%>"*#,(R(]^%+)+' ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1_
5>'&,%#)+' ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1E
8+7$,&'*+7>'???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-1
Z*U,*+P"#DC# ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-`
67>a+' ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-J
bV#,&#$*<7(!&7$*+7#,()>(H#"%,#7)(R(c>",>R(T#"#((!"#$%&"#'(W*'%#,>'()>(5#)*+ ??-J
M#U,#()>()#%+' ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????B.
H"KD*$+'(>(A,&'%"#$*+7>'?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????BE(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
Resumen
(
=>%&,+?(5@A*'*<7()@("@'&,%#)+'(@7(@,(%"#%#B*@7%+()@(,#'(C"#$%&"#'()*'%#,@'()@(5#)*+D(
8@7%"+()@()@'#""+,,+?(2+'E*%#,(F7*A@"'*%#"*(3#7%(4+#7()@(5@&'D(
3@(E"@'@7%#(&7(@'%&)*+()@(,#(@A#,&#$*<7()@(,+'("@'&,%#)+'(@7(@,(%"#%#B*@7%+()@(,#'(
C"#$%&"#'()*'%#,@'()@("#)*+()&"#7%@(@,(E@"*+)+()@(%*@BE+(-..G0-.1.(@7(@,(2+'E*%#,(
3#7%(4+#7()@(5@&'D(
6( E#"%*"( )@,( @'%&)*+( "#)*+H"IC*$+( J( K*+B@$I7*$+( )@( ,#'( C"#$%&"#'( J( B@)*#7%@( ,#(
$,#'*C*$#$*<7( )@( !@"7I7)@L( '@( @A#,M#( @,( %"#%#B*@7%+( "@#,*L#)+N( @7( %O"B*7+'( )@(
C&7$*+7#,*)#)(J("@'&,%#)+("#)*+H"IC*$+(E+'%@"*+"D(
;+'(%"#%#B*@7%+'(&%*,*L#)+'(C&@"+7?(,#("@)&$$*<7($@""#)#(@(*7B+A*,*L#$*<7($+7(P@'+(
#7%@K"#:&*+E#,B#"(Q6RSTN(,#("@)&$$*<7($@""#)#(J(C*U#$*<7(E@"$&%I7@#($+7(#H&U#'()@(
V*"$97@"N(,#("@)&$$*<7(#K*@"%#(E+"(#K+")#U@(E#,B#"(J(C*U#$*<7($+7(E,#$#(A+,#"(WX5(
QW*'%#,( X+,#"( 5#)*&'TD( ;+'( "@'&,%#)+'( '@( @A#,M#7( )@( #$&@")+( $+7( ,#( @'$#,#( )@(
A#,+"#$*<7( )@( Y#"%,#7)( B+)*C*$#)#D( 2#$*@7)+( &7#( "@A*'*<7( #$%&#,*L#)#( )@( ,#(
,*%@"#%&"#(J(,#(@A*)@7$*#(@Z*'%@7%@(E#"#(@,(%"#%#B*@7%+()@($#)#(%*E+()@(C"#$%&"#D
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
Introducción
(
;#'( ="#$%&"#'( )>( "#)*+( )*'%#,( '+7( &7#( )>( ,#'( ?@'( =">$&>7%>'( >7( ,#( A+B,#$*<7C(
3&A+7>7( 1DE( )>( ,#'( ="#$%&"#'( )>( ,#( >F%">?*)#)( '&A>"*+"( G( #=>$%#7(
=&7)#?>7%#,?>7%>( #( )+'( H"&A+'( A+B,#$*+7#,>'( B*>7( )*=>">7$*#)+'C( I7( A"*?>"(
H"&A+J(>,(?@'(7&?>"+'+J(?&K>">'(A+'?>7+A@&'*$#'J(G(&7('>H&7)+(H"&A+(#(K<L>7>'(
)>( $&#,:&*>"( '>F+( :&>( A"#$%*$#7( )>A+"%>( 9#B*%&#,?>7%>C( MN*$>7%0N>"#( 4( -../O(
MP>,H#)+(N>,*,,#(5(-..QOC(
R,( %"#%#?*>7%+( *)>#,( )>( S'%>( %*A+( )>( ="#$%&"#'( $+7%*7&#( '*>7)+( &7( %>?#(
$+7%"+L>"%*)+C(
T#(>7( ,#'(A"*?>"#'(A&B,*$#$*+7>'( '+B">( ,#'( ="#$%&"#'()>,( >F%">?+()*'%#,()>,( "#)*+(
A&B,*$#)#'(A+"(#&%+">'($+?+(U+&%>#&(M1QVWOJ(8+,,>'(M1V1XO(G(P&A&G%">7(M1VXQOJ(
'>( $+7'*)>"#( ( :&>( S'%>( H"&A+( )>( ,>'*+7>'( %>7Y#7( &7( A"+7<'%*$+( ">,#%*L#?>7%>(
B&>7+J( *7)>A>7)*>7%>?>7%>( )>,( %"#%#?*>7%+( ">#,*Z#)+C( P>')>( >7%+7$>'J( ?&$9+'(
#&%+">'( 9#7( #)?*%*)+( ?@'( $+?A,>K*)#)( #'+$*#)#( #( >'%+'( %"#%#?*>7%+'( G( ,#(
L#"*#B*,*)#)()>(,+'(">'&,%#)+'(+B%>7*)+'C(M[">>7(P#L*)CU(-..QOC(
;#(>L+,&$*<7()>(,+'(">'&,%#)+'()>,(%"#%#?*>7%+()>(,#'(="#$%&"#'()>(,#(>F%">?*)#)()>,(
"#)*+( )*'%#,( >'( $+?A,>K+( A+"( ,#( )*L>"'*)#)( )>( $,#'*=*$#$*+7>'J( ?\,%*A,>'(
%"#%#?*>7%+'J( )*'%*7%#'( >'$#,#'( )>( L#,+"#$*<7J( )*'+$*#$*<7( $,Y7*$+0"#)*+,<H*$#( G(
%+,>"#7$*#()>,(A#$*>7%>C(M;>#,(2>?,*7H(4(;(-..WOC(
3*( B*>7( >7( >,( #]+(1V1X(6B"#9#?(8+,,>'()>'$"*B*<( ,#( ="#$%&"#()*'%#,( ( )>( "#)*+(:&>(
,,>L#( '&( 7+?B">J( $#'*( )+'( '*H,+'( )>'A&S'( #\7( 7+( >F*'%>( $+7'>7'+( ">'A>$%+( #( '&(
)>'$"*A$*<7J(?#7>K+(G('>H&*?*>7%+()>(>'%>(=">$&>7%>(%"#&?#%*'?+()>(?&]>$#C(
R,(%"#%#?*>7%+(*7*$*#,()>B>('>"(+"%+AS)*$+J(?>)*#7%>(?#7*A&,#$*<7(B#K+(#7>'%>'*#J(
">)&$$*<7($>""#)#(>(*7?+L*,*Z#$*<7($+7(G>'+J(">'>"L#7)+(,#($*"&HY#(A#"#(="#$%&"#'(
*7>'%#B,>'(+($)+('>(+"*H*7#(&7()>'A,#Z#?*>7%+('>$&7)#"*+(7+(#$>A%#B,>J(,+(:&>(
+$&"">(#A"+F*?#)#?>7%>(>7(>,(-DE()>(,+'($#'+'C(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
3=( $+7'*)="#7( $"*%="*+'( )=( *7='%#>*,*)#)( ?( @+"( $+7'*A&*=7%=B( *7)*$#$*+7='( )=(
%"#%#C*=7%+( :&*"D"A*$+B( =,( #$+"%#C*=7%+( "#)*+( $&>*%#,( )*'%#,( C#?+"( )=( 1.CCB(
='$#,<7( *7%"##"%*$&,#"( C#?+"( -CCB( #7A&,#$*<7( )+"'#,( C#?+"( #( -.E( =7( =,( @,#7+(
,#%="#,B( ,#($+7C*7&$*<7()+"'#,B( ,#'( F"#$%&"#'(:&=(#'+$*#7( ,&G#$*<7B( ,#'( F"#$%&"#'(=7(
H)*=(@&7$9IB(?(#:&=,,#'(:&=(#'+$*#7(F"#$%&"#()=($D>*%+J(KL=,A#)+(MJ(4J(-..NOJ(
;#'( #,%="7#%*P#'( )=( %"#%#C*=7%+( :&*"D"A*$+( 9#7( *)+( P#"*#7)+( #( ,+( ,#"A+( )=( ,#(
9*'%+"*#( ?( '=( 9#7( )='$"*%+( P#"*+'( %*@+'( $+C+( ,#( "=)&$$*<7( $=""#)#( $+7( F*Q#$*<7(
@="$&%R7=#B( ,#( %"#$$*<7( >*@+,#"B( ,#( "=)&$$*<7( #>*="%#( ?( F*Q#$*<7( *7%="7#(
K+'%=+'S7%='*'($+7(@,#$#O(?(,#("=)&$$*<7($=""#)#(?(F*Q#$*<7(=G%="7#J(
T7( ,#( #$%&#,*)#)( '=( $+7'*)="#( :&=( ,#( "=)&$$*<7( #7#%<C*$#( ='( $"&$*#,B( ,#'(
$+7'=$&=7$*#'($,S7*$#'(=G#$%#'()=,()='@,#U#C*=7%+(='@=$*#,C=7%=(,#(*7$+7A"&=7$*#(
#"%*$&,#"('*A&=7(='%#7)+(@+"()=%="C*7#"J(
T7( @#$*=7%='( Q<P=7='( ?( #$%*P+'( ='%R7( Q&'%*F*$#)#'( #,%="7#%*P#'( %="#@V&%*$#'( CR'(
#A"='*P#'( @#"#( $+7'=A&*"( C#7%=7="( &7#( "=)&$$*<7( #7#%<C*$#( ?( ='%#>,=( ='( )=$*"(
"=)&$$*<7( #7#%<C*$#B( ='%#>*,*U#$*<7( )=( ,+'( F"#AC=7%+'( ?(C+P*,*U#$*<7( @"=$+UJ( T7(
,+'(@#$*=7%='(#7$*#7+'(+($+7(>#Q+("=:&="*C*=7%+(F&7$*+7#,(='(7=$='#"*+(#7#,*U#"(=,(
"*='A+(>=7=F*$*+()=(V'%+'(%"#%#C*=7%+'J(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
(
Anatomía funcional
(
=,( "#)*+()*'%#,(>'(>,(>,>?>7%+( @&7)#?>7%#,(>7( ,#(#"%*$&,#$*<7()>( ,#(?&A>$#(B(C'%#(
)>D>7)>( )>( ,#( *7%>E"*)#)( #7#%<?*$#( )>( ,#( D#"%>( <'>#( B( ,*E#?>7%#"*#( D#"#( '&(
@&7$*<7F( ;#( @#,%#( )>( $+7%#$%+( )>,( $GH*%+( )*'%#,( $+7( >,( $#"D+I( D>"?*%>( ,#( D"+7+(
'&D*7#$*<7I(#)>?J'()>(,#(D>"@>$%#(">,#$*<7("#)*+($&H*%#,F(;#('&D>"@*$*>(#"%*$&,#"()>,(
"#)*+()*'%#,(D">'>7%#(-( @#$>%#'(+( $#"*,,#'( #"%*$&,#">'( $<7$#K#'I(&7#( ,#%>"#,(D#"#(>,(
>'$#@+*)>'( B( +%"#( ?>)*#,( D#"#( >,( '>?*,&7#"I( '>D#"#)#'( D+"( &7( $#7%+( #7%>"+(
D+'%>"*+"L( ?>)*#,?>7%>( >,( >M%">?+( )*'%#,( )>,( "#)*+( D">'>7%#( &7#( )>D">'*<7(
$*,N7)"*$#(:&>(">$*H>(,#($#H>O#($&H*%#,I(@+"?#7)+(&7#(#"%*$&,#$*<7(%"+$,>#"(:&>(>'%J(
>'%#H*,*O#)#(D+"(>,($+?D,>P+(@*H"+$#"%*,#E*7+'+(%"*#7E&,#"I(>,(?*'?+(:&>(D>"?*%>(&7(
?N7*?+()>'D,#O#?*>7%+()+"'#,()>(,#($#H>O#($&H*%#,(>7(,#(D"+7#$*<7(B(D#,?#"(>7(,#(
'&D*7#$*<7(QR,&'%"#$*<7(1SF(
T>(C'%#(@+"?#I(>,("#)*+()*'%#,($+7%*>7>(U('&D>"@*$*>'(#"%*$&,#">'V(,#('&D>"@*$*>(,#%>"#,(
>'$#@+*)>#I( ,#( '&D>"@*$*>( ?>)*#,( '>?*,&7#"( B( ,#( '&D>"@*$*>( '*E?+*)>#( )>( ,#( "#)*+(
$&H*%#,()*'%#,( Q58TSL( ,#'( '&D>"@*$*>'(?>)*#,(B( ,#%>"#,( %*>7>7(#( '&(K>O(&7#($+,&?7#(
)+"'#,(B(+%"#(D#,?#"(+(K+,#"F(;#(D"+M*?*)#)(>7%">(,#(@#$>%#()>,('>?*,&7#"(B(,#(58T(
9#$>(:&>(,#'(@"#$%&"#'()>("#)*+()*'%#,(:&>($+?D"+?>%>7(>'%#(@#$>%#($+?D"+?>%#7(
%#?H*C7( ,#( 58TF( QW#7#( -..XSF( ='%+'( $+7$>D%+'( D>"?*%>7( %>7>"( >7( ?>7%>( &7#(
$,#'*@*$#$*<7(D+"($+,&?7#'()>,("#)*+()*'%#,F(
5*Y,*(B(5>E#OO+7*(QR,&'%"#$*<7(-S(D+'%&,#7(,#(%>+"N#()>(,#'(U($+,&?7#'(>7(,#(">E*<7(
?>%#@*'#"*#( B( #"%*$&,#"( )>,( "#)*+( )*'%#,F( ;#( $+,&?7#( ,#%>"#,( %*>7>( @&7$*+7>'( )>(
>'%#H*,*)#)(>'%#7)+(@+"?#)#(D+"(,#(>'%*,+*)>'()>,("#)*+(B(,#($#"*,,#(#"%*$&,#"(D#"#(>,(
>'$#@+*)>'I( ,#( $+,&?7#( *7%>"?>)*#( @+"?#)#( D+"( ,#( $#"*,,#( #"%*$&,#"( D#"#( >,(
'>?*,&7#"(B(,#($#K*)#)('*E?+*)>#()>,("#)*+(%*>7>(>,($+?>%*)+()>('+D+"%#"($#"E#I(B(
D+"( G,%*?+( ,#( $+,&?7#( ?>)*#,( @+"?#)#( D+"( >,( $GH*%+( )*'%#,( B( >,( $+?D,>P+( )>,(
@*H"+$#"%N,#E+(%"*#7E&,#"(%*>7>(@&7$*+7>'(H*+?>$J7*$#'()>(>'%#H*,*)#)(B(%"#7'?*'*<7(
)>,($#"E#'F(Q5*Y,*(T6(1//ZSF(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
;#( '&=>"?*$*>( =#,@#"( )>,( "#)*+( )*'%#,( >'( =,#7#( A( '>( >B%*>7)>( C+,#"@>7%>( >7( &7#(
$&"C#('&#C>D(>7($#@E*+(,#('&=>"?*$*>()+"'#,()>,("#)*+(>'(@&A(*"">F&,#"(=+"(,#(9&>,,#(
<'>#()>()>G#(>,(=#'+()>(,+'(%>7)+7>'(>B%>7'+">'(>7('&'($+@=#"%*@>7%+'H(I+"(>,,+J(,#(
$+,+$#$*<7( )>( &7#( =,#$#( '>( ?#$*,*%#( >7( ,#( '&=>"?*$*>( =#,@#"( A( )>E>( '>"( @&A(
$&*)#)+'#@>7%>( =,#7*?*$#)#( >7( ,#( '&=>"?*$*>( )+"'#,H( K,( >B%">@+( )*'%#,( )>,( "#)*+(
%*>7>( &7#( *7$,*7#$*<7( $&E*%#,( A( =#,@#"H( ;#(@+C*,*)#)( A( >'%#E*,*)#)( )>( ,#(@&L>$#(
>'%M(#'>F&"#)#(=+"(,#(?+"@#(+()*'>L+()>,("#)*+()*'%#,(A('&(*7%>"">,#$*<7($+7(>,($#"=+(
A(,#(58N(O4H(4(1//PQH(;#'(#$%*C*)#)>'()>(,#(C*)#()*#"*#(="+)&$>7(@#A+">'(?&>"R#'()>(
%>7'*<7(>7(>,()+"'+()>,("#)*+()*'%#,(A()>($+@=">'*<7(>7(,#(=#,@#J(A(>,,+('>(">?,>G#(>7(
