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TKOVD]ROANA AD BGOJD
Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr
Adsn}qnidkql ad Nkq}lsljlhn
DFDBQLR AD JN ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN
OKQDKBOLKNJ RLM]D JN DWS]DROK ADJ AOIL]FORIL
RDWTNJ DK B]KDLR NATJQLR5
TK NKJOROR IL]FLIQ]OBL HDLIQ]OBL+
Idil}on sn}n lsqn} nj Qqtjl ad Nkq}lsjlhl Frobl+
]la}ohl ]dqninj _d}inko+S}lfdrl} Htn5 Hd}ik Ink}~tdu
S}lh}nin ad Hdkqobn Gtinkn* OBMI*
Fnbtjqna ad Idaobokn* Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd
Qdror }dnjounan blk foknkboniodkql sn}bonj adj S}lydbql FLKADB_Q >3=3284
Rnkqonhl* Bgojd=331
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O K AO BD
N+ O K AO BD oo
M+ ]DRTIDK ov
>+ S]LJLHL v>+> NH]NADBO IO DKQLR voo
=+ O KQ]LATBBO LK >=+> Nkqdbdadkqdr adj S}lmjdin ad Okvdrqohnbok 2=+>+>+ Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/ 2=+>+>+> M}dvd Gorql}on ad jn A+B+O+ 4=+>+>+= A+B+O+ dk jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l)Id}oaolknjdr 7=+>+>+2 Dj S}lmjdin ad jn Bjnrofobnbok ?=+>+>+1 Dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+ >==+>+>+4 Dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj >8=+= Lmedqovlr =>=+=+> Lmedqovlr Hdkd}njdr =>=+=+= Lmedqovlr Drsdbfoblr =>=+2 Gosqdror =>=+2+> Gosqdror Drqnarqobnr =>=+2+= Gosqdror Moljhobnr ===+2+2 S}daobbolkdr ad}ovnanr ad jnr gosqdror ==
2 INQD]O NJ _ IDQLALR ==2+> Blislrobok ad jn Itdrq}n ==
2+= Itdrq}n Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj ==2+2 Itdrq}n Sobn 7 =12+1 Itdrq}n Sornhtn =62+4 Iqlalr =72+4+> Nkjoror ad Jnkain}`r l Goqlr Nknqioblr 2>
1 ]DRTJQNALR 121+> Nkjoror okq}nslmjnbolknj 121+>+> Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj 121+>+>+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 121+>+>+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 141+>+= Sobn 7 161+>+=+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 161+>+=+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 181+>+2 Sornhtn 431+>+2+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 431+>+2+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 4=1+= Nkjoror dkq}d Slmjnbolkdr 411+=+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 411+=+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 48
oo
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4 AO RBTRO LK 6>4+> Aoil}foril Rdwtnj 6>4+= Dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj Aoil}foril Rdwtnj 624+2 Jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in dk Vorqn F}lkqnj blil
drqoinal} ad nfokoanadr moljhobnr dkq}d slmjnbolkdr 684+1 Dj Qninl adj bdkq}load blil drqoinal} ad jn vn}onbok adj
qninl dk ntrdkbon ad njlidq}n 6?4+4 Jn Vorqn Jnqd}nj 83
6 BLKBJTRO LKDR 8=
8 MO MJO LH]NFO N 81
NK DWL > Qnmjnr blk }drtjqnalr ad nkjororblkfo}inql}ol 76
NK DWL = Insnr ad gliljlhnr 7?
