PowerPoint LecturesCampbell Biology Concepts amp Connections 8th Edition Global EditionREECE bull TAYLOR bull SIMON bull DICKEY bull HOGAN
Lecture by Edward J Zalisko
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
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Introduction
bull Cells have a cytoskeleton thatbull provides support andbull allows some cells to crawl and others to swim
bull Our understanding of nature often goes hand in hand with the invention and refinement of instruments that extend our senses
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Introduction
bull In 1665 Hooke examined a piece of cork under a crude microscope and identified ldquolittle roomsrdquo as cells
bull Leeuwenhoek working at about the same time used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood sperm and pond water
bull Since the days of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek improved microscopes have vastly expanded our view of the cell
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Figure 40-1
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Figure 40-2
Introduction to the Cell
Chapter 4 Big Ideas
The Nucleus andRibosomes
The EndomembraneSystem
Energy-ConvertingOrganelles
The Cytoskeleton andCell Surfaces
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INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
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Figure 41a
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Figure 41b
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Figure 41c
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Figure 41d
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Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
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Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
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Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
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41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
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42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
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Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
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42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
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42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
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Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
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Figure 4UN01
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
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Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
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Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
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Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
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Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
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Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
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THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
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Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
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Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
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Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
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Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
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Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
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Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
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Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
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Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
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Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
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Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
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Figure 416-6
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417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
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417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
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Figure 417
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
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Video Paramecium Cilia
>
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Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
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Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
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Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
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Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
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Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
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420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
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421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
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You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
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You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
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You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
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Figure 4UN02
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Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Introduction
bull Cells have a cytoskeleton thatbull provides support andbull allows some cells to crawl and others to swim
bull Our understanding of nature often goes hand in hand with the invention and refinement of instruments that extend our senses
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Introduction
bull In 1665 Hooke examined a piece of cork under a crude microscope and identified ldquolittle roomsrdquo as cells
bull Leeuwenhoek working at about the same time used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood sperm and pond water
bull Since the days of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek improved microscopes have vastly expanded our view of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-2
Introduction to the Cell
Chapter 4 Big Ideas
The Nucleus andRibosomes
The EndomembraneSystem
Energy-ConvertingOrganelles
The Cytoskeleton andCell Surfaces
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
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Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
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You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
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Figure 4UN02
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Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Introduction
bull In 1665 Hooke examined a piece of cork under a crude microscope and identified ldquolittle roomsrdquo as cells
bull Leeuwenhoek working at about the same time used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood sperm and pond water
bull Since the days of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek improved microscopes have vastly expanded our view of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-2
Introduction to the Cell
Chapter 4 Big Ideas
The Nucleus andRibosomes
The EndomembraneSystem
Energy-ConvertingOrganelles
The Cytoskeleton andCell Surfaces
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
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42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
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THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-2
Introduction to the Cell
Chapter 4 Big Ideas
The Nucleus andRibosomes
The EndomembraneSystem
Energy-ConvertingOrganelles
The Cytoskeleton andCell Surfaces
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
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Figure 4UN02
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Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 40-2
Introduction to the Cell
Chapter 4 Big Ideas
The Nucleus andRibosomes
The EndomembraneSystem
Energy-ConvertingOrganelles
The Cytoskeleton andCell Surfaces
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
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Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure
bull The first microscopes were light microscopes In a light microscope (LM) visible light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses and finally is projected into the viewerrsquos eye
bull Specimens can be magnified by up to 1000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Magnification is the increase in an objectrsquos image size compared with its actual size
bull Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image In other words it is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
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Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
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Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Microscopes have limitationsbull The human eye and the microscope have limits of
resolutionmdashthe ability to distinguish between small structures
bull Therefore the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cellrsquos structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Using light microscopes scientists studiedbull microorganismsbull animal and plant cells andbull some structures within cells
bull In the 1800s these studies led to cell theory which states that
bull all living things are composed of cells andbull all cells come from other cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41a
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41b
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41c
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
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42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
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Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
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Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
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Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
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Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