'&( #7#%+@S#( '*>7)+( >,( 9&>'+( @M'( >'=+7G+'+( >7( >,( )+"'+( A( @M'( $+@=#$%+( >7( ,#(
=#,@#(O8H(4(1/TUQJ(,+($&#,(>'(E&>7+(%>7>"(>7($&>7%#($)+('>(#=,*$#(&7#(=,#$#()>(
+'%>+'S7%>'*'(A('>(E&'$#(&7(E&>7('+=+"%>($+7(,+'(%+"7*,,+'H(
K7( ,#( #$%&#,*)#)( >'%+'( $"*%>"*+'( #7#%+@+?&7$*+7#,>'( 9#7( >'%#E,>$*)+( >7( >,(
%"#%#@*>7%+( )>( ,#'( ?"#$%&"#( #"%*$&,#">'( )>( "#)*+( )*'%#,( ,+'( ,,#@#)+'( ?"#F@>7%+'(
>'=>$S?*$+'J( '>( 9#7( )>'$"*%+( V( ?"#F@>7%+( $+"%*$#,>'( ="*7$*=#,>'W( $+,&@7#( "#)*#,J(
=#">)($+"%*$#,()+"'#,J(E+")>($+"%*$#,(C+,#"J($#C*)#)('*F@+*)>#()>,("#)*+(A('>F@>7%+(
*7%"##"%*$&,#"H( ;#( ">)&$$*<7( #7#%<@*$#( A( ?*G#$*<7( =>"'+7#,*R#)#( >'%#E,>( )>( >'%+'(
?"#F@>7%+'( $,#C>( >'( *@=">'$*7)*E,>( =#"#( +E%>7>"( &7( E&>7( ">'&,%#)+( ?&7$*+7#,H(
OX*"HY(-..PQH(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
(
Clasificación
(
6( ,+( ,#"=+( )>( ,#( 9*'%+"*#?( )>')>( ,#( @"*A>"#( $,#'*B*$#$*<7( $,C7*$#( @&D,*$#)#( @+"(
6D"#9#A( 8+,,>'( E1F1GH?( 9#7( '*)+( A&$9+'( ,+'( #&%+">'( :&>( 9#7( %"#%#)+( )>(
"#$*+7#,*I#"( ,#( $,#'*B*$#$*<7( )>( J'%#'( B"#$%&"#'K( L7( D&>7( '*'%>A#( )>( $,#'*B*$#$*<7(
)>D>( @"+@+"$*+7#"( &7#( D&>7#( )>'$"*@$*<7( )>( ,#'( B"#$%&"#'?( >'%#D,>$>"( &7(
@"+7<'%*$+( M( +"*>7%#"( >,( %"#%#A*>7%+?( #)>AN'( )>( B#$*,*%#"( ,#( $+A&7*$#$*<7( >7%">(
+D'>"O#)+">'(M('>"(">@"+)&$*D,>K((
6&7:&>( >'( B">$&>7%>( >,( &'+( )>( )>'$"*@$*+7>'( $+7( >@<7*A+'?( ,+'( #&%+">'(
$+7%>A@+"N7>+'(%"#%#7()>(>,*A*7#"(J'%#'()>7+A*7#$*+7>'K(
P@<7*A+'( $+A+( ,#( B"#$%&"#( )>( Q+%>#&08+,,>'( EB"#$%&"#( A>%#B*'#"*#( >'%"##"%*$&,#"(
'*7($+7A*7&$*<7(M()>'@,#I#A*>7%+()+"'#,H?( B"#$%&"#()>(R+M"#7)03A*%9(E$)+(>,(
)>'@,#I#A*>7%+(>'(@#,A#"H?(B"#$%&"#()>(S#"%+7(+(3A*%9(TT(EB"#$%&"#(A#"=*7#,()+"'#,(
$+7(%"#I+(#"%*$&,#"H?(+(B"#$%&"#()>(S#"%+7(*7O>"%*)#(EB"#$%&"#(A#"=*7#,(@#,A#"($+7(
%"#I+(#"%*$&,#"H?( B"#$%&"#()>(89<B>"(EB"#$%&"#()>'@,#I#A*>7%+()>,($#"@+(M(#O&,'*<7(
)>(>'%*,+*)>'("#)*#,H?(B"#$%&"#()>(U*>0Q&7$9(+()>($&V#(A>)*#,(EB"#$%&"#(9&7)*A*>7%+(
)>,(D+")>()+"'#,()>(,#(B+'#('>A*,&7#"()>,("#)*+HK(EW#,>7I&>,#(6"$>KR(-..XHK(
(
Clasificación (Green)
(
• P9#,%(1/YZ[(8+A@,>\#K(Q+$+(&%*,*I#)#K(
• R#"%,#7)(M(]>",>M(1/Z1[(3*A@,*'%#?(#D"*<(,#(@&>"%#(#(7&>O#'($,#'*B*$#$*+7>'K(
• ;*)'%"^A( 1/Z/[( S#'#)#( >7( >,( )>'@,#I#A*>7%+?( #B>$%#$*<7( #"%*$&,#"( M(
$+7A*7&$*<7K(
• 8#'%#*7=( 1/_G[( S#'#)#( >7( >,( A>$#7*'A+( )>( B"#$%&"#?( )>'@,#I#A*>7%+( M(
7`A>"+()>(B"#=A>7%+'K(3*=&>('*>7)+(&%*,*I#)#(>7(,#(>'$&>,#(B"#7$>'#K(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
• =,)>"( 1/?@A( B#'#)#( >7( >,( C"#)+( )>( )>'D,#E#F*>7%+G( #7C&,#$*<7( )+"'#,G(
#$+"%#F*>7%+()>,("#)*+(H($+7F*7&$*<7()>(,#($+"%*$#,()+"'#,I(
• !"HJF#7( 1/?KA( L*M>">7$*#( ,#'( M"#$%&"#'( #"%*$&,#">'( H( >N%"##"%*$&,#">'( )>,(
"#)*+( H( ,#( D">'>7$*#( +( #&'>7$*#( )>( ,#( M"#$%&"#( )*'%#,( )>( $OP*%+I( 3*FD,>G(
$+7+$*>7)+( ,#( #M>$%#$*<7( )>( ,#( #"%*$&,#$*<7( "#)*+$&P*%#,( )*'%#,( D>"+( 7+(
>Q#,O#(,#($+7F*7&$*<7(7*(>,()>'D,#E#F*>7%+I(
• R>,+7>( 1/STA( L*M>">7$*#( ,+'( $+FD+7>7%>'( )>,( "#)*+( )*'%#,( U)*VM*'*'G( V">#(
>'%*,+*)>'( "#)*#,G( $#"*,,#( #"%*$&,#"( )+"'#,( H( F>)*#,G( M#$>%#( Q+,#"( H( F>)*#,WI(
!+$#,*E#7)+( ,#( C"#7( *FD+"%#7$*#( )>,( >'%#)+( )>( ,#( $#"*,,#( #"%*$&,#"( F>)*#,(
U'>F*,&7#"W()>,("#)*+()*'%#,G(7+(*7$,&H>(M"#$%&"#'()>($OP*%+()*'%#,(D>"+(>'(O%*,(
D#"#(+"*>7%#"(>,(%"#%#F*>7%+I(
• X+"%>"(1/SKA(3>7$*,,#G('+,+()>'$"*P>(%"#E+'(>N%"##"%*$&,#">'(F>%#M*'#"*+'I(
• 8++7>H(1//.A(8,#'*M*$#$*<7(&7*Q>"'#,I(B#'#)#(>7(,#(D">'>7$*#(+(#&'>7$*#()>(
#M>$%#$*<7(#"%*$&,#"G(>'%#P*,*)#)(H(">)&$%*P*,*)#)()>(,#((M"#$%&"#I(
• 5#H9#$J( 1//.A( L*M>">7$*#( >7%">( M"#$%&"#'( #"%*$&,#">'( H( >N%"##"%*$&,#">'G( H(
>'%#P,>'(+(*7>'%#P,>'I(
• R#H+( 1//-A( L>'#""+,,#( ( &7#( '&P$,#'*M*$#$*<7( )>( ,#'( M"#$%&"#'(
*7%"##"%*$&,#">'I(
• 6=(1/S?A(3*'%>F#()>($,#'*M*$#$*<7G(#D,*$#P,>(#,( ">'%+()>(9&>'+'( ,#"C+'G(:&>(
$+7'*)>"#( ,#( C"#Q>)#)( )>( ,#( ,>'*<7( )>( #$&>")+( $+7( >,( C"#)+( )>( #M>$%#$*<7(
*7%"##"%*$&,#"( H( $+7F*7&$*<7( F>%#M*'#"*#I( 8+FD,>Y#G( $+7( F>7+'( #$&>")+(
*7%>"+P'>"Q#)+"(#,(">#,*E#"('&PC"&D+'I(
(
!"#"$%&"'()*+,)+-%*+.-%*"/"&%&"'()*+
6$%&#,F>7%>( 7+( >N*'%>( 7*7C&7#( $,#'*M*$#$*<7( #$>D%#)#( D+"( %+)+'( ,+'( #&%+">'I( Z+(
'<,+( *FD+"%#7( ,#'( ,>'*+7>'( <'>#'G( '*7+( %#FP*[7( %+)#( ,#( D#%+,+C\#( %"#&FV%*$#( )>(
D#"%>'(P,#7)#'(:&>('>(#'+$*#(#(>'%#'(,>'*+7>'G($+F+(,#'(,>'*+7>'()>(,+'(,*C#F>7%+'(
*7%>"$#"D*#7+'G( #'\( $+F+( ,#'( $+FD,*$#$*+7>'( %#")\#'G( ( >'D>$*#,F>7%>( #:&>,,#'( :&>(
#M>$%#7(#(,#(#"%*$&,#$*<7("#)*+$#"D*#7#(H()>(M+"F#(FV'(*FD+"%#7%>(#(,#(#"%*$&,#$*<7(
"#)*+$&P*%#,()*'%#,I(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"
(
3=( 9#7( "=#,*>#)+( )*?="=7%='( ='%&)*+'( :&=( #7#,*>#7( ,#( $+7'*'%=7$*#( @( A#"*#B*,*)#)(
*7%"#(@(*7%="(+B'="A#)+'()=(,#'($,#'*?*$#$*+7='(6CD(!"@EF#7D(G=,+7=(@(G#@+H(I7(,#'(
:&=( '=( +B'="A#( &7( J7)*$=( #$=K%#B,=( )=( #$&=")+( =7%"=( +B'="A#)+"='( =7( ,+'( %*K+'(
K"*7$*K#,='()=(,#($,#'*?*$#$*<7(6CD(:&=("='&,%#(FL'()*?J$*,(#,('&B)*A*)*"(,+'()*?="=7%='(
M"&K+'( @( '&BM"&K+'H( ;#( $+7$+")#7$*#( *7%="+B'="A#)+"( ='( F+)="#)#( =7( ,#(
$,#'*?*$#$*<7( G#@+( @( "=M&,#"( =7( ,#( )=( !"@EF#7D( G=,+7=( @( 6CH( I'%+'( ='%&)*+'(
$+7$,&@=7(:&=(=7(,#(?+"F#()=(K"='=7%#$*<7()=(='%#'($,#'*?*$#$*+7='(=N*'%=(&7#(?#,%#(
)=( K"=)*$$*<7( )=,( "='&,%#)+( ?*7#,( @( $#K#$*)#)( K#"#( K+)="( $+FK#"#"( "='&,%#)+'(
=7%"=()*?="=7%='(='%&)*+'H(
!"#$%&%'#'%()*+,*-,.)/)+,0*
8,#'*?*$#$*<7('=MO7(=,(F=$#7*'F+()=(,='*<7D(:&=($+7%=FK,#(,#(K"='=7$*#()=(,='*+7='(
,*M#F=7%+'#'D('&B,&N#$*+7='(@(?"#$%&"#'()=(,+'(9&='+'()=,($#"K+(A=$*7+'(#'+$*#)#'(
#'J( $+F+D( )#P+'( '*F&,%L7=+'( =7( K#"%='( B,#7)#'( :&=( ='%L7( )*"=$%#F=7%=(
"=,#$*+7#)#'( $+7( ,#( $#,*)#)( @( M"#)+( )=( #M"='*<7( '&?"*)#H( QR"==7( S#A*)HT( -..UVH(
8,#'*?*$#$*<7(&%*,*>#)#(=7(='%=(='%&)*+H(
(
!"#$%&'()*+,-+.!&#(/('&'()*+01+21%*3*014+
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
Tratamientos
(
=7( >,( >'%&)*+( ">#,*?#)+( '>( 9#7( &%*,*?#)+( @( $+AB#"#)+( ,+'( %"#%#A*>7%+'( :&>( '>(
)>%#,,#7(#($+7%*7&#$*<7C(
!"#$%$&#'()*+,-"''#./*',$$0-0*1*2#30'#./*4,$'"56/,0*
;#(">)&$$*<7($>""#)#(@(D*E#$*<7($+7(#F&E#'()>(G*"$97>"(B>"$&%H7>#'(>'(&7#(%I$7*$#(
'>7$*,,#( :&>( D&>( )>( >,>$$*<7( )&"#7%>( )I$#)#'J( 3>( >7$&>7%"#( B"*7$*B#,A>7%>(
*7)*$#)#(>7( D"#$%&"#'(>K%"##"%*$&,#">'('*7($+7A*7&$*<7(A>%#D*'#"*#(@(>7( D"#$%&"#'(
*7%"##"%*$&,#">'('*AB,>'($+7(L&>7#(">'>"M#(<'>#J(
;#'( B+'*L*,*)#)>'( )>( D*E#$*<7( '+7( M#"*#'( N,#( %I$7*$#( )>( G#B#7)E*( >'( )>( ,#'( AH'(
&%*,*?#)#'OP(>7(7&>'%"+($>7%"+('>(9#(&%*,*?#)+(,#(A#7*B&,#$*<7($>""#)#(@(D*E#$*<7($+7(
#F&E#'()>(G*"$97>"(*7%"+)&$*)#'(#(%"#MI'()>(,#(>'%*,+*)>'("#)*#,(:&>($"&?#7(>,(%"#?+(
)>(D"#$%&"#(9#'%#( ,#($+"%*$#,($+7%"#"*#P(M#"*#7)+(,#()*'%"*L&$*<7()>(>'%#'(#F&E#'(>7(
D&7$*<7()>,(%"#?+()>(D"#$%&"#J(;+'(">'&,%#)+'('+7(F>7>"#,A>7%>(L&>7+'($)+('>(
%"#%#( )>( D"#$%&"#'( '*AB,>'( +( >K%"##"%*$&,#">'( @( >AB>+"#7( $)+( '>( %"#%#( )>(
D"#$%&"#'( *7%"##"%*$&,#">'($+7(F"#7($+7A*7&$*<7(+( D"#FA>7%+'(M+,#">'P(>7( ,+'(:&>(
>'()*DQ$*,( '&( ">)&$$*<7( $>""#)#( @( D*E#$*<7( $+7( ,#'( %I$7*$#'(B>"$&%H7>#'(9#L*%&#,>'J(
NR>,F#)+(SJ(4J(-..TOJ(
!"#$%$&#'()*+,-"''#./*07#,$50*1*2#30'#./*#/5,$/0*'(/*480'0*9(80$*:;+*
='%#( #$>B%#)+( :&>( ,#( ">)&$$*<7( #7#%<A*$#( )*'A*7&@>( ,#( #B#"*$*<7( )>( #"%"+'*'(
"#)*+$#"B*#7#P( @( :&>( ,#( $#,*)#)( )>( ">)&$$*<7( #"%*$&,#"( >'%#( ">,#$*+7#)#( $+7( >,(
">'&,%#)+(D*7#,P('>(%+,>"#(&7(>'$#,<7(#"%*$&,#"(*7D>"*+"(#(-AAJ(
UV,%*B,>'( >'%&)*+'( 9#7( )>A+'%"#)+( :&>( ,#( ">)&$$*<7( #L*>"%#( @( D*E#$*<7( *7%>"7#(
B&>)>7( >M*%#"( '>$&>,#'( )>"*M#)#'( )>( ,#(A#,#( ">)&$$*<7( )>( ,#( '&B>"D*$*>( #"%*$&,#"(
$+A+(>,()+,+"P(,#("*F*)>?P(,#(*7>'%#L*,*)#)(#"%*$&,#"(@(,#'($+AB">'*+7>'(7>"M*+'#'J(
R*$9#( %I$7*$#( >'( &7#( L&>7#( #,%>"7#%*M#( B#"#( >,( %"#%#A*>7%+( )>( ,#'( D"#$%&"#'(
>K%"##"%*$&,#">'( )>'B,#?#)#'( @( ,#'( D"#$%&"#'( *7%"##"%*$&,#">'J( 8+A+( M>7%#E#'(
)>'%#$#7( ,#( ">'%#&"#$*<7( )>( ,#( #7#%+AQ#( <'>#P( ,#( D*E#$*<7( *7%>"7#( >'%#L,>( $+7( &7(
A>7+"( B>"*+)+( )>( *7A+M*,*?#$*<7( @( &7#( ">$&B>"#$*<7( AH'( "HB*)#( )>( ,#( D&7$*<7P(
)*'A*7&@>7)+(,+'($#'+'()>(#,F+)*'%"<D*#('*ABH%*$#()>(3&)>$WJ(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!!"