NK DWL 2 Nsjobnbolkdr ad jn il}flidq}on hdliq}obn dkNkq}lsljlhn Frobn ?>
NK DWL 1 H}foblr ad aorsd}rok y ftkbolkdr ad adfl}inbok adsjnbn adjhnan 'qsr/ ?1
NK DWL 4 Blisn}nbok blk lq}nr slmjnbolkdr >3>
NK DWL 6 Hjlrn}ol ad q}ioklr f}dbtdkqdr >36
ooo
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]DRTIDK
Rd drqtao dj dfdbql ad jn Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/ rlm}d jn dws}drok
adj aoil}foril rdwtnj 'A+R+/ dk jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on gtinkn 'vorqnr jnqd}nj y f}lkqnj/
disjdnkal iqlalr ad jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn 'I+H+/+ Jn itdrq}n drqtvl blistdrqn
sl} bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr adj kl}qd ad Bgojd 'Sobn 7 y bdidkqd}olr N* M* B* A* y G ad
Sornhtn/ y rtmnbqtnjdr 'Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* Rnkqonhl/ dj btnj ftd tqojounal blil h}tsl
blkq}lj 'rdwl blklboal* rok ABO/+ Ad jnr vorqnr flqlh}fobnr f}lkqnj 'K9 >2>/ y jnqd}nj 'K9
>=8/ ad bnan b}kdl rd lmqtvod}lk inq}obdr ad goqlr nknqioblr glijlhlr* ~td rd
disjdn}lk sn}n drqoin} sl} nkjoror ad S}lb}trqdr dj qninl adj bdkq}load y jlr
blislkdkqdr tkofl}id y kl tkofl}id ad jn fl}in+ Jn okrsdbbok vortnj adj snq}k ad
adfl}inbok bnjvn}on rd }dnjou rlm}d h}ojjnr bn}qdronknr ad}ovnanr adj nkjoror ad
adfl}inbok }djnqovn+
Jlr }drtjqnalr adj nkjoror okq}nslmjnbolknj dk vorqn f}lkqnj ilrq}n}lk aofd}dkbonr
rohkofobnqovnr admoanr nj rdwl* y dk dj bnrl ad jn Slmjnbok ad Sornhtn* n jn okqd}nbbok ad
drqn vn}onmjd blk dj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ Dj insn ad gliljlhnr tqojounal dk vorqn jnqd}nj kl
aol btdkqn adj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk kokhtkn ad jnr slmjnbolkdr nknjounanr+
Jnr s}okbosnjdr aofd}dkbonr il}fljhobnr dwsjobnanr sl} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj rd
tmobnk dk jn vorqn f}lkqnj* 'dwsnkrok)blkq}nbbok q}nkrvd}rnj ad jn bn}n* dwsnkrok)
blkq}nbbok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y dwsnkrok)blkq}nbbok vd}qobnj ad jn }dhok fnbonj/+
Jn A+B+O+ nfdbq rohkofobnqovnidkqd jnr dwsnkrolkdr y blkq}nbbolkdr dk rdkqoalq}nkrvd}rnj* nr blil jnr blkq}nbbolkdr y dwsnkrolkdr ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj dk rdkqoal
b}kdl)bntanj+
Dk vorqn f}lkqnj jnr aofd}dkbonr dk dj qninl adj bdkq}load kl }drtjqn}lk
rohkofobnqovnr* n dwbdsbok ad Sornhtn* s}lmnmjdidkqd admoal n jn okqd}nbbok ad jn
vn}onmjd drbnjn} blk dj dfdbql A+B+O+ Dk vorqn jnqd}nj dj qninl adj bdkq}load aorb}oiok
rohkofobnqovnidkqd n jnr slmjnbolkdr dk drqtaol+
N kovdj okqd}slmjnbolknj jnr vorqnr f}lkqnjdr rd nh}tsn}lk sl} l}ohdk qkobl+ Drqlr
}drtjqnalr sd}ioqdk blkbjto} ~td kl gny dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj A+R+* ko drq rodkaldwsjobnal sl} aofd}dkbonr ad qninl dk vorqn f}lkqnj* dk qnkql ~td dk vorqn jnqd}nj* drqd
jqoil fnbql} r drq nfdbqnkal dj snq}k ad vn}onbok ad jn fl}in+