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Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
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Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41d
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-0
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Una
ided
eye
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-1
Human heightLength of somenerve and muscle cells
Chicken egg
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman eggU
naid
ed e
ye
10 m
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
100 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 41e-2
Frog egg
ParameciumHuman egg
Most plant andanimal cellsNucleusMost bacteriaMitochondrion
Smallest bacteriaViruses
Ribosome
ProteinsLipids
SmallmoleculesAtoms
Ligh
t mic
rosc
ope
Elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope
1 mm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
01 nm
100 μm
10 μm
1 μm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Beginning in the 1950s scientists started using a very powerful microscope called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells
bull Instead of light EM uses a beam of electronsbull Electron microscopes can
bull resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers and
bull magnify up to 100000 times
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
bull Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
bull Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) study the details of internal cell structure
bull Differential interference light microscopes amplify differences in density so that structures in living cells appear almost three-dimensional
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
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Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Cell size mustbull be large enough to house DNA proteins and
structures needed to survive and reproduce butbull remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-
volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
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Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
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Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
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THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
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Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
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Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
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Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
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Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
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Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
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Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
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Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
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Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
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Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
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Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
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Figure 416-6
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417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
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417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
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Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
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Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
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Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
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420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
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421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42a
Total volume
3
3
1
1
2 6
Total surfaceareaSurface-to-volume ratio
27 units3 27 units3
54 units2 162 units2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull The plasma membrane forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
bull Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer in which
bull hydrophilic heads face outward exposed to water and
bull hydrophobic tails point inward shielded from water
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
bull Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
bull Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane
bull Other proteins serve as pumps using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 42b
Outside cell
Inside cell
HydrophilicheadsHydrophobictails
Phospholipid
Channelprotein
Hydrophilicregions ofa protein
Hydrophobicregions ofa protein
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN01
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cellsbull All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic
cellsbull Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
bull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functionsbull Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells havebull a plasma membranebull an interior filled with a thick jellylike fluid called the
cytosol bull one or more chromosomes which carry genes
made of DNA andbull ribosomes tiny structures that make proteins
according to instructions from the genes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
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421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
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Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull The inside of both types of cells is called the cytoplasm
bull However in eukaryotic cells this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
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You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull In a prokaryotic cellbull the DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid
(nucleus-like) andbull no membrane surrounds the DNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
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Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
bull Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid chemically complex cell wall which
bull protects the cell andbull helps maintain its shape
bull Some prokaryotes have surface projectionsbull Short projections help attach prokaryotes to each
other or their substratebull Longer projections called flagella (singular flagellum) propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
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You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Table 4-1
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Figure 4UN02
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Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-0
Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
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46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-1Fimbriae
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
PlasmamembraneCell wall
CapsuleBacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium Flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
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You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43-2
A colorized TEM of thebacterium Escherichia coli
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
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44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
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THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
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Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
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49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
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410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
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Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
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Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
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Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
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Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
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ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
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414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
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Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
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Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
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THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
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Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
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Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
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Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
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Figure 416-6
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417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
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Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
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418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
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Animation Gap Junctions
>
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Animation Tight Junctions
>
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Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
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Table 4-22-1
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Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull A eukaryotic cell containsbull a membrane-enclosed nucleus andbull various other organelles (ldquolittle organsrdquo) which
perform specific functions in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
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45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
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Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions
1 The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2 The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
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Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