(
;#( =*>#$*<7( ?+,#"( )@( ,#'( ="#$%&"#'( )@( "#)*+( )*'%#,( '*7( *AB+"%#"( ,#( )*"@$$*<7( )@( '&(
)@'B,#C#A*@7%+D(@'(&7#(7+?@)+'#(=+"A#()@(%"#%#A*@7%+(:&@(B"+?@@(,+'(E@7@=*$*+'(
)@(,#(=*>#$*<7(*7%@"7#('*7(,#'($+AB,*$#$*+7@'()@,(#E+")#>@()+"'#,D(%+)+(@'%+(B+'*E,@(
F"#$*#'(#(,#(@?+,&$*<7()@(,+'('*'%@A#'()@('G7%@'*'D(,#'(7&@?#'(B,#$#'()@("#)*+()*'%#,(
$+7(%+"7*,,+'(B+,*#H*#,@'(E,+:&@#)+'(#(,#(B,#$#I(
J%*,*C#7)+( @,( #E+")#>@( )@,( !85( K=,@H+"( $#"B*'( "#)*#,*'LD( &7( #E+")#>@( @'%M7)#"( )@(
2@7"N(A+)*=*$#)+( B#"#( B@"A*%*"( @HB+7@"( )@( &7#(A#7@"#( =M$*,( #AE+'( ,#)+'( )@( ,#(
="#$%&"#(K?+,#"(N()+"'#,L(:&@('@($+7'*F&@($+7(&7#(*7$*'*<7(@7(C(E"#:&*+"#)*#,*'(N(,#(
,*E@"#$*<7()@,('@B%&A("#)*#,I(O(&%*,*C#7)+(,#(=*>#$*<7(?+,#"()@(,#(="#$%&"#(B+"(B+'@@"(
&7(A#N+"(@'B#$*+(B#"#(,#($+,+$#$*<7()@(&7#(B,#$#(K,,#A#)+(@'B#$*+()@(P#"+7#L(N((,#(
B+'*E*,*)#)( )@( $&E"*",#( $+7( @,( B"+7#)+"( $&#)"#)+( '@B#"#7)+( @,( A#%@"*#,( )@(
+'%@+'G7%@'*'()@,(#B#"#%+(=,@H+"(N()@,(7@"?*+(A@)*#7+I(
8+7(A@7$*<7(#( ,#(B,#$#(QR5($+7(B@"7+'()@('+B+"%@('&E$+7)"#,()@(M7F&,+( =*>+D( '&(
)*'@S+( E#'#)+( @7( @,( B"*7$*B*+( :&@( @,( 9&@'+( '&E$+7)"#,( @'(AM'( "@'*'%@7%@( N( B+$+(
#=@$%#)+( B+"( @,( B"+$@'+( +'%@+BT7*$+D( =#$*,*%#7)+( '&( &'+( @7( B#$*@7%@'( $+7( 9&@'+'(
+'%@+B+"<%*$+'(N(B@"A*%*@7)+( ,#(B@"=@$%#(B"@'#()@( ,+'( ="#FA@7%+'('*7( *AB+"%#"( ,#(
@)#)()@,(B#$*@7%@D(%+A#7)+($+7'*)@"#$*<7(@7('&()*'@S+((N()@(,#'(=&@"C#'(=G'*$#'(:&@(
#%"#?*@'#7( ,#( A&S@$#( B#"#( @?*%#"( =#,,+'( )@( A#%@"*#,( )@( +'%@+'G7%@'*'I( KU7)"*#F+(
-..VL(KR*$@7%0R@"#(4(-../LI(
!"#$%&'()"&*+,%)-../0#+.%&&()(+%+/#1"'/2/3(./0#+."#+4%$"+567+
O#(@7( ,+'(#S+'(-.D(WX9,@"( *7%"+)&$@(@,($+7$@B%+()@(%"#$$*<7(A#7&#,()@,(A*@AE"+(
#B,*$#)#( #,( #7%@E"#C+( N( $+7%"#%#$$*<7( #( 7*?@,( )@,( E"#C+I( Y,( A#N+"( )@'#=G+( )@,(
%"#%#A*@7%+($@""#)+(@7(,+'($#'+'()@(="#$%&"#'($+7()@'B,#C#A*@7%+()+"'#,($+7'*'%@(
@7( "@)&$*"()*$9#()@=+"A*)#)(N( $+7'@"?#"( ,#( #,*7@#$*<7(+E%@7*)#( '*7(&7#(@H$@'*?#(
=,@H*<7( )@( ,#( A&S@$#I( U7$,&'+( @7( ,+'( $#'+'( @7( ,+'( :&@( '@( $+7'*F&@( &7#( $+""@$%#(
"@)&$$*<7($@""#)#(B&@)@(+$&""*"(&7()@'B,#C#A*@7%+('@$&7)#"*+(N(#$+"%#A*@7%+()@,(
"#)*+I( 6&7:&@( ,#( #$%*%&)( )@( ,#( A&S@$#( @7( AMH*A#( =,@H*<7( B#,A#"( N( )@'?*#$*<7(
$&E*%#,( @'( E*+A@$M7*$#A@7%@( @=*$#C( B#"#( ,#( "@'%#&"#$*<7( )@( ,#( )@'?*#$*<7( ?+,#"(
#B,*$#)#( 7+( )@E@( A#7%@7@"'@( N#( :&@( B&@)@( #'+$*#"'@( $+7( &7#( B@,*F"+'#(
$+AB"@'*<7()@,(7@"?*+(A@)*#7+I(3@( "@$+A*@7)#($+A+(B+'*$*<7()@( *7A+?*,*C#$*<7(
)@(,#(="#$%&"#(A@%#=*'#"*#()*'%#,()@("#)*+()@'B,#C#)#()+"'#,A@7%@D(#:&@,,#(@7(,#(:&@(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
,#(=&>?$#('?(?7$&?7%"#(?7(@+'*$*<7(7?&%"#(+()?(,*A?"#(B,?C*<7D()?'E*#$*<7($&F*%#,(G(
"+%#$*<7( 7?&%"#( )?,( #7%?F"#H+I( 6&7:&?( @&?)#7( ?C*'%*"( )*B?"?7%?'( #"A&=?7%+'( #(
B#E+"( )?( ,#( *7=+E*,*H#$*<7( )?( ,#'( B"#$%&"#'( )?( 8+,,?'( ?7( $+=@,?%#( '&@*7#$*<7( +(
@"+7#$*<7D( '+=+'(@#"%*)#"*+'()?( *7=+E*,*H#",#'(?7("+%#$*<7(7?&%"#(G#(:&?(@#"?$?(
#'+$*#"( &7#(=?7+'( @+"$?7%#J?( )?( $+=@,*$#$*+7?'( #( ,#( 9+"#( )?( A#7#"( ,#( "+%#$*<7(
$+=@,?%#( )?,( #7%?F"#H+( G( #,( %*?=@+D( '?(=#7%*?7?( ,#( "?)&$$*<7( )?( ,#( B"#$%&"#I( K7(
@#$*?7%?'( $+7( *7?'%#F*,*)#)( )?( ,#( #"%*$&,#$*<7( "#)*+$&F*%#,( )*'%#,( @&?)?( '?"(
7?$?'#"*+(*7=+E*,*H#$*<7(?7('&@*7#$*<7I(
L7=+E*,*H#"(%+)#'(,#'(B"#$%&"#'(#A&)#'()?,(?C%"?=+()*'%#,()?,("#)*+($+7(&7#(BM"&,#(
F*E#,E#(:&?(*7$,&G#(?,($+)+D(@?"=*%?(#'N(%+,?"#"()?(B+"=#(#)?$&#)#(,#(*7B,#=#$*<7(
:&?('?(@"+)&H$#(#(?7(?,(=*?=F"+(%"#'( ,#'(=#7*+F"#'()?("?)&$$*<7(G(@?"=*%*?7)+(
&7#($+""?$%#(?'%#F*,*H#$*<7()?(,#(B"#$%&"#I(
2#G(:&?("?#,*H#"(&7($+7%"+,("#)*+,<A*$+(#(,#('?=#7#(#)E*"%*?7)+(#,(@#$*?7%?(:&?(?'(
@+'*F,?(:&?(?C*'%#($*?"%#(@M")*)#()?(,#("?)&$$*<7()?(,#(B"#$%&"#I(K7(,#'(B"#$%&"#'(?7(
,#'(:&?('?(@&?)?(@"?E?"( ,#(?C*'%?7$*#()?(&7()?'@,#H#=*?7%+('?$&7)#"*+(@?'?(#( ,#(
*7=+E*,*H#$*<7(?'(7?$?'#"*+("?@?%*"(,#'("#)*+A"#BN#'(G("?E*'#"(?,(G?'+('?=#7#,=?7%?(
9#'%#( ,#( $+7'+,*)#$*<7( )?( ,#( B"#$%&"#I( 3*( '?( @"+)&$?( &7( )?'@,#H#=*?7%+( $+7( ,#(
*7=+E*,*H#$*<7( $+7( G?'+( +( BM"&,#( 9#G( :&?( @,#7%?#"'?( ,#( ?'%#F*,*H#$*<7( <'?#(
:&*"O"A*$#I(PQ"??7(R#E*)IS(-..TUI(
K,(%"#%#=*?7%+($+7'?"E#)+"D(*7)*$#)+(?7(B"#$%&"#'(?'%#F,?'()?("#)*+()*'%#,D(@#"#(:&?(
'?#( ?B*$#H( ?'( 7?$?'#"*+( $+7'?A&*"( &7#( "?)&$$*<7( *7*$*#,( #$?@%#F,?( G( ?E#,&#"( #,(
@#$*?7%?( )?( B+"=#( @?"*<)*$#( %#7%+( $,N7*$#( $+=+( "#)*+,<A*$#=?7%?I( K'( =&G(
*=@+"%#7%?(%?7?"(?7($&?7%#(B#$%+"?'($+=+(,#(?)#)(G(,#'()?=#7)#'(B&7$*+7#,?'()?,(
@#$*?7%?D( #'N( $+=+( ,#( ?C@?"*?7$*#()?,( $*"&J#7+(G( ,#'( $#"#$%?"N'%*$#'(@"+@*#'()?( ,#'(
,?'*<7(@#"#(*7)*$#"(?,(%"#%#=*?7%+($+7'?"E#)+"D(@+"(?'+(7+'(?7$+7%"#=+'(B"#$%&"#'(
:&?(@+"( '&'( $#"#$%?"N'%*$#'( '?"N#7(:&*"O"A*$#'(@?"+( '?( %"#%#7( $+7'?"E#)+"#=?7%?(
@+"(,#'($#"#$%?"N'%*$#'()?,(@#$*?7%?I(;#($+""?,#$*<7(?7%"?(,+'("?'&,%#)+'("#)*+,<A*$+'(
G( B&7$*+7#,?'( 7+( '*?=@"?( ?'( @?"B?$%#D( 9#G( @#$*?7%?'( $+7( &7( F&?7( "?'&,%#)+(
B&7$*+7#,(G(&7(=#,("?'&,%#)+(#7#%<=*$+(G(E*$?E?"'#I(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
(
Objetivos
(
=>7>"#,?(
1@ 8+AB#"#"( ">'&,%#)+'( C&7$*+7#,>'( D( "#)*+,<E*$+'( >7( >,( %"#%#A*>7%+( )>(
C"#$%&"#'()*'%#,>'()>("#)*+'($+7(,#'(%F$7*$#'(>'%&)*#)#'@(
G'B>$HC*$+'?(
-@ I#,+"#$*<7( $,H7*$#J( >KB,+"#$*<7( "#)*+,<E*$#( D( +B$*+7>'( )>( %"#%#A*>7%+( >7(
C"#$%&"#'()*'%#,>'()>("#)*+(>7(>,(#)&,%+@(
L@ M>%>"A*7#"(">'&,%#)+'( C&7$*+7#,>'(>7(B#$*>7%>'( %"#%#)+'(:&*"N"E*$#A>7%>O(
$+7(C*P#$*<7(#E&P#'()>(Q*"'$97>"(D($+7(C*P#$*<7(B,#$#(R+,#"(SMI5T@(
U@ M>%>"A*7#"(">'&,%#)+'("#)*+,<E*$+'(>7(B#$*>7%>'(%"#%#)+'(:&*"N"E*$#A>7%>O(
$+7(C*P#$*<7(#E&P#'(Q*"'$97>"(D($+7(C*P#$*<7(B,#$#(R+,#"(SMI5T@(
V@ M>%>"A*7#"(,#(">,#$*<7(>7%">(,+'()>'B,#W#A*>7%+'(C*7#,>'(D(,#(C&7$*+7#,*)#)(
+X%>7*)#@(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
Material y Métodos
3=("=#,*>#(&7(='%&)*+(+?'="@#$*+7#,()='$"*A%*@+(A"+'A=$%*@+($+7(1BC(A#$*=7%='D(E/(
*7%="@=7*)+'( :&*"F"G*$#H=7%=D( )=( &7( %+%#,( )=( 111( A#$*=7%='( %"#%#)+'( ?#I+( =,(
)*#G7+'%*$+()=(J"#$%&"#()*'%#,()=("#)*+()=')=(+$%&?"=(-..E(9#'%#(=7="+(-.1.K(
LM(A#$*=7%='( J&="+7(=N$,&*)+'()=,(='%&)*+D(A+"(7+( %=7="(=@+,&$*<7($+HA,=%#(=7(=,(
H+H=7%+( )=( ,#( "=@*'*<7( OL.( A+"( AP")*)#( )=( '=G&*H*=7%+D( L( A+"( $+7%"+,( =7( +%"+'(
$=7%"+'D(Q(-(A+"(PN*%&'RK(
;#(=)#)(A"+H=)*+(=7()=(BM(#S+'D($+7("#7G+(H=7+"()=(1M(#S+'(Q(=,(H#Q+"()=(/L(
#S+'K(3=N+T(CC(H&Q="='(OA"+H=)*+()=(=)#)(M1(#S+'R((Q(UL(9+H?"='(OA"+H=)*+()=(
=)#)(LU(#S+'RK(
8,#'*J*$#)+'()=(#$&=")+($+7( ,#($,#'*J*$#$*<7()=(!="7V7)=>(=7T(W*A+( X(UU(A#$*=7%='(
O-/D(CUYRZ(W*A+(XX(UU(A#$*=7%='(O-/D(CUYRZ(%*A+(XXX(UE(A#$*=7%='(OULD-UYRZ(W*A+(X[(C(
A#$*=7%='(OMDU1YRK(
W"#%#H*=7%+T( %"#%#)+'( $+7'="@#)+"#H=7%=( $+7( "=)&$$*<7( $=""#)#(HV'( Q='+(6\]D(
--( A#$*=7%='( O1/DE-YRZ( %"#%#)+'( :&*"F"G*$#H=7%=( E/( A#$*=7%='( OE.D1EYRD(
U1O-CD/UYR()=(,+'($&#,='($+7("=)&$$*<7($=""#)#(HV'(+'%=+'^7%='*'(A="$&%V7=#($+7(
#G&I#'( )=( _*"'$97="( Q( JP"&,#( )=( Q='+( Q( BEOB-D-BYR( $+7( "=)&$$*<7( #?*="%#( HV'(
+'%=+'^7%='*'($+7(A,#$#(@+,#"(`[5K(
3=(&%*,*><("=9#?*,*%#$*<7(=7(%+)+'(,+'(A#$*=7%='K(
8+7(&7#(H=)*#()=('=G&*H*=7%+()=(C(H='='K(
W+)+'( ,+'( A#$*=7%='( '+H=%*)+'( #( %"#%#H*=7%+( :&*"F"G*$+( $+7( "=)&$$*<7( #?*="%#( Q(
'^7%='*'($+7(A,#$#(`[5("=$*?*="+7(A"+J*,#N*'(#7%*?*<%*$#D(=,("='%+(7+K(
;#( $+7'+,*)#$*<7( )=( +?%&@+( =7( &7( A"+H=)*+( )=( M( '=H#7#'( Q( H=)*#(
#A"+N*H#)#H=7%=K(
;#(H+@*,*>#$*<7()=( ,#(H&S=$#( '=( *7*$*<()=( J+"H#( #$%*@#( #'*'%*)#D( $+#)Q&@#)#( $+7(
J*'*+%="#A*#( #( A#"%*"( )=( ,#'( B( '=H#7#'( =7( A"+H=)*+( #( ,+'( A#$*=7%='( '+H=%*)+'( #(
56!X( O5=)&$$*<7( #?*="%#( Q( J*I#$*<7( *7%="7#R( $+7( A,#$#( @+,#"( Q( #( A#"%*"( )=( ,#( M0C(
'=H#7#'( OJ=$9#( )=( "=%*"#)#( )=,( Q='+( Q( ,#'( #G&I#'R( =7( =,( "='%+K( 3=( =7@*#"+7( #(