Dk blkbjtrok* jn qbkobn ad jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn jlh}n bnsqt}n} dfobnuidkqd
drqnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr admoanr nj A+R+* ~td }drtjqnk okadsdkaodkqdr ad jn A+B+O+
dk vorqn f}lkqnj
ov
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> + S]LJLHL
H}nbonr jn b}dnbok ad jn bn}}d}n ad Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dk jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd dk dj
nl =33=* drqn Bnrn ad Drqtaolr gn sd}ioqoal nm}o} snrl n tkn aorbosjokn ~td
gorq}obnidkqd dk ktdrq}l snr gn qdkoal tk oisnbql bodkqfobl mnrqnkqd idkl} dkblisn}nbok blk rtr aorbosjoknr gd}inknr 'Nkq}lsljlhn Rlbonj y N}~tdljlhn/+ Drqd
jlh}l kl gtmod}n roal slromjd rok jn sd}rdvd}nkbon ad jlr nbnaioblr ad drqn drsdbonjoana
dk ktdrq}n Fnbtjqna* ~todkdr adslroqn}lk nlr ad drftd}ul sn}n nm}o} snrl n jnr ftqt}nr
hdkd}nbolkdr* qnkql adkq}l jn Nkq}lsljlhn blil ad jnr Bodkbonr Moliaobnr+ Ad gdbgl*
drqn qdror dr blkrdbtdkbon adj vkbtjl ~td rd gn hdkd}nal dkq}d dj Adsn}qnidkql ad
Nkq}lsljlhn y dj S}lh}nin ad Hdkqobn Gtinkn adj Okrqoqtql ad Bodkbonr Moliaobnr y
}dfjden jlr nlr ad }djnbolkdr ~td gn inkqdkoal ktdrq}l Adsn}qnidkql blk jn Fnbtjqna ad
Idaobokn>+
Adrad dj nl =334* yn rd stdad nfo}in} dj okobol ad tk sd}lal ad okrqoqtbolknjounbok ad
jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dk Bgojd* blk tk kovdj ad dkrdnkun ~td nh}tsn n albdkqdr ad
aovd}rlr imoqlr adj ~tdgnbd} moljhobl y nkq}lsljhobl+ Dk tk ftqt}l ity s}woil rd
drsd}n ~td s}lfdrolknjdr ad drqn }dn rd adrdkvtdjvnk dk jnr Bodkbonr Fl}dkrdr*
N}~tdljlhn* Hdkqobn ad Slmjnbolkdr* Rnjta Smjobn* D}hlklin y Snjdlnkq}lsljlhn*
dkq}d lq}nr+
Jlr evdkdr drqtaonkqdr y ftqt}lr s}lfdrolknjdr ad drqn bn}}d}n qdkdilr jn h}nk qn}dn ad
gnbd} nblsol ad blklboiodkqlr kdbdrn}olr ~td jlh}dk nfonkun} drqn okbosodkqd sd}l
nhtd}}oan aorbosjokn* qnkql dk dj imoql knbolknj blil okqd}knbolknj+
Sl} tkn sn}qd* admdilr oistjrn} jn stdrqn dk vnjl} ad jnr bljdbbolkdr dr~tdjdqnjdr
dworqdkqdr ad ktdrq}l snr* hdkd}nkal mnrdr ad anqlr blkfonmjdr y nbbdromjdr ad drqd
inqd}onj+
Sl} lq}n sn}qd* ilqovnalr sl} jlr iqlalr y qbkobnr ad nkjoror tqojounalr dk lq}nr
bodkbonr* admdilr gnbd} }dvorok ad s}lmjdinr bjroblr y klvdalrlr ad okvdrqohnbok*
blk dj fok ad an} btd}sl n ktdrq}n aorbosjokn y slrobolkn}jn qnkql n kovdj knbolknj blil
okqd}knbolknj+
>]lqggniid} y Nrsojjnhn* =332+
v
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>+> NH]NADBOIODKQLR
Dk jn s}dsn}nbok ad jn s}drdkqd Idil}on ad Qqtjl* gd admoal }dbt}}o} nj nslyl ad
aovd}rlr s}lfdrl}dr d okvdrqohnal}dr ~todkdr gnk }drslkaoal jnr ir aovd}rnr atanr y
id gnk nblkrdenal blk vnjolrlr blidkqn}olr+ N qlalr djjlr jdr adml io ir rokbd}l
nh}nadboiodkql+
Dk jn }dvorok adj inktrb}oql y dk jn bl}}dbbok ad itbglr d}}l}dr jd aly io ir
s}lftkan h}nqoqta n jlr s}lfdrl}dr Mn}tbg N}dkrmt}h* Dthdkol Nrsojjnhn* In}ol Bnrq}l y nj
Rdl} Jtor Bnqnjk+