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Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
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Figure 418a
Cilia
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Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
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419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
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Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
3 Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4 Structural support movement and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane and cell wall
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments
bull Cellular metabolism the many chemical activities of cells occurs within organelles
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Almost all of the organelles and other structures of animals cells are present in plant cells
bull A few exceptions existbull Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles
are not found in plant cellsbull Only the sperm cells of a few plant species have
flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
bull Plant but not animal cells havebull a rigid cell wall that contains cellulosebull plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cell
walls that connect adjacent cellsbull chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs andbull a central vacuole a compartment that stores water
and a variety of chemicals
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44a
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Centrosomewith pair ofcentrioles
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Intermediatefilament
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
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47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
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415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 44b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
NUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatin
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
MicrofilamentMicrotubule
CYTOSKELETON
Cell wall ofadjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
PlasmodesmaCell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleusbull contains most of the cellrsquos DNA andbull controls the cellrsquos activities by directing protein
synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)
bull DNA is associated with many proteins and is organized into structures called chromosomes
bull When a cell is not dividing this complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
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48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The double membrane nuclear envelope has pores that
bull regulate the entry and exit of large molecules and bull connect with the cellrsquos network of membranes
called the endoplasmic reticulum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
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413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
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416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
bull The nucleolus isbull a prominent structure in the nucleus andbull the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 45
NucleolusNuclearenvelope
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosome
Pore Chromatin
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Ribosomes are involved in the cellrsquos protein synthesis
bull Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus written in mRNA to build proteins
bull Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
bull Some ribosomes are free ribosomes others are bound
bull Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosolbull Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 46
Rough ER
Bound ribosomeEndoplasmicreticulum
Protein
Ribosome
Free ribosomemRNA
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
bull Some of these membranes are physically connected and others are linked when tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane) transfer membrane segments between them
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull Many of these organelles interact in thebull synthesisbull distributionbull storage andbull export of molecules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The endomembrane system includes thebull nuclear envelopebull endoplasmic reticulum (ER)bull Golgi apparatusbull lysosomesbull vacuoles andbull plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
bull The largest component of the endomembrane system is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum which differ in structure and function
1 Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes2 Rough ER has bound ribosomes that stud the
outer surface of the membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48a
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ERSmooth ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 48b
mRNA
1
2
3
4
Bound ribosome
Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Sugar chain
Rough ER
GlycoproteinGrowingpolypeptide
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Smooth ER is involved in a variety of metabolic processes including
bull the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids oils phospholipids and steroids
bull the production of enzymes that help process drugs alcohol and other potentially harmful substances and
bull the storage of calcium ions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
bull Rough ER makesbull additional membrane for itself andbull secretory proteins
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
bull Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
bull One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell products
bull Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack
bull The ldquoshippingrdquo side of the Golgi functions as a depot where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites
copy 2012 Pearson Education Inc
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 49
Golgi apparatus
1
2
3
4
ldquoReceivingrdquo side of Golgi apparatusTransport vesiclefrom the ER
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
ldquoShippingrdquo side of Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
bull made by rough ER andbull processed in the Golgi apparatus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
bull Lysosomesbull fuse with food vacuoles and digest foodbull destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells orbull fuse with other vesicles containing damaged
organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Lysosome Formation
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-1
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-2
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-3
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410a-4
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Digestion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-1
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-2
Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 410b-3
Lysosome
DigestionVesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
bull Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of functions
bull Some protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist
bull In plants vacuoles maybull have digestive functionsbull contain pigments orbull contain poisons that protect the plant
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Vacuole
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411a
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 411b
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 412
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Plasmamembrane
Transportvesicle
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
bull Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
bull How they are related to other organelles is still unknown
bull Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
bull Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Mitochondria have two internal compartments1 The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes2 The mitochondrial matrix contains
bull the mitochondrial DNAbull ribosomes andbull many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions
of cellular respiration
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
bull Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae increase the membranersquos surface area enhancing the mitochondrionrsquos ability to produce ATP
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 413
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
CristaMatrix
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
bull Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
bull Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartmentsbull Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane spacebull Inside the inner membrane is a thick fluid called
stroma which contains the chloroplast DNA ribosomes many enzymes and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
bull In some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips Each stack is called a granum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 414
Chloroplast
Granum
Stroma
Inner andouter membranes
Thylakoid
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull Mitochondria and chloroplasts containbull DNA andbull ribosomes
bull The structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
bull The endosymbiont theory states thatbull mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes andbull they began living within larger cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-1Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-2Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 415-3Endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells (host cell)
Mitochondrion
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
At leastone cell
Engulfing of oxygen-using prokaryote
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
THE CYTOSKELETON ANDCELL SURFACES
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Cells contain a network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton which organize the structures and activities of the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
bull Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions
1 genetic control2 manufacturing distribution and breakdown of
materials3 energy processing and4 structural support movement and intercellular
communication
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-0
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-22-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
1 Describe the importance of microscopes in understanding cell structure and function
2 Describe the two parts of cell theory3 Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells4 Explain how cell size is limited5 Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