"=9#?*,*%#$*<7(A#"#(*7*$*#"(,#(H+@*,*>#$*<7(A#'*@#(Q(#'*'%*)#(Q(,&=G+(#$%*@#(9#'%#('&(
"=$&A="#$*<7K(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
Resultados
(
;#(=#,+"#$*<7()>(7&>'%"+'(">'&,%#)+'(,#(">#,*?#@+'()>(#$&>")+(#($"*%>"*+'($,A7*$+'(B(
"#)*+,<C*$+'D( #@E+'( F&>"+7( =#,+"#)+'( '>CG7( ,#( >'$#,#( F&7$*+7#,( )>( H#"%,#7)( B(
I>",>BD( B( >,( $&>'%*+7#"*+( J632K( L7'%"&@>7%+'( )>( @>)*$*<7( >'M>$AF*$+'( :&>(
M">'>7%#7( &7#( @#B+"( ">'M&>'%#( +( '>7'*E*,*)#)( M#"#( )>%>$%#"( $#@E*+'( )>(
*@M+"%#7$*#( $,A7*$#( %"#'( >,( %"#%#@*>7%+( #&7:&>( 7+( M>"@*%>7( $+@M#"#$*<7( )>(
">'&,%#)+'(#(%"#=N'()>()*F>">7%>'(M#%+,+CA#'K(
8&>'%*+7#"*+( J632( G%*,( M#"#( )>'$"*E*"( *7)*=*)&+'( $+7( M#%+,+CA#( )>( @*>@E"+'(
'&M>"*+">'D(>'%*@#"(>,(M"+7<'%*$+()>()*$9+'('&O>%+'(B(=#,+"#"($#@E*+'($,A7*$+'(%"#'(
>,((%"#%#@*>7%+D($+7(,*@*%#$*<7(>7(7&>'%"+(>'%&)*+D('&M+7>(&7#(@>)*)#()>'$"*M%*=#(
:&>( 7+( M>"@*%>( =#,+"#"( ,+'( $#@E*+'( %"#'( >,( %"#%#@*>7%+( M+"( F#,%#( )>(@>)*$*+7>'(
M">=*#'(#(,#(F"#$%&"#K(
PE%>7*>7)+(&7#(=#,+"#$*<7(F&7$*+7#,()>Q(
• RS$>,>7%>(T.0-(M&7%+'U(VW(M#$*>7%>'(TV.DWVXUK(
• Y&>7#(TZ0[(M&7%+'U(VW(M#$*>7%>'(TV.DWVXUK(
• 5>C&,#"(T/0-.(M&7%+'U(1/(M#$*>7%>'(T1\D1-XUK(
• ]#,+(T^-1(M&7%+'U(-(M#$*>7%>'(T1D[.XUK(
(
!"#$%&'()*(+,-'",&%./($0/&%'/,-(1234/(21&,-,(52(!,"6-,/5(7(82"-279(7(5%16"%:0&%./(52(-'1(
"210-6,5'1(1234/(6%;'(52($",&60",<(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
=>%?7*?7)+((&7#(@#,+"#$*<7(5#)*+,<A*$#()?B(
• CD$?,?7%?(E.01(F&7%+'G(--(F#$*?7%?'(E1/HI-JGK(
• L&?7#(E-0M(F&7%+'G(NN(F#$*?7%?'(EO/HNNJGK(
• P#,#(EQM(F&7%+'G(MO(F#$*?7%?'(EM.HRMJGK(
(
(
!"#$%&'()*(+,-'",&%./(",0%'-.1%&,(2314/(32&,-,(03(!,"5-,/0(6(73"-368(6(0%25"%9:&%./(03( -'2("32:-5,0'2(
2314/(5%;'(03($",&5:",<(
(
S632()?B((
• N-( ?7( ,+'( F#$*?7%?'( '+T?%*)+'( #( %"#%#T*?7%+( $+7'?"@#)+"( $+7( "?)&$$*<7(
$?""#)#(TU'(V?'+(6LWK(
• OR( ?7( ,+'( F#$*?7%?'( '+T?%*)+'( #( %"#%#T*?7%+( :&*"X"A*$+( $+7( "?)&$$*<7(
$?""#)#(TU'(+'%?+'Y7%?'*'(F?"$&%U7?#( $+7(#A&Z#'()?([*"'$97?"(V( \]"&,#()?(
V?'+K(
• O.( ?7( ,+'( F#$*?7%?'( '+T?%*)+'( #( %"#%#T*?7%+( :&*"X"A*$+( $+7( "?)&$$*<7(
#>*?"%#(TU'(+'%?+'Y7%?'*'($+7(F,#$#(@+,#"(S^5K(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
8+=>#"#$*<7(?@#,&#$*<7(A&7$*+7#,(B("#)*+,<C*$#(?7(A&7$*<7()?,(%"#%#=*?7%+D(
• E?)*#()?(?@#,&#$*<7(A&7$*+7#,()?(FGH(B("#)*+,<C*$#()?(-GIJ(?7(,+'(>#$*?7%?'(
'+=?%*)+'(#(%"#%#=*?7%+($+7'?"@#)+"($+7("?)&$$*<7($?""#)#(=K'(B?'+(6LMG(
• E?)*#()?(?@#,&#$*<7(A&7$*+7#,()?(NGH(B("#)*+,<C*$#()?(HG1J(?7(,+'(>#$*?7%?'(
'+=?%*)+'( #( %"#%#=*?7%+( :&*"O"C*$+( $+7( "?)&$$*<7( $?""#)#( =K'(
+'%?+'P7%?'*'(>?"$&%K7?#($+7(#C&Q#'()?(R*"'$97?"(B(AS"&,#()?(B?'+G(
• E?)*#()?(?@#,&#$*<7(A&7$*+7#,()?(TGI(B("#)*+,<C*$#()?(-GNJ(?7(,+'(>#$*?7%?'(
'+=?%*)+'(#(%"#%#=*?7%+(:&*"O"C*$+($+7("?)&$$*<7(#U*?"%#(=K'(+'%?+'P7%?'*'(
$+7(>,#$#(@+,#"(VW5G(
(
!"#$%&'()*(+,-'",&%./($0/&%'/,-(1234/(21&,-,(52(!,"6-,/5(7(82"-279(2/($0/&%./(52-(6",6,:%2/6';(
(
!"#$%&'(<*(+,-'",&%./(=,5%'-.3%&,(1234/(21&,-,(52(!,"6-,/5(7(82"-279(2/($0/&%./(52-(6",6,:%2/6';(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
5='&,%#)+'(=7(>&7$*<7()=,(%"#%#?*=7%+@(
• 8+7(&7#(?=)*#()=,("#7A+()=(?+B*,*)#)()=(11-C(=7(,+'(D#$*=7%='('+?=%*)+'(#(
%"#%#?*=7%+($+7'="B#)+"($+7("=)&$$*<7($=""#)#(?E'(F='+(6GHI(
• 8+7(&7#(?=)*#()=,("#7A+()=(?+B*,*)#)()=(1.JC(=7(,+'(D#$*=7%='('+?=%*)+'(#(
%"#%#?*=7%+(:&*"K"A*$+($+7("=)&$$*<7($=""#)#(?E'(+'%=+'L7%='*'(D="$&%E7=#(
$+7(#A&M#'()=(N*"'$97="(F(>O"&,#()=(F='+I(
• 8+7(&7#(?=)*#()=,("#7A+()=(?+B*,*)#)()=(11/C(=7(,+'(D#$*=7%='('+?=%*)+'(#(
%"#%#?*=7%+( :&*"K"A*$+( $+7( "=)&$$*<7( #P*="%#(?E'( +'%=+'L7%='*'( $+7( D,#$#(
B+,#"(QR5I(
• 3=( $+7'*A&=( &7#( D"+7+'&D*7#$*<7( $+?D,=%#( =7( &7( JST( )=( ,+'( D#$*=7%='(
'+?=%*)+'(#(%"#%#?*=7%+($+7'="B#)+"($+7("=)&$$*<7($=""#)#(?E'(F='+(6GHI(
• 3=( $+7'*A&=( &7#( D"+7+'&D*7#$*<7( $+?D,=%#( =7( &7( S1T( )=( ,+'( D#$*=7%='(
'+?=%*)+'( #( %"#%#?*=7%+( :&*"K"A*$+( $+7( "=)&$$*<7( $=""#)#( ?E'(
+'%=+'L7%='*'(D="$&%E7=#($+7(#A&M#'()=(N*"'$97="(F(>O"&,#()=(F='+I(
• 3=( $+7'*A&=( &7#( D"+7+'&D*7#$*<7( $+?D,=%#( =7( &7( U/T( )=( ,+'( D#$*=7%='(
'+?=%*)+'(#(%"#%#?*=7%+(:&*"K"A*$+($+7("=)&$$*<7(#P*="%#(?E'(+'%=+'L7%='*'(
$+7(D,#$#(B+,#"(QR5I(
(
(
!"#$%&'()*(+"','-./%,0&%1,(&',-23.%40(2,($.,&%1,(425(6"0607%2,6'8(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
(
(
(
!"#$%&'()*(+,-.'(/0(1'2%3%/,/(4(+05637,/'(/03(86057%'-,"%'(9:;<(0-($6-&%=-(/03(7",7,1%0-7'>(
(
!"#$%&'(?*(@0/%,5(/03(50.6%1%0-7'(A(2,3'",/'(0-(10505BC(4(10/%,5(/03(7%01D'(/0(&'-5'3%/,&%=-(
A(2,3'",/'(0-(501,-,5B>(
(
(
(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
8+=>,*$#$*+7?'@(
8+=+( ?,(=A%+)+( )?( B*C#$*<7( *7%?"7#( )?( ,#'( B"#$%&"#'( )*'%#,?'( )?( "#)*+( $#=D*#E( ?'(
?'>?"#D,?(:&?(%#=D*A7('?(=+)*B*:&?7(,#(B"?$&?7$*#(F( ,+'(%*>+'()?($+=>,*$#$*+7?'E(
#'G($+=+(7&?'%"+(%"#%#=*?7%+()?(A'%#'H(;#'($+=>,*$#$*+7?'()?(,#'(B"#$%&"#'()*'%#,?'(
)?("#)*+('+7(,#(=#,#($+7'+,*)#$*<7E(7?&"+>#%G#($+=>"?'*I#E("&>%&"#()?(%?7)+7?'E(,#(
)*'%"+B*#('*=>J%*$#("?B,?C#(K3)"H(3&)?$LME(#"%"+'*'("#)*+$&D*%#,(F("#)*+$#">*#7#(?7%"?(
+%"#'H( N"+D#D,?=?7%?( ,#( $+=>,*$#$*<7(=J'( B"?$&?7%?( ?'( ,#( $+7'+,*)#$*<7( ?7(=#,#(
>+'*$*<7(C&7%+($+7(,+'()?'>,#O#=*?7%+'('?$&7)#"*+'H(
P7(7&?'%"+(?'%&)*+(>"?'?7%#"+7($+=>,*$#$*+7?'(QQ(>#$*?7%?'(KQ.RMH((
• 3?(>"?'?7%<(&7()?'>,#O#=*?7%+('?$&7)#"*+(?7(11(>#$*?7%?'( K1.RME(S()?( ,+'(
$&#,?'($+7(%"#%#=*?7%+($+7'?"I#)+"E(Q(#T&C#'(L(F(Q(UV5H(
• W?&"+#>"#X*#( =?)*#7+( ?7( Y( >#$*?7%?'( KQEZRME( :&?( '?( "?$&>?"#"+7( '*7(
7?$?'*)#)()?("?*7%?"I?7$*<7(:&*"["T*$#(?7(%+)+'(,+'($#'+'H(
• \'%?+>?7*#( ?7( S( >#$*?7%?'( KYESRME( #( $#&'#( )?( ,#( *7=+I*,*O#$*<7( :&?( B&?(
=?C+"#7)+(?7(,#'("#)*+T"#BG#'()?($+7%"+,(%"#'(?,(*7*$*+()?(,#(#$%*I*)#)H(
• 5?%"#'+( )?( $+7'+,*)#$*<7( ?7( ]( >#$*?7%?'( KZEQRME( B*7#,=?7%?( $+7'+,*)#"+7(
$+""?$%#=?7%?('*7(#$%&#$*+7?'(#^#)*)#'H(
• NA")*)#( )?( "?)&$$*<7( $+7( >"+%&'*<7( *7%"##"%*$&,#"( %+"7*,,+'( ?7( Y( >#$*?7%?'(
KQEZRME( ,+'(Y(>#$*?7%?'(B&?"+7("?*7%?"I?7*)+'(>#"#( ,#("?%*"#)#()?,(=#%?"*#,(
)?(+'%?+'G7%?'*'E(%"#'(,#($&#,(=?C+"#"+7($,G7*$#()+,+"+'#E(>?"+($+7(,*=*%#$*<7(
B&7$*+7#,("?'*)&#,(#($#&'#()?,()?'>,#O#=*?7%+(B*7#,H(
• 3G7)"+=?()?(39&)?$L(?7(-(>#$*?7%?'(K1E_RMH((
• W+(?7$+7%"#=+'(7*7T[7($#'+()?("&>%&"#(%?7)*7+'#(7*(*7B?$$*+7?'H(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
(
Conclusiones
(
;#'(="#$%&"#'()>("#)*+()*'%#,('+7(,>'*+7>'(=">$&>7%>'($&?+(%"#%#@*>7%+(9#('>A&*)+(
@>B+"#7)+(A"#$*#'(#(&7(@#?+"(">$+7+$*@*>7%+()>(,+'()*=>">7%>'(%*C+'()>(="#$%&"#'(
>D*'%>7%>'(?('&'(,>'*+7>'(#'+$*#)#'E(#'F($+@+(>,()>'#""+,,+()>(@>B+">'(%G$7*$#'(C#"#(
'&(>'%#H*,*I#$*<7(:&*"J"A*$#(:&>(C>"@*%>7(,#(@+K*,*I#$*<7(C">$+IL(
M,(%"#%#@*>7%+($+7'>"K#)+"(@>)*#7%>(*7@+K*,*I#$*<7($+7(?>'+(C"+C+"$*+7#(H&>7+'(
">'&,%#)+'( '*>@C">( ?( $)+( ,#( *7$+7A"&>7$*#( #"%*$&,#"( ">'*)&#,( 7+( '&C>">( ,+'(
-@@(?(7+(>D*'%#7(@N'()>(-@@()>(#$+"%#@*>7%+("#)*#,E(@N'()>(O(A"#)+'()>(CG")*)#(
)>(*7$,*7#$*<7("#)*#,E(+(@N'()>(1.(A"#)+'()>(CG")*)#()>(*7$,*7#$*<7(K+,#"L(M7($#'+(
$+7%"#"*+E(>'(C">=>"*H,>(+C%#"(C+"(,#(>'%#H*,*I#$*<7(:&*"J"A*$#L(
;#'( ="#$%&"#'( @N'( '>7$*,,#'( C&>)>7( >'%#H*,*I#"'>( $+7( $*"&AF#'( C+$+( *7K#'*K#'( )>(
=*B#$*<7(@&?(">,#%*K#(P$+7(#A&B#'()>(Q*'$97>"E(@G%+)+'()>(Q#C#7)B*E(8,#@'?E(>%$LR(
:&>(>7('&(@+@>7%+(9#7('*)+(&7#(+C$*<7()>(%"#%#@*>7%+(H*>7(#$>C%#)#(>7(>,(@>)*+E(
$+7(H#B+($+'%>(>$+7<@*$+(C#"#(>,(C#$*>7%>E(C>"+($+7(&7($+'%>(#,%+(>7(=&7$*+7#,*)#)(
?( $+@C,*$#$*+7>'L( S+)+( >,,+( C+"( >7( $+7$>C%+( >:&*K+$#)+( )>( #C,*$#"( &7#(
&7*=+"@*)#)( )>( %"#%#@*>7%+( #( ,>'*+7>'( )>( @>$#7*'@+'( )*K>"'+'( :&>( C"+)&$>7(
="#$%&"#'($+7()*=>">7%>(C>"'+7#,*)#)L(
;#( $+7$>C%&#,*I#$*<7( >7( >,( %"#%#@*>7%+( )>( ,#'( ="#$%&"#'( )>( "#)*+( )*'%#,( 9#(