Nh}nadubl qnimok jn hdkd}lrn nytan ~td id m}oka Lrbn} Drsltdyr nj
m}okan}id inqd}onj ad nslyl y }drslkad} itbgnr ad jnr atanr blkbd}kodkqdr n jn
adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj y n qnkqnr lq}nr atanr+
Dk drqn s}lftkan nvdkqt}n ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Moljhobn id gn roal slromjd
nvnkun} h}nbonr n jn s}drdkbon y s}dlbtsnbok adj S}lfdrl} Dthdkol Nrsojjnhn Flkqnokd*
~todk gn roal tkl ad jlr hdrql}dr s}okbosnjdr ad jn Drsdbonjounbok ad Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn
ad jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd+ Foknjidkqd* tkn s}lftkan adtan ad h}nqoqta n io s}lfdrl}
qtql}* s}lfdrl} Hd}ik Ink}~tdu* ~todk blkrljoa dkl}ididkqd io adrn}}ljjl blil
okvdrqohnal}* kl rljnidkqd dk dj }dn dk sn}qobtjn}* rokl ~td dk h}nk sn}qd adj ~tdgnbd}
molnkq}lsljhobl+
vo
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>
=+ OKQ]LATBBOLK
Tkl ad jlr qdinr bjroblr ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dr dj drqtaol ad jn
Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/* s}bqobn blik dk vn}onr
slmjnbolkdr n jl jn}hl ad qlal dj itkal>+ Jn bjnrofobnbok y qosljlhn ad jnr
aofd}dkqdr adfl}inbolkdr* etkql blk jlr dfdbqlr ~td s}latbd dk dj b}kdl* jlr
dvdkqtnjdr dfdbqlr kdt}ljhoblr y* ir }djnbolknalr blk jn Dqkljlhn y jn
N}~tdljlhn* btjdr ftd}lk jlr ilqovlr btjqt}njdr ~td ilqovn}lk n drqnr
slmjnbolkdr n adrn}}ljjn} qnj s}bqobn* gnk roal njhtknr ad jnr s}dhtkqnr ir
}dbt}}dkqdr+ ^tour sl} rd} jn A+B+O+* tk fdkidkl ad mnrd btjqt}nj ~tdilaofobn jn il}fljlhn kl}inj adj b}kdl gtinkl* jl ~td oisjobn tkn
okqd}nbbok dkq}d moljlhn y btjqt}n* nadir ad blkjjdvn} sl} djjl* jn aofobtjqna ad
tkn bjnrofobnbok s}dborn ~td dkhjlmd qlalr jlr qoslr lmrd}vnalr 'sl} jl idklr
sn}n tkn ulkn dk sn}qobtjn}/* dr ~td qnkqn nqdkbok rd gn adslroqnal rlm}d drqd
qdin=+
Adkq}l ad jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ~td rtstdrqnidkqd rd vdk
nfdbqnanr sl} jn A+B+O+* rd dkbtdkq}n dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+ Tk s}lmjdin ~td kl
rd gn }drtdjql adj qlal* dr jn drqoinbok adj rdwl dk b}kdlr adfl}inalr* yn
~td nsn}dkqdidkqd* drqn s}bqobn njqd}n}n goqlr ~td rd tqojounk blikidkqd
sn}n nknjoun} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+ Njhtklr ntql}dr2* tqojounkal s}lbdaoiodkqlr
ad}ovnalr ad jn Il}flidq}n Jokdnj l Bjrobn* gnk rthd}oal ~td jn A+B+O+ kl
slrdd tk dfdbql rohkofobnqovl rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk bod}qnr ulknr ad jn
}dhok fnbonj* sl} jl ~td jn drqoinbok adj rdwl dk b}kdlr gtinklr kl admd}n
vd}rd nfdbqnan sl} jn s}drdkbon ad drsdbidkdr adfl}inalr n}qofobonjidkqd+
Jtor Njmd}ql Blbojlvl1* sl} dedisjl* rthod}d ~td dworqdk bod}qnr ulknr dk dj
drsjnbklb}kdl ~td kl rtf}dk njqd}nbok s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+* drqnmjdbodkal ad
drqd ilal* rdor '6/ idaoanr sn}n jn drqoinbok adj aoil}foril rdwtnj*