6 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
7 Compare the structures of plant and animal cells Note the function of each cell part
8 Compare the structures and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria
9 Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
10 Compare the structures and functions of microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules
11 Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their functions
12 Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to its functions
13 Compare the structures and functions of tight junctions anchoring junctions and gap junctions
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
You should now be able to
14 Relate the structures of plant cell walls and plasmodesmata to their functions
15 Describe the four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Table 4-1
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN02
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN03
a bc
d
e
f
g
h
i
jk
l
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-0
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-1
Poles of dividing cell
Mark
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 4UN04-2
Slide 1
Introduction
Introduction (2)
Figure 40-1
Figure 40-2
Slide 6
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (2)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (3)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (4)
Figure 41a
Figure 41b
Figure 41c
Figure 41d
Figure 41e-0
Figure 41e-1
Figure 41e-2
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (5)
41 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell (6)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat
Figure 42a
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (2)
42 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange mat (3)
Figure 42b
Figure 4UN01
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (2)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (3)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (4)
43 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic (5)
Figure 43-0
Figure 43-1
Figure 43-2
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (2)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (3)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (4)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (5)
44 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmen (6)
Figure 44a
Figure 44b
Slide 42
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (2)
45 The nucleus contains the cellrsquos genetic instructions (3)
Figure 45
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
46 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export (2)
Figure 46
Slide 50
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (2)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (3)
47 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system (4)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
Figure 48a
Figure 48b
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (2)
48 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop (3)
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product
49 The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and ships cell product (2)
Figure 49
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
410 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell (2)
Animation Lysosome Formation
Figure 410a-1
Figure 410a-2
Figure 410a-3
Figure 410a-4
Figure 410b-1
Figure 410b-2
Figure 410b-3
411 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Video Paramecium Vacuole
Figure 411a
Figure 411b
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b
Figure 412
412 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and b (2)
Slide 80
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (2)
413 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food (3)
Figure 413
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
414 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (2)
Figure 414
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve
415 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve (2)
Figure 415
Figure 415-1
Figure 415-2
Figure 415-3
Slide 94
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure
Video Cytoplasmic Streaming
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (2)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (3)
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure (4)
Figure 416-0
Figure 416-1
Figure 416-2
Figure 416-3
Figure 416-4
Figure 416-5
Figure 416-6
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleto (2)
Figure 417
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Video Paramecium Cilia
Video Chlamydomonas
Figure 418a
Figure 418b
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (2)
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (3)
Animation Cilia and Flagella
Figure 418c-0
Figure 418c-1
Figure 418c-2
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend (4)
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in supp (2)
Figure 419
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
Animation Desmosomes
Animation Gap Junctions
Animation Tight Junctions
Figure 420
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
Figure 421
422 Review Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the b
Table 4-22-0
Table 4-22-1
Table 4-22-2
You should now be able to
You should now be able to (2)
You should now be able to (3)
You should now be able to (4)
Table 4-1
Figure 4UN02
Figure 4UN03
Figure 4UN04-0
Figure 4UN04-1
Figure 4UN04-2
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microtubules (made of tubulin)bull shape and support the cell andbull act as tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins move
bull In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome which contains a pair of centrioles each composed of a ring of microtubules
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Intermediate filamentsbull are found in the cells of most animalsbull reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles
andbull are often more permanent fixtures in the cell
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
416 The cellrsquos internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
bull Microfilaments (actin filaments)bull support the cellrsquos shape andbull are involved in motility
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nmIntermediate filament
10 nm
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-1
Nucleus
Microtubule
25 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-2
Nucleus
Intermediate filament
10 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-3
Microfilament
7 nm
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-4
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-5
Nucleus
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 416-6
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1940s biochemists first isolated and identified the proteins actin and myosin from muscle cells
bull In 1954 scientists using newly developed techniques of microscopy established how filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle contraction
bull In the next decade researchers identified actin filaments in all types of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
417 SCIENTIFIC THINKING Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy
bull In the 1970s scientists were able to visualize actin filaments using fluorescent tags and in living cells
bull In the 1980s biologists were able to record the changing architecture of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 417
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull The short numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium are called cilia (singular cilium)
bull Other protists may move using flagella which are longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
bull Some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or flagella
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Paramecium Cilia
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Video Chlamydomonas
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418a
Cilia
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418b
Flagellum
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull A flagellum longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion
bull Cilia work more like the oars of a boatbull Although differences exist flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Both flagella and cilia are composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
bull In nearly all eukaryotic cilia and flagella a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules
bull This arrangement is called the 9 2 patternbull The microtubule assembly is anchored in a basal
body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Cilia and Flagella
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-0
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-1
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 418c-2
Outermicrotubuledoublet
Central microtubules
Cross-linkingproteinsMotor proteins(dyneins)
Plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
418 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
bull Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called dynein feet
bull These feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
bull This ldquowalkingrdquo causes the microtubules to bend
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) which
bull helps hold cells together in tissues andbull protects and supports the plasma membrane
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
419 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
bull The ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins
bull Integrinsbull span the membrane andbull attach on the other side to proteins connected to
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 419
Collagen fiber
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
420 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
bull Adjacent cells adhere interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them
bull Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bull Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
bull Gap junctions are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Desmosomes
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Gap Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Animation Tight Junctions
>
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 420
Tight junction
Anchoringjunction
Gap junction
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
Tight junctionsprevent fluid frommoving across alayer of cells
copy 2016 Pearson Education Ltd
421 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
bull A plant cell but not an animal cell has a rigid cell wall that
bull protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and
bull is primarily composed of cellulose
bull Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants tissues to share
bull waterbull nourishment andbull chemical messages