$#@H*#)+E(?(@&$9+L(T+'(+H,*A#(#(">=,>D*+7#"(>7(>,(%*C+()>(="#$%&"#E('&(@>$#7*'@+(
)>(C"+)&$$*<7(?(,#(C+'*H*,*)#)()>(%"#%#@*>7%+(#(C,#7*=*$#"L(
M'( *@C+"%#7%>( %>7>"( >7( $&>7%#( ,+'( $"*%>"*+'( )>( $+7'*)>"#$*<7( #( :&*"J"A*$#( >7( ,#'(
="#$%&"#'U(
• V(O@@()>(#$+"%#@*>7%+()>,("#)*+(
• ">'%#&"#$*<7()>(,#(*7$,*7#$*<7("#)*#,(#(W1O°(
• ">'%#&"#$*<7( )>( ,#( *7$,*7#$*<7( '#A*%#,( >7( ,#( C"+?>$$*<7( ,#%>"#,( )>( 11°( )>(
*7$,*7#$*<7(C#,@#"(
• )>'7*K>,(#"%*$&,#"(V-@@(
• *7$+7A"&>7$*#(#"%*$&,#"(V-@@()>(,#(=+'#('*A@+*)>#(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!!"
(
;#( +'%=+'>7%='*'( $+7( ?,#$#( 9#( @#7#)+( ?+?&,#"*)#)( "=$*=7%=A=7%=( @"#$*#'( #,(
)='#""+,,+()=(?,#$#'($+7(%+"7*,,+'(B,+:&=#)+'(C($+7(A=D+"='(#B+")#D='(:&*"E"@*$+'F(
G,( +BD=%*H+( ?"*7$*?#,( =7( ,#'( I"#$%&"#'( )=( "#)*+( )*'%#,( ='( $+7'=@&*"( &7#( "=)&$$*<7(
#7#%<A*$#( C( &7#( A+H*,*J#$*<7( ?"=$+J( =H*%#7)+( ,+'( )='?,#J#A*=7%+'( '=$&7)#"*+'(
?#"#($+7'=@&*"(=,(A=D+"("='&,%#)+(I&7$*+7#,(C("#)*+,<@*$+(?+'*B,=F(
;#( =H#,&#$*<7( I&7$*+7#,( C( "#)*+,<@*$#( =7( I&7$*<7( )=,( %"#%#A*=7%+( "=#,*J#)+( 7+'(
A&='%"#(,+'('*@&*=7%='("='&,%#)+'K(
6,($+A?#"#"(=,(@"&?+($+7(%"#%#A*=7%+(LM5(C(#@&D#'(N('=(H=(:&=(I&7$*+7#,A=7%=(7+(
9#C()*I="=7$*#'(='%#)>'%*$#A=7%=('*@7*I*$#%*H#'()=B*)+(#(:&=(,#(A&='%"#()*'?+7*B,=(
7+(='('&I*$*=7%=A=7%=(@"#7)=F(6&7:&=(,#'(A=)*#'('+7(OPQ(=7(LM5'(C(RPQ(=7(#@&D#'(N(
C(='%S7(,#'()+'(=7(=,(@"&?+()=("='&,%#)+(B&=7+P(+B'="H#A+'(&7#($,#"#(%=7)=7$*#(#(
&7(A=D+"("='&,%#)+(=7(=,(@"&?+()=(%"#%#A*=7%+($+7(LM5F(G,("='&,%#)+('=(=7$&=7%"#(
'='@#)+()=B*)+(#(:&=(=7(=,(@"&?+()=(?#$*=7%='($+7(%"#%#A*=7%+(LM5('=(=7$&=7%"#7(
,#'( I"#$%&"#'( AS'( @"#H='P( $+7( &7#( A#C+"( $+A?,=D*)#)( C( A#C+"( )*I*$&,%#)( )=(
"=$&?="#$*<7($+A?,=%#F(
L=')=(=,(?&7%+()=(H*'%#("#)*+,<@*$+(,#('*%&#$*<7(='(,#(A*'A#K($+7(&7#(A=)*#()=(-PT(
=7(LM5'(C(QP1(=7(#@&D#'(N(C()=7%"+()=,( @"&?+()=( "='&,%#)+(B&=7+P( $+7( ,#(A*'A#(
%=7)=7$*#()=(&7(A=D+"("='&,%#)+(=7(,#'(I"#$%&"#'(%"#%#)#'($+7(LM5F(
G,( @"&?+( )=( ?#$*=7%='( $+7( %"#%#A*=7%+( $+7'="H#)+"( $+7'*@&=( ?=+"( "='&,%#)+'(
I&7$*+7#,='( C( "#)*+,<@*$+'( #E7( %"#%S7)+'=( )=( I"#$%&"#'( AS'( '*A?,='( C( $+7( &7#(
A#C+"(%=7)=7$*#(#(,#(?U")*)#()=("=)&$$*<7F(
V+( 9#C( )*I="=7$*#'( ='%#)>'%*$#A=7%=( %=( '*@7*I*$#%*H#'P( =7%"=( ,+'( )*I="=7%='( @"&?+'(
)=( %"#%#A*=7%+( ?="+( ,#( =H+,&$*<7( )=,( @"&?+( )=( %"#%#A*=7%+( $+7'="H#)+"( )#( &7#(
%=7)=7$*#( #( ,#( ?U")*)#( )=( "=)&$$*<7( $+7( ?=+"='( "='&,%#)+'P( '*7( =AB#"@+(
$+7'*)="#A+'( :&=( U'%=( %"#%#A*=7%+( '*@&=( '*=7)+( &7#( B&=7#( #,%="7#%*H#( =7( $#'+'(
'=,=$$*+7#)+'(=7(,+'(:&=(&7#(='%#B*,*J#$*<7(:&*"E"@*$#(='%#($+7%"#*7)*$#)#F(
W7$"=A=7%#"(,#($#'&>'%*$#(?="A*%*">#(&7(#7S,*'*'(AS'(#A?,*+()=(,+'("='&,%#)+'(C()=(
$,#"#'( H=7%#D#'( +( )='H=7%#D#'( )=( &7( AU%+)+( '+B"=( +%"+P( =H*%#7)+( =7( ,+( ?+'*B,=(
H#"*#B,='(:&=(?"+)&$=7('='@+'(+(*7%="?"=%#$*+7='(=""<7=#'()=(,+'("='&,%#)+'F(
8+7(&7#(A=)*#()=("#7@+()=(A+H*,*)#)()=(11-°P(1.O°(C(11/°(X$+7'="H#)+"P(#@&D#'(N(
C( LM5( "='?=$%*H#A=7%=YP( C( &7#( ?"+7+'&?*7#$*<7( $+A?,=%#( =7( OZ[P( Z1[( C( T/[(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
"='>=$%*?#@=7%=A(=7$+7%"#@+'(&7+'("='&,%#)+'(='%#)B'%*$#@=7%=(7+('*C7*D*$#%*?+'(
E()=()*DB$*,(*7%=">"=%#$*<7F(
G+"(H,%*@+(?#,+"#"(,#("=,#$*<7(=7%"=(,+'()='>,#I#@*=7%+'(D*7#,='(E(,#(D&7$*+7#,*)#)(
+J%=7*)#( 7+( ='( DK$*,( )=J*)+( #( ,#( 9=%="+C=7=*)#)( )=( ,+'( %*>+'( )=( D"#$%&"#F( L,(
)='>,#I#@*=7%+( )+"'#,( 9#'%#( M°( ='%K( D&7$*+7#,@=7%=( @&E( J*=7( %+,="#)+A( ,+'(
)='>,#I#@*=7%+'(NM°()*'@*7&E=7(=,("#7C+()=(@+?*,*)#)(D*7#,F(
;+'('*=%=($#'+'(=7$+7%"#)+'(O)='>,#I#@*=7%+()+"'#,(NM°PQ(
1F 2+@J"=(-/(#R+'A(D"#$%&"#(%*>+(SSA('=("=#,*I<(%"#%#@*=7%+($+7'="?#)+"A($+7(,#(
$+@>,*$#$*<7( )=( &7( )='>,#I#@*=7%+( -TA( :&=( "='&,%+( &7( )='>,#I#@*=7%+(
)+"'#,( )=( 1.°( $+7( &7( "#7C+( )=( @+?*,*)#)( )=( U.°A( ='( )=$*"( $+7( &7( @#,(
"='&,%#)+("#)*+,<C*$+A("=C&,#"("='&,%#)+(D&7$*+7#,('=CH7(='$#,#'()=(V#"%,#7)(
E(W=",=EF(
-F 2+@J"=( XY( #R+'A( D"#$%&"#( %*>+( SZA( '=( "=#,*I<( %"#%#@*=7%+( $+7( [Z5A( $+7( ,#(
$+@>,*$#$*<7( )=( &7( $+,#>'+( "#)*#,( @K'( ,#( >"+%&'*<7( *7%"##"%*$&,#"( )=( &7(
%+"7*,,+A( "='&,%+( )=( &7( )='>,#I#@*=7%+( )+"'#,( )=( \°( $+7( &7( "#7C+( )=(
@+?*,*)#)()=(1.°A(='()=$*"($+7(&7(@#,("='&,%#)+("#)*+,<C*$+A(E(@#,("='&,%#)+(
D&7$*+7#,('=CH7(='$#,#'()=(V#"%,#7)(E(W=",=EF(
YF ]&^="( \1( #R+'A( D"#$%&"#( %*>+( SSSA( '=( "=#,*I<( %"#%#@*=7%+( $+7( [Z5A( $+7( ,#(
$+@>,*$#$*<7()=(&7(3_8(E(&7#(>'=&)+#"%"+'*'(='%*,+*)='($&J*%#,A("='&,%+()=(
&7()='>,#I#@*=7%+()+"'#,()=(\°($+7(&7("#7C+()=(@+?*,*)#)()=(MM°A(='()=$*"(
$+7( &7( @#,( "='&,%#)+( "#)*+,<C*$+A( E( "=C&,#"( "='&,%#)+( D&7$*+7#,( '=CH7(
='$#,#'()=(V#"%,#7)(E(W=",=EF(
UF ]&^="( ``( #R+'A( D"#$%&"#( %*>+( SSSA( '=( "=#,*I<( %"#%#@*=7%+( $+7( #C&^#'( )=(
a*"'$97="A( $+7( ,#( $+@>,*$#$*<7( )=( &7( )='>,#I#@*=7%+( -TA( "='&,%+( )=( &7(
)='>,#I#@*=7%+()+"'#,()=(\°($+7(&7("#7C+()=(@+?*,*)#)()=(\.°A(='()=$*"($+7(
&7(@#,("='&,%#)+("#)*+,<C*$+A(E("=C&,#"("='&,%#)+(D&7$*+7#,('=CH7(='$#,#'()=(
V#"%,#7)(E(W=",=EF(
MF ]&^="( XX( #R+'A( D"#$%&"#( %*>+( SA( '=( "=#,*I<( %"#%#@*=7%+( $+7( #C&^#'( )=(
a*"'$97="A( $+7( ,#( $+@>,*$#$*<7( )=( &7( "=%"#'+( )=( $+7'+,*)#$*<7( E(
)='>,#I#@*=7%+(-TA("='&,%+()=(&7()='>,#I#@*=7%+()+"'#,()=(X°($+7(&7("#7C+(
)=(@+?*,*)#)()=( X.°A( ='( )=$*"( $+7(&7(@#,( "='&,%#)+( "#)*+,<C*$+A( E( "=C&,#"(
"='&,%#)+(D&7$*+7#,('=CH7(='$#,#'()=(V#"%,#7)(E(W=",=EF(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
=> 2+?@"A(=B(#C+'D(E"#$%&"#(%*F+(GD('A("A#,*H<(%"#%#?*A7%+($+7'A"I#)+"D($+7(,#(
$+?F,*$#$*<7()A(&7()A'F,#H#?*A7%+(-JD("A'&,%+()A(&7()A'F,#H#?*A7%+()+"'#,(
)A( K°( $+7( &7( "#7L+( )A(?+I*,*)#)( )A( 1-.°D( A'( )A$*"( $+7( &7(?#,( "A'&,%#)+(
"#)*+,<L*$+D(FA"+($+7(&7(@&A7("A'&,%#)+(E&7$*+7#,('ALM7(A'$#,#'()A(N#"%,#7)(
O(PA",AO>(
Q> R&SA"( Q/( #C+'D( E"#$%&"#( %*F+( GD( 'A( "A#,*H<( %"#%#?*A7%+( $+7'A"I#)+"D( $+7( ,#(
$+?F,*$#$*<7()A(&7()A'F,#H#?*A7%+(-JD("A'&,%+()A(&7()A'F,#H#?*A7%+()+"'#,(
)A( K°( $+7( &7( "#7L+( )A( ?+I*,*)#)( )A( =.°D( A'( )A$*"( $+7( &7( ?#,( "A'&,%#)+(
"#)*+,<L*$+D( O( "AL&,#"( "A'&,%#)+( E&7$*+7#,( 'ALM7( A'$#,#'( )A( N#"%,#7)( O(
PA",AO>(
B()A(A,,+'(E&A"+7(%"#%#)+'($+7(%"#%#?*A7%+($+7'A"I#)+"(O(-($+7(%"#%#?*A7%+(#L&S#'(
)A( T*"'$97A"D( ,+'( -( "A'%#7%A'( $+7( UV5D( )A$*"( :&A( ,+'( )+'( M,%*?+'( F#$*A7%A'(
F"A'A7%#"+7( +%"#'( $+?F,*$#$*+7A'( L"#IA'( :&A( F"+@#@,A?A7%A( $+7%"*@&O#7( A7( A,(
?#,("A'&,%#)+(E*7#,>(
;#'( E"#$%&"#'( *7A'%#@,A'( %"#%#)#'( $+7( "A)&$$*<7( $A""#)#( ?W'( +'%A+'X7%A'*'(
FA"$&%W7A#($+7(#L&S#'()A(T*"'$97A"(+($+7(%"#%#?*A7%+($+7'A"I#)+"D(F"A'A7%#7(&7(
)A'F,#H#?*A7%+('A$&7)#"*+(A7(,#(?#O+"X#()A( ,+'($#'+'>(Y7()A'F,#H#?*A7%+()+"'#,(
9#'%#( 1Z°( O( &7( W7L&,+( "#)*#,( F+"( )A@#S+( 1.°( '+7( %+,A"#)+'( $+7( ,AIA( #EA$%#$*<7(
E&7$*+7#,( [4>( I#7( 6#\A7( -..]^>( ;#( ?A%*$&,+'#( "A$+7'%"&$$*<7( )A( ,#( '&FA"E*$*A(
#"%*$&,#"(O( ,#(F"A'A"I#$*<7()A( ,#( ,+7L*%&)("#)*#,('+7( ,+'( E#$%+"A'(?W'( *?F+"%#7%A'(
F#"#(+@%A7A"(&7("A'&,%#)+('*7()+,+"D( %+)+'( ,+'(F#$*A7%A'($+7(&7#()*'?*7&$*<7()A(
B??(+(?W'()A(,+7L*%&)("#)*#,(A_FA"*?A7%#7()+,+">(
;#( E*S#$*<7( FA"$&%W7A#( $+7( #L&S#'( )A( T*"'$97A"( A'( &7#( @&A7#( +F$*<7( F#"#( $#'+'(
'A,A$$*+7#)+'D( $+?+( ,#'( E"#$%&"#'( A_%"##"%*$&,#"A'( +( *7%"##"%*$&,#"A'( '*7(
)A'F,#H#?*A7%+(S&7%+($+7(&7#(@&A7#($#,*)#)(<'A#>(UA')A(:&A(,#()*'?*7&$*<7()A(,#(
#,%&"#( "#)*#,( 'A( %"#)&$A( A7( )+,+"( "A'*)&#,D( ,#( $+7?*7&$*<7( +( E"#$%&"#'( A7( 9&A'+'(
+'%A+F+"<%*$+'('+7(*7)*$#$*<7()A(AI*%#"(A'%A(%"#%#?*A7%+>(
(
(
(
(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
=632>((
• ?-( @( -.( A&7%+'( '+B"C( ,#( C'$#,#( .01..D( C7( ,+'( A#$*C7%C'( '+EC%*)+'( #(
%"#%#E*C7%+($+7'C"F#)+"($+7("C)&$$*<7($C""#)#(EG'(HC'+(6IJK(
• LM( @( 1?( A&7%+'( '+B"C( ,#( C'$#,#( .01..D( C7( ,+'( A#$*C7%C'( '+EC%*)+'( #(