> Hd}qudk y Hd}qudk* >??4= Adiml d Oimdjjlko Pr+fY0 Hd}qudk y Hd}qudk* >??40 Oimdjjlko* >?=4+2 Blbojlvl* >?87+1 Blbojlvl* >?84
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2
2+ Btjdr rlk jlr goqlr nknqioblr ~td inyl}idkqd rd vdk nfdbqnalr sl}
drqnr vn}onmjdr NKQDBDADKQDR ADJ S]LMJDIN AD OKVDRQOHNBOK
=+>+>+5 ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ 'ABO/
Jn A+B+O+ stdad rd} nh}tsnan mnel dj blkbdsql ad ntqlitqojnbok gtinkn ?* dj
~td dkhjlmn aofd}dkqdr qoslr ad s}bqobnr ~td qodkdk dk blik jn okqdkbok ad
ilaofobn} ad inkd}n sd}inkdkqd njhtkn }dhok adj btd}sl gtinkl+ Drqn
ilaofobnbok stdad qdkd} aofd}dkqdr lmedqovlr5 drqqoblr* il}njdr y rlbonjdr*hdkd}njidkqd+ Dkq}d jnr s}bqobnr ir blitkdr ad ntqlitqojnbok drqk dj
qnqtned* dj sod}bokh 'trl ad n}lr dk aofd}dkqdr sn}qdr adj btd}sl* hdkd}njidkqd
dk dj jmtjl ad jn l}den/* s}lvlbnbok ad gd}oanr okqdkbolknjdr* bo}btkborok*
bjoql}oadbqlin* adfl}inbok adj sod* itqojnbok adkqnj* tvtjdbqlin y A+B+O+ Ad
qlanr jnr s}bqobnr idkbolknanr* jn adfl}inbok adj sod y jn A+B+O+ blisn}qdk jn
s}lsodana ad adfl}in} drq}tbqt}nr dr~tdjdqnjdr+
Sn}n drqd q}nmnel* dkqdkadilr blil adfl}inbok rlm}d dj dr~tdjdql* alr
rohkofobnalr kl dwbjtydkqdr dkq}d r5
>+ Tk q}ntin rlm}d tk sd}lal dwqdkrl ad qodisl* ~td ilaofobn jn fl}in
kl}inj adj gtdrl+ Dj s}okbosol mrobl dr jn nsjobnbok* at}nkqd tk jn}hl
sd}lal ad qodisl* ad tkn s}drok adfl}inkqd rlm}d tkl l vn}olr gtdrlr
~td }drtjqnk dk tkn adfl}inbok sd}inkdkqd>3+
=+ Dj s}latbql ad tkn aorql}rok aokiobn ad jlr vdbql}dr kl}injdr adj
b}dboiodkql y adrn}}ljjl okfnkqojdr* sl} jn nsjobnbok ad ftd}unr
dwqd}knr>>+
? Hd}ruqdk & Hd}ruqdk* >??4>3 L}qkd} y Stqbgn}* >?7>>> Ilrr* >?47
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1
Dk mnrd n jl nkqd}ol}* dkqdkad}dilr sl} A+B+O+ nj s}lbdrl ad aorql}rok
q}ntiqobn s}nbqobnal rlm}d dj b}kdl gtinkl* drsdbfobnidkqd rlm}d dj
kdt}lb}kdl* dj btnj slrdd tkn okqdkbolknjoana sl} sn}qd ad rtr }dnjounal}dr+
Drqn s}bqobn dr nsjobnan adrad jn s}oid}n okfnkbon y* dvdkqtnjidkqd* stdad
at}n} qlan jn voan+
Rodkal jn A+B+O+ tkn okqd}nbbok dkq}d s}drolkdr idbkobnr ad l}ohdk
btjqt}nj 'jn nsjobnbok ad qnmjojjnr* vdkanr t lq}lr nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr/ y
moljhobnr 'vdbql}dr adj b}dboiodkql y adrn}}ljjl b}nkdnkl kl}inj/* rt drqtaol
}ds}drdkqn tkn qn}dn drsdbonjidkqd blisjden d okqd}drnkqd+ Blisjden* admoal
n ~td jnr s}drolkdr btjqt}njdr stdadk vn}on} dkl}ididkqd dkq}d okaovoatlr+Sl} dedisjl* dk jn nsjobnbok ad tk ioril nsn}nql* sd}l blk aofd}dkqd
okqdkroana* dk tkn iorin ulkn dkq}d aofd}dkqdr okaovoatlr0 dk jn nsjobnbok ad
tk ioril nsn}nql adfl}inkqd* sd}l dk aofd}dkqdr jthn}dr l blk aofd}dkqd
okbjoknbok0 l dk jn blimoknbok ad aofd}dkqdr nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr* y drl
rjl sl} an} njhtklr dedisjlr+
Nadir* dr ad okqd}r sn}n jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn* sl