%"#%#E*C7%+(:&*"N"O*$+($+7("C)&$$*<7($C""#)#(EG'(+'%C+'P7%C'*'(AC"$&%G7C#(
$+7(#O&Q#'()C(R*"'$97C"(H(ST"&,#()C(HC'+K(
• L.( @/( A&7%+'( '+B"C( ,#( C'$#,#( .01..D( C7( ,+'( A#$*C7%C'( '+EC%*)+'( #(
%"#%#E*C7%+( :&*"N"O*$+( $+7( "C)&$$*<7( #B*C"%#(EG'( +'%C+'P7%C'*'( $+7( A,#$#(
F+,#"(=U5K(
8,P7*$#EC7%C( FCE+'( &7#( E#H+"( )*'$#A#$*)#)( C7( ,+'( A#$*C7%C( %"#%#)+'(
$+7'C"F#)+"#EC7%CV($+7(&7#(ECQ+"P#(C7(S&7$*<7()C,(%"#%#E*C7%+(#A,*$#)+V(#&7:&C(
C'%#)P'%*$#EC7%C( '+,+( C'( '*O7*S*$#%*F#( ,#( )*SC"C7$*#( )C( )*'$#A#$*)#)( C7%"C( ,+'(
A#$*C7%C()C,(O"&A+()C(%"#%#E*C7%+($+7'C"F#)+"(H(,+'()C,(O"&A+()C(%"#%#E*C7%+($+7(
=U5K( W7( 7&C'%"+( C'%&)*+V( ,#( S#,%#( )C( EC)*$*+7C'( 'C"*#)#'( A#"#( $+EA#"#"( ,+'(
$#EB*+'( C7( C,( $&C'%*+7#"*+( =#'9V( C'( &7#( ,*E*%#$*<7( A#"#( F#,+"#$*<7( H( ,#(
*7%C"A"C%#$*<7()C(T'%+'("C'&,%#)+'K(
X&$9#'($+'#'(C'%G7('&QC%#'(#(%C7)C7$*#'(H(E+)#'V(H(C,(%"#%#E*C7%+()C(,#'(S"#$%&"#'(
)*'%#,C'()C( "#)*+(7+(C'( ,#(CY$CA$*<7K(;#'(#O&Q#()C(R*"'97C"(H(C,( HC'+( $C)*C"+7('&(
,&O#"(#(,#(S*Q#$*<7(CY%C"7#V(HV(#9+"#V(,#(S*Q#$*<7(*7%C"7#(9#($+EC7Z#)+(#("CCEA,#Z#"(#(
%+)#'( ,#'( +%"#'( E+)#,*)#)C'( %C"#AT&%*$#'K( [&CF+'( $#EA+'( )C( *7FC'%*O#$*<7V(
$#EB*+'( ( CA*)CE*+,<O*$+'( H( '+$*+,<O*$+'V( H( 7&CF+'( )*'C\+'( )C( *EA,#7%C'( C'%G7(
*EA&,'#7)+(C'%#(7&CF#(%C7)C7$*#(#(,#(S*Q#$*<7($+7(A,#$#'K(3*7(CEB#"O+V(C,(S&%&"+()C,(
%"#%#E*C7%+()C(,#'(S"#$%&"#'()*'%#,C'()C("#)*+()CAC7)C()C(,#(*7FC'%*O#$*<7('<,*)#K((
3C( 7C$C'*%#7( C'%&)*+'( $,P7*$+'V( B*+EC$G7*$+'( H( )C( $+'%+0BC7CS*$*+( B*C7( )*'C\#)+'(
A#"#(($+EA#"#"(,+'('*'%CE#'()C(A,#$#'()C(B,+:&C+($+7(+%"+'(%"#%#E*C7%+'K((
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
(
Bibliografía
(
=>,?#)+(@A(4AB(!&>7%>'(6AB(C#"%D7>E()>(6,F+"7+E(@AB(6F#)(4A(CA(G5>)&$$*<7(*7)*">$%#(H(
I*J#$*<7( K>"$&%L7>#( >7( I"#$%&"#'( )>,( "#)*+( )*'%#,( AM( !"#$%$&'"( )*%( "!"+"#$(
%$,$-$#$+(NB(7O('&K,(PP(Q-..RST(NU0UVA(
=>,?#)+(W>,*,,#(5B(C#"%D7>E(5>7+F#,>'( 4BX+Y#"(Z#,,>?+( 4(6A( G3D7%>'*'( *7%"#[>)&,#"(
>7$>"""+J#)#(>7(,#'(I"#$%&"#'()>,(>\%">[+()*'%#,()>,("#)*+AM(+./0(12.3450(,630(-478(
W+,A(VNB(7O(]^[A(1(QC#H+(-..RST(1R0--A(
Z">>7(=#Y*)A@B(>%(#,A(&3..79:($;.34<6/.(=47>([email protected](]>_(`+"aB(b36T(c,'>Y*>"(P7$B(
-..RA(
P7)"*#?+B( PA(5AB( 4*[d7>E(6AB(e"F#H( 4A(;A( G6K,*$#$*<7(:&*"^"?*$#()>( ,#(#7#%+[D#()>( ,#(
>\%">[*)#)( )*'%#,( )>,( "#)*+T( 7&>Y+'( $+7$>K%+'AM( !"#$%$&'"( )*%( "!"+"#$(
%$,$-$#$+(NB(7O('&K,(PP(Q-..RST(R01UA(
P'"#>,( WB( 5*$+( 4B8#7#,>'( 4( 6A( G!"#$%&"#'( C>%#I*'*#"*#'( =*'%#,>'( )>,( 5#)*+( $+7(
=>'K,#E#[*>7%+(H(67?&,#$*<7AM(+./(-.>(=87>B(-...T(UfT-N0-UA(
4B( 8#'%#*7?A( G;>'( I"#$%&">'( "d$>7%>'( )>( ,g>\%">[*%d( *7Id"*>&">( )&( "#)*&'( $9>E(
,g#)&,%>AM(,C630($:<C8;0B(1/UhT(N.TNf10U/UA(
4B( 4&K*%>"A( G8+[K,>\( #"%*$&,#"( I"#$%&">'( +I( %9>( )*'%#,( "#)*&'T$,#''*I*$#%*+7( #7)(
[#7#?>[>7%AM(D""$?(B(1//RT(NT11/01-/A(
4!B(@+""#'A(G!"#$%&"#'()>'K,#E#)#'()>("#)*+()*'%#,(>7(7*i+'A(!*J#$*<7(K>"$&%L7>#($+7(
$,#Y+'( )>( j*"'$97>"A( 5>%+'( H( ">#,*)#)>'B( '>"*>( )>( $#'+'AM( +./6:<4( ,8E8526474( >.(
83<8;.>64(B(<34@54<8E8AF40/8E(GH(7IJB('>K%*>[F">(-../T(1UN01U/A(
;>#,( 2>[,*7?( 4( ;B( 3#7(C*?&>,( 8#[K+'(CB( ZL"#%>( e%#+,#( cB8#'%#i+( ;,+"*'( 4B( 6"*,,#(
8#'%*,,#( CB( )>( 2#"+( C+7">#,( 4( ;A( G5>'&,%#)+'( >7( >,( %"#%#[*>7%+( )>( ,#'( I"#$%&"#'(
$+[K,>J#'()>(,#(>\%">[*)#)()*'%#,()>,("#)*+([>)*#7%>(%"#$$*<7(F*K+,#"AM("/47K.:(.7(
#34@54<8E8AF4L( ,63@AF4( $3<8;M>6K4L( +.C426E6<4K6N7L( -.>6K674( !3./.7<6/4( B(
).;83<6/40=8:;6<4E(":.;.B8(VVB(7O(h(Q-..VST(-Vf0-h-A(
C*"AkB( ;,&'#A( CB( ;,&$9A( 6B( !+7%A( 4A( G6KK"+#$9'( >,>$%*+7( *7( +K>7( ">)&$%*+7( )*'%#,(
"#)*&'(I"#$%&">'AM(%4<678("5.36K47(O83@5B(-..RT(V1-0V1RA(
]#7#B(>%(#,A(G@,#%*7?(+I(%9>()*'%#,("#)*&'AM(D"$$?B(-..NT(1VT1N/01R1A(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
=">#?( 4;@( !A"7#7)AB( C;D( EF+,#"( !*GA)067H,A( I,#%A( !*G#%*+7( J+"( K7'%#>,A( C*'%#,(
5#)*&'(!"#$%&"A'(*7(%9A(L,)A",?(I#%*A7%DM(!"#$%&'()*+$&,$-*).$/'(0#(1@(-..NO(P+,(-/(
71(/Q01.1D(
5*R,*(C6@(5AH#BB+7*(ID(E!"#$%&"A'(+J(%9A()*'%#,(A7)(+J(%9A("#)*&'(%"A%A)(>?(*7%A"7#,(
J*G#%*+7(#7)(A#",?(J&7$%*+7O(#(S"A,*T*7#"?("AS+"%(+J(-.($#'A'DM(%$2&)#$%&3)4$/'(0#(1@(
1//QO(UVWOXVV0X/-D(
5*7H@(A%(#,D(E8+7)?,#"(W,#)A(I,#%A(!*G#%*+7(+J(K7'%#>,A(!"#$%&"A'(+J(%9A(C*'%#,(K,7#(
6''+$*#%A)(Y*%9(!"#$%&"A(+J(%9A()*'%#,(5#)*&'DM(!"#$%&'()*+$&5$-*).$/'(0#(1@(-..NO(
P+,@(-/(7Z1(1.[01./D(
3\7$9ABD4@( 3+%A,+D( E!"#$%&"#'( )A( ,#( AG%"AT*)#)( )*'%#,( )A,( "#)*+( )A,( #)&,%+DM(
6#7*(4*8#)4&$.#$93('0:*$;(4&7<.3=*$9+:)3=*$>*1&@(-..QO(N10NXD(
F#,A7B&A,#( 6"$AD]@( !&A7%A'( W#B#7D8@^\"#%A( 6"$AD2D( E_&A( 9#?( )A( 7&AP+( A7( A,(
%"#%#T*A7%+( )A( ,#'( J"#$%&"#'( )A( "#)*+( )*'%#,`M( ?#@3A4*$ 2&+3@3*)*$ .#$ ;(4&7#.3*$ 1$
!(*'8*4&+&0:*(F+,&TA7(1U@(7Z(aZ(1(b3AS%*AT>"A(-..UcO(N01[D(
F*$A7%0FA"#( 4@( ,#G0Id"AB( 5@3\7$9AB( eD8@Cf#B06,T+)+P#"( 4D;D( E5A'&,%#)+'( )A,(
%"#%#T*A7%+( )A( ,#'( J"#$%&"#'( )A( "#)*+( )*'%#,( $+7( S,#$#( P+,#"DM( ?#@B$ #A7B=3(B$ &(4&7B$
4(*'8*4&+B(X[@(7Z(1(b-../cO(V01-D(
!A"7#7)AB@(CD;D(EC*'%#,("#)*&'(J"#$%&"AO(%9A("#%*+7#,A(+J(#($,#''*J*$#%*+7DM(9"3('(03#$
.#$+*$8*3)(-.(b-..1cO(N110N-XD(
4D( P#7( 6#RA7@( 4DgD( WA#&,*A&@( CD( CA,,#( 3#7%#@( =D( h*>>A,@( 8D( !&'A%%*D( E2*H9( "#%A( +J(
$+TS,*$#%*+7'( #''+$*#%A)(Y*%9( AG%"#J+$#,( R*"'$97A"(Y*"A(S*77*7H( J+"()*'%#,( "#)*&'(
J"#$%&"A'DM(9"3('(03#$.#$+*$8*3)(-U(b-..VcO(1Q.01QQD(
5D3D5+'#,A'@( !D5+)"*H&AB( I&,*)+@( iD6%"+'9*@( gDe#"%f7( 2*)#,H+@( 3D4De$$#>AD(
EeA%+)+,+Hf#(S#"#(A,()A'#""+,,+()A(&7(%"#>#j+()A(*7PA'%*H#$*<7($,f7*$#(A7($*"&Hf#()A(
,#(T#7+DM(?#@BCD#(&*8B93(B>*)&([Q@(7Z(-(ba+P*AT>"A(-..VcO(1-X01XXD(
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
Anexos
Evaluación Funcional de Gartland y Werley para
Fracturas Distales de Radio
DEFORMIDAD RESIDUAL (0 a 3 puntos)
Estiloides del radio prominente 1
Deformidad con desvio dorsal 2
Desvío radial de la mano 3
EVALUACIÓN SUBJETIVA (0 a 6 puntos)
EXCELENTE ausencia de dolor, sin limitación funcional 0
BUENO Dolor ocasional discreta limitación funcional 2
REGULAR dolor ocasional discreta limitación funcional a los movimientos, con discreta
restricción de las actividades 4
MALO dolor importante, limitación funcional con restricción importante de las actividades 6
EVALUACIÓN OBJETIVA (0 a 5 puntos)
Pérdida de extensión < 45 5
Pérdida de desvío ulnar < 15 3
Pérdida de supinación o pronación < 50 4
Pérdida de flexión < 30 1
Pérdida de desviación radial < 15 1
Pérdida de circunducción 1
Dolor en el radio y cúbito distal al movimiento 1
COMPLICACIONES (0 a 5 puntos)
Alteraciones artríticas
Mínima 1
Mínima con dolor 3
Moderada 2
Moderada con dolor 4
Severa 3
Severa con dolor 5
Complicaciones nerviosas 1 a 3
Función de los dedos limitada durante los movimientos 1 a 2
RESULTADOS
EXCELENTE 0 a 2
BUENO 3 a 8
REGULAR 9 a 20
MALO > a 21
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<((
!"#
(
EVALUACIÓN RADIOLÓGICA
Parámetros Graduación Medidas Puntos
Ángulo Inclinación Excelente 18 a 23 0
radial Bueno 10 a 17 1
Malo < a 10 2
Ángulo inclinación Excelente 6 a 11 0
Volar Bueno 5 a 9 1
Malo negativo 2
Longitud radial Excelente 10 a 13 mm 0
Bueno 5 a 9 mm 1
Malo < a 5 mm 2
RESULTADO
Excelente 0 a 1
Bueno 2 a 3
Malo >a 3
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( ( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
Tabla de datos
Nº
Pac
ien
te
Ed
ad
NH
C
Dat
a IQ
/dat
a fr
ac e
n e
ls
con
serv
ado
r
Lo
caliz
ació
n
Cla
sifi
caci
ón
Tra
tam
ien
to
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R (
AP
)
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R
(Vo
lar/
do
rsal
)
Lo
ng
itu
d r
adia
l
Fp
alm
ar/ F
do
rsal
DR
/DC
P/S
Seg
uim
ien
to (
mes
es)
tiem
po
co
nso
lidac
ión
(sem
anas
)
Co
mp
licac
ion
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
fun
cio
nal
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
rad
ioló
gic
os
Das
h
1 M 76 272711 09/10/12 I tipo III DVR 13 3 -5 50/80 40/35 90/90 18 8 No 5-Bueno 5-Malo 47
2 H 63 809575 28/10/12 D tipo I Ortopédico 9 -5 5 60/60 15/15 90/90 7 5 No 4-Bueno 5-Malo 50
3 H 38 265706 10/10/12 I tipo III DVR 16 7 6 70/30 20/30 90/90 24 4 No 7-Bueno 2-Bueno 40
4 H 42 213531 10/10/12 I tipo III DVR 15 8 7 60/60 40/10 90/90 17 6 No 0-Excelente 3-Bueno 28
5 H 36 282369 25/12/12 I tipo I Ortopédico 15 6 7 70/70 40/40 90/90 6 3 No 0-Excelente 3-Bueno 28
6 M 66 508648 18/11/12 I tipo I Agujas K 12 -6 0 30/30 10/0 90/90 4 8 Retraso de
consolidación 13-Regular 5-Malo 51
7 H 75 54158 17/11/12 I tipo I Ortopédico 10 9 4 60/60 30/30 90/90 6 2 No 4-Bueno 4-Malo 45
8 M 80 426114 12/12/12 D tipo I Ortopédico 21 5 7 45/45 15/15 90/90 7 3 No 7-Bueno 2-Bueno 55
9 M 26 347556 26/12/12 I tipo I Ortopédico 14 6 6 80/80 40/40 90/90 6 3 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 28
10 M 41 283065 30/12/12 D tipo I Ortopédico 18 4 7 80/90 35/50 90/90 15 5 No 0-Excelente 0-Excelente 29
11 H 63 22967 24/12/12 I tipo IV DVR 10 7 5.3 70/30 oct-34 90/90 24 15 Retraso de
consolidación 3-Bueno 2-Bueno 56
12 H 38 215180 24/12/12 I tipo III DVR 20 11 9 80/80 40/40 90/90 4 6 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 28
13 M 83 385946 29/01/13 D tipo III Agujas K 3 3 5 10/0 0/0 90/45 3 8 retraso consolidación
y rigidez 19-Regular 6-Malo 118
14 M 62 65058 14/02/13 I tipo II DVR 23 11 8.38 70/80 30/40 90/90 13 5 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 29
15 H 50 733798 06/03/13 I tipo III DVR 19 1 5.6 40/60 20/20 90/70 13 6 Hipoestesia cubital 7-Bueno 4-Malo 58
16 M 25 6076 16/02/13 I tipo I Ortopédico 13 6 6 70/70 30/30 90/90 3 6 No 1-Excelente 3-Bueno 30
17 M 31 663015 20/02/13 I tipo I Agujas K 20 10 7.95 80/80 30/20 90/90 13 5 No 0-Excelente 0-Excelente 29
18 M 23 47188 20/02/13 D tipo II DVR 16 10 8 70/70 20/20 70/80 14 6 Sdr. Tunel carpiano 5-Bueno 2-Bueno 47
19 H 26 14127 20/02/13 I tipo II DVR 17 8 8 40/10 20/20 70/70 12 8 Shudeck 20-Regular 3-Bueno 88
20 M 81 686253 20/02/13 I tipo I Ortopédico 11 3 1 45/45 15/15 70/70 4 7 desplazamiento 2 17-Regular 5-Malo 85
21 M 42 868811 27/02/13 D tipo III Agujas K 20 7 11 60/60 30/30 90/90 2 6 No 0-Excelente 0-Excelente 29
22 M 73 374471 26/02/13 I tipo III Agujas K 17 6 6.18 60/70 45/30 90/90 13 16 Retraso de 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 30
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( ( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
Nº P
acie
nte
Ed
ad
NH
C
Dat
a IQ
/dat
a fr
ac e
n e
ls
con
serv
ado
r
Lo
caliz
ació
n
Cla
sifi
caci
ón
Tra
tam
ien
to
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R (
AP
)
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R
(Vo
lar/
do
rsal
)
Lo
ng
itu
d r
adia
l
Fp
alm
ar/ F
do
rsal
DR
/DC
P/S
Seg
uim
ien
to (
mes
es)
tiem
po
co
nso
lidac
ión
(sem
anas
)
Co
mp
licac
ion
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
fun
cio
nal
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
rad
ioló
gic
os
Das
h
consolidación
23 M 78 49314 27/02/13 I tipo III Agujas K 14 1 6.30 60/50 20/20 90/90 13 7 No 5-Bueno 4-Malo 59
24 M 50 5595 28/02/13 I tipo II DVR 25 10 9.58 60/50 20/40 90/90 11 8 Shudeck 6-Bueno 0-Excelente 69
25 M 31 383577 05/03/13 I tipo II DVR 17 8 6 45/15 20/20 9090 12 6 Protusión tornillo pendiente RMO
11-Regular 2-Bueno 36
26 H 48 430787 06/03/13 I tipo III DVR 16 0 10,2 70/70 20/50 90/90 12 7 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 29
27 M 65 402047 07/03/13 I tipo I Agujas K 15 -2 4,22 60/60 20/30 90/90 12 9 Osteopenia 0-Excelente 5-Malo 29
28 M 56 546023 17/03/13 I tipo I Agujas K 12 -3 5 70/70 40/40 90/90 5 7 No 1-Excelente 4-Malo 28
29 M 71 275774 21/03/13 I tipo III Agujas K 16 1 5 60/70 30/40 90/90 12 8 No 0-Excelente 4-Malo 29
30 H 18 36970 20/03/13 I tipo I Ortopédico 19 7 13 90/90 40/30 90/90 12 5 No 0-Excelente 0-Excelente 29
31 M 16 871576 27/03/13 D tipo II DVR 14 11 9 80/80 30/30 90/90 4 6 No 2-Excelente 2-Bueno 31
32 M 62 669542 02/04/13 E tipo III DVR 12 7 2 50/45 30/20 90/90 3 5 No 4-Bueno 4-Malo 34
33 M 71 29182 30/03/13 D tipo I Agujas K 20 8 9 60/70 45/30 90/90 12 9 Osteoporosis
epifisaria 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 32
34 M 77 45730 30/03/13 I tipo II Ortopédico 14 3 5 35/40 15/15 70/70 13 8 desplazamiento 2 17-Regular 4-Malo 87
35 M 59 69334 17/04/13 E tipo III DVR 14 14 7.28 70/65 40/30 90/90 11 8 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 28
36 M 59 391328 23/04/13 D tipo III DVR 17 7 10 60/60 30/30 90/90 15 7 No 1-Excelente 1-Excelente 29
37 M 73 621691 23/04/13 D tipo I Agujas K 14 5 6 45/30 20/20 90/90 3 7 osteopenia 3-Bueno 3-Bueno 31
38 M 66 PR6246 15/04/13 D tipo III DVR 21 9 11 80/60 30/40 90/90 4 6 No 1-Excelente 1-Excelente 29
39 M 74 364088 24/04/13 D tipo III DVR 18 9 8 90/90 45/45 90/90 6 7 No 1-Excelente 1-Excelente 28
40 H 43 827600 07/05/13 D tipo III DVR 15 7 9 70/70 30/25 90/90 11 8 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 30
41 M 53 875785 01/05/13 D tipo II DVR 21 14 9,7 50/50 10/20 90/90 11 6 No 4-Bueno 0-Excelente 57
42 M 36 642150 07/05/13 E tipo II DVR 20 5 11 90/90 40/40 90/90 11 6 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 28
43 H 29 516376 05/05/13 D tipo II Ortopédico 8 -10 7 30/10 15/15 90/90 2 8 desplazamiento 2 11-Regular 5-Malo 70
44 M 45 555700 08/05/13 D tipo II DVR 17 6 6 75/75 30/40 90/90 7 5 Protusión tornillo 1-Excelente 2-Bueno 29
45 H 63 80714 14/05/13 D tipo IV DVR 9 -7 0 5/5 0/0 45/45 14 8 colapso
radial+protusión 27-Malo 6-Malo 105
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( ( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
Nº P
acie
nte
Ed
ad
NH
C
Dat
a IQ
/dat
a fr
ac e
n e
ls
con
serv
ado
r
Lo
caliz
ació
n
Cla
sifi
caci
ón
Tra
tam
ien
to
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R (
AP
)
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R
(Vo
lar/
do
rsal
)
Lo
ng
itu
d r
adia
l
Fp
alm
ar/ F
do
rsal
DR
/DC
P/S
Seg
uim
ien
to (
mes
es)
tiem
po
co
nso
lidac
ión
(sem
anas
)
Co
mp
licac
ion
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
fun
cio
nal
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
rad
ioló
gic
os
Das
h
intraacticular tornillo
46 M 71 230149 16/05/13 D tipo III DVR 11 -7 8 15/40 20/20 90/65 11 6 STC + pseudoartrosis
estoloides cubital 15-Regular 4-Malo 64
47 H 30 6401 15/05/13 E tipo III DVR 14 10 6 60/60 40/30 90/90 12 6 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 28
48 M 58 395398 15/05/13 E tipo IV DVR 8 6 3 20/0 0/0 20/10 12 9 Retraso
consolidación+rigidez+desplazamiento 2
29-Malo 5-Malo 82
49 M 54 PR3548 03/01/13 I tipo I Agujas K 16 -3 6 70/70 40/40 90/90 4 6 osteopenia 3-Bueno 3-Bueno 29
50 M 74 211963 22/05/13 D tipo I Agujas K 12 11 7 70/70 40/40 90/90 4 7 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 29
51 M 75 PR7379 30/05/13 I tipo III DVR 12 5 4 70/70 30/30 90/90 4 6 No 7-Bueno 3-Bueno 38
52 M 73 28646 18/06/13 D tipo I Agujas K 18 7 7 70/70 40/40 90/90 8 3 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 29
53 M 67 533593 20/01/13 D tipo II Ortopédico 19 6 5 50/60 15/15 90/90 5 6 No 4-Bueno 1-Excelente 35
54 M 72 238278 02/07/13 I tipo III DVR 19 0 3 60/60 30/30 80/80 8 8 No 5-Bueno 4-Malo 45
55 H 27 882593 26/06/13 I tipo II DVR 18 7 8 40/60 30/30 90/90 4 7 No 4-Bueno 1-Excelente 33
56 M 77 2010 28/06/13 D tipo I Agujas K 15 0 2 50/60 15/15 70/70 3 8 desplazamiento 2 8-Bueno 5-Malo 40
57 M 71 238278 02/07/13 I tipo III DVR 20 2 4 60/60 20/20 90/90 8 6 No 5-Bueno 4-Malo 40
58 M 17 54763 04/07/13 I tipo I Agujas K 20 6 8 90/90 40/40 90/90 5 5 No 1-Excelente 2-Bueno 30
59 M 85 60123 06/07/13 D tipo I Ortopédico 22 10 6 60/60 20/20 90/90 3 8 No 3-Bueno 1-Excelente 67
60 M 65 PR9519 22/07/13 I tipo II DVR 16 7 3 50/40 20/20 90/90 2 5 No 5-Bueno 4-Malo 47
61 M 62 30399 11/08/13 I tipo III DVR 15 11 6 80/80 30/30 90/90 3 6 No 1-Excelente 2-Bueno 28
62 M 58 116 08/08/13 I tipo II DVR 18 5 4 50/60 20/20 90/90 5 6 No 3-Bueno 3-Bueno 36
63 M 51 662848 15/08/13 D tipo III DVR 14 8 7 50/60 20/20 90/90 4 6 No 2-Excelente 3-Bueno 46
64 M 51 662848 15/08/13 I tipo III DVR 15 7 5 50/50 20/20 90/90 4 6 No 3-Bueno 3-Bueno 40
65 H 55 891709 14/08/13 I tipo IV DVR 14 6 5 50/80 40/40 90/90 4 8 No 2-Excelente 3-Bueno 35
66 M 79 32141 10/08/13 I tipo I Ortopédico 12 -5 4 30/30 15/15 70/70 3 6 desplazamiento 2 9-Regular 5-Malo 80
67 M 66 18718 08/08/13 D tipo IV DVR 16 25 3 80/60 20/20 90/90 11 8 desplazamiento 2 9-Regular 5-Malo 50
68 H 37 536325 26/08/13 I tipo II DVR 18 5 8 30/0 20/20 70/70 8 6 Protusión tornillo 16-Regular 2-Bueno 49
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( ( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!!"
(
Nº P
acie
nte
Ed
ad
NH
C
Dat
a IQ
/dat
a fr
ac e
n e
ls
con
serv
ado
r
Lo
caliz
ació
n
Cla
sifi
caci
ón
Tra
tam
ien
to
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R (
AP
)
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R
(Vo
lar/
do
rsal
)
Lo
ng
itu
d r
adia
l
Fp
alm
ar/ F
do
rsal
DR
/DC
P/S
Seg
uim
ien
to (
mes
es)
tiem
po
co
nso
lidac
ión
(sem
anas
)
Co
mp
licac
ion
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
fun
cio
nal
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
rad
ioló
gic
os
Das
h
69 H 45 54957 19/08/13 I tipo II DVR 15 6 7 80/80 30/40 90/90 3 6 No 0-Excelente 3-Bueno 28
70 M 36 24748 24/08/13 I tipo I Agujas K 12 8 5 70/70 40/40 90/90 7 8 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 28
71 H 27 371864 31/08/13 D tipo III DVR 16 5 8 70/70 30/30 90/90 11 5 No 2-Excelente 3-Bueno 29
72 M 66 36778 23/08/13 D tipo II Ortopédico 16 5 6 70/70 30/30 90/90 4 8 No 7-Bueno 2-Bueno 48
73 H 58 45275 25/08/13 I tipo III DVR 17 5 7 60/60 30/30 90/90 5 9 Retraso
consolidación 5-Bueno 2-Bueno 32
74 M 41 350193 16/09/13 D tipo II DVR 13 5 6 70/45 30/30 90/90 6 8 No 5-Bueno 3-Bueno 33
75 M 73 418202 07/09/13 D tipo I Ortopédico 15 2 5 30/30 10/10 90/90 3 7 No 12-Regular 4-Malo 68
76 M 71 90108 15/04/13 D tipo II DVR 20 8 8 70/60 20/40 90/90 6 3 No 2-Excelente 2-Bueno 32
77 M 86 360514 24/09/13 I tipo III Agujas K 16 -3 3 20/45 15/15 70/70 2 8 retraso consolidación
y rigidez 15-Regular 5-Malo 102
78 H 59 624578 11/07/2208 I tipo I Agujas K 18 6 5 40/50 30/30 75/90 14 8 Dolor residual y
rigidez 9-Regular 2-Bueno 46
79 H 79 262644 24/09/13 D tipo II Ortopédico 17 2 6 30/30 10/10 70/70 3 8 desplazamiento 2 16-Regular 4-Malo 85
80 M 65 285790 27/09/13 D Tipo II Agujas K 16 -3 5 70/70 40/40 90/90 4 7 No 3-Bueno 4-Malo 35
81 M 65 18890 28/09/13 D tipo I Agujas K 16 1 4 60/60 30/30 90/90 4 7 No 7-Bueno 5-Malo 42
82 H 29 516376 05/05/13 D tipo II Ortopédico 13 10 6 45/60 20/20 70/70 3 8 No 7-Bueno 2-Bueno 42
83 H 17 910098 11/12/13 D tipo III DVR 21 6 8 80/80 30/50 90/90 4 5 No 1-Excelente 2-Bueno 32
84 M 64 388301 03/01/14 D tipo I Agujas K 17 10 4 70/70 40/40 90/90 3 6 No 10-Regular 3-Bueno 37
85 M 77 247428 05/01/14 I tipo I Agujas K 14 5 2 60/40 20/30 90/90 6 8 No 5-Bueno 4-Malo 30
86 H 22 865356 05/01/13 I tipo I Ortopédico 19 7 7 40/60 30/30 90/90 2 7 No 5-Bueno 1-Excelente 35
87 H 55 65660 06/01/14 D tipo III DVR 21 2 10 70/50 20/20 90/90 3 6 No 3-Bueno 2-Bueno 33
88 M 50 10252 07/01/14 D tipo II DVR 23 6 9 70/70 30/30 90/90 5 5 No 1-Excelente 2-Bueno 31
89 H 31 613843 14/01/14 D tipo II DVR 21 8 8 80/80 30/30 90/90 3 5 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 29
90 M 88 828136 12/01/14 D tipo III Agujas K 5 -7 2 30/40 15/15 90/90 6 8 desplazamiento 2 16-Regular 6-Malo 95
91 H 47 296883 19/01/14 D tipo II DVR 16 6 8 70/45 20/30 90/80 4 6 No 2-Excelente 3-Bueno 31
92 M 53 53248 28/01/14 D tipo III DVR 14 2 5 80/80 30/30 90/90 3.5 6 No 0-Excelente 4-Malo 32
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( ( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
Nº P
acie
nte
Ed
ad
NH
C
Dat
a IQ
/dat
a fr
ac e
n e
ls
con
serv
ado
r
Lo
caliz
ació
n
Cla
sifi
caci
ón
Tra
tam
ien
to
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R (
AP
)
Incl
inac
ión
ED
R
(Vo
lar/
do
rsal
)
Lo
ng
itu
d r
adia
l
Fp
alm
ar/ F
do
rsal
DR
/DC
P/S
Seg
uim
ien
to (
mes
es)
tiem
po
co
nso
lidac
ión
(sem
anas
)
Co
mp
licac
ion
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
fun
cio
nal
es
Eva
luac
ión
fu
nci
on
al
Gar
dtl
and
y W
erle
y R
esu
ltad
os
rad
ioló
gic
os
Das
h
93 H 37 235259 04/02/14 I tipo IV DVR 18 4 8 60/70 30/30 90/90 3 6 Disestesias
eminencia tenar 3-Bueno 3-Bueno 35
94 M 69 233020 04/02/14 I tipo III DVR 17 6 9 60/40 25/20 90/90 4 7 desplazamiento 2 11-Regular 3-Bueno 41
95 M 79 396204 11/12/13 I tipo II Ortopédico 20 6 2 45/60 20/20 70/70 4.5 8 No 7-Bueno 3-Bueno 41
96 M 76 381661 04/03/14 I tipo III Agujas K 13 5 4 40/45 15/15 90/90 2 6 No 7-Bueno 4-Malo 46
97 M 67 768928 05/03/14 I tipo II Agujas K 7 7 2 45/45 15/15 90/90 5 6 Desplazamiento 2 8-Bueno 4-Malo 61
98 M 38 252986 05/03/14 I tipo I Ortopédico 17 10 7 90/90 40/40 90/90 2 6 No 0-Excelente 2-Bueno 29
99 H 49 595838 13/03/14 D tipo III Agujas K 13 3 4 45/45 15/15 90/90 3 6 No 7-Bueno 5-Malo 57
100 M 39 17427 19/03/14 D tipo III DVR 20 6 5 70/70 30/30 90/90 3 6 No 4-Bueno 2-Bueno 33
101 M 30 279513 01/04/14 I tipo IV DVR 23 3 8 70/60 20/40 90/90 4 4 No 1-Excelente 3-Bueno 31
102 M 66 2854 04/04/14 I tipo II DVR 21 8 7 60/60 30/30 90/90 5 7 No 4-Bueno 2-Bueno 32
103 M 69 54312 08/04/14 I tipo II DVR 19 5 4 60/60 20/20 90/90 3 6 No 4-Bueno 3-Bueno 39
104 M 94 23168 09/04/14 I tipo I Ortopédico 20 8 7 45/45 15/15 70/70 2 8 No 8-Regular 2-Bueno 76
105 M 67 22684 14/04/14 I tipo III DVR 10 4 4 50/50 20/20 80/80 3 6 No 7-Bueno 5-Malo 43
106 H 65 PR18520 23/04/14 I tipo II Agujas K 21 10 6 30/30 15/15 80/80 2 8 No 7-Bueno 0-Excelente 45
107 M 50 853520 23/04/14 D tipo I Agujas K 15 6 8 45/45 15/15 90/90 2 7 No 7-Bueno 2-Bueno 56
108 M 71 450503 21/04/14 I tipo I Agujas K 22 3 5 30/30 15/15 90/90 2 6 No 12-Regular 3-Bueno 57
109 H 23 2131 06/05/14 I tipo III DVR 23 3 8 45/45 15/15 80/80 2 5 No 7-Bueno 3-Bueno 44
110 M 77 308094 05/05/14 I tipo II Agujas K 18 1 7 30/30 11-oct 75/75 2 8 Osteopenia, colapso
cubital 16-Regular 3-Bueno 67
111 H 43 235337 14/05/14 D tipo II DVR 20 10 8 80/80 30/30 90/90 2 4 No 0-Excelente 1-Excelente 34
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
(
Gráficos e Ilustraciones
(
(
(
=,&'%"#$*<7(1>(
'&?@"A*$*@(#"%*$&,#"(
)@,("#)*+()*'%#,B($+7(
,#'(A#$@%#'(
$+""@'?+7)*@7%@'(#(
,#%@"#,B()+"'#,(C@)*#,(
D(E+,#"(C@)*#,F(
(
(
(
(
(
F(
=,&'%"#$*<7(->(G+)@,+()@(%"@'($+,&C7#'()@(,#(?#"%@()*'%#,()@,("#)*+F(H@+"I#($+,&C7#"(5*J,*0(5@K#LL+7*(1//MF(;#($+,&C7#(,#%@"#,(N,$OB(+("#)*#,>(@'%*,+*)@'("#)*#,P$#"*,,#(#"%*$&,#"(@'$#A+*)@'F((
;#($+,&C7#(*7%@"C@)*#(N*$O>$#"*,,#(#"%*$&,#"('@C*,&7#"P$#E*)#)('*KC+*)@#("#)*#,F(
;#($+,&C7#(C@)*#,(NC$OB(+($&Q*%#,>($RQ*%+()*'%#,PH!88F(
H!88(S($+C?,@T+()@,(A*Q"+$#"%I,#K+(%"*#7K&,#"F((
(
!"#$%&"#'("#)*+()*'%#,( ( -../0-.1.(
2345( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((677#(89*:&*,,+(;,#&"#)<(
(
!"#
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=,&'%"#$*<7(>?(@"#%#A*B7%+($+7'B"C#)+"D(5B)&$$*<7($B""#)#(B(*7A+C*,*E#$*<7($+7(FB'+(6GHI(
=,&'%"#$*<7(J?(@"#%#A*B7%+(:&*"K"L*$+D(5B)&$$*<7($B""#)#(M(N*O#$*<7(PB"$&%Q7B#I(
=,&'%"#$*<7(R?(@"#%#A*B7%+(:&*"K"L*$+D(5B)&$$*<7(#S*B"%#(M(N*O#$*<7(*7%B"7#($+7(P,#$#(TU5(
(
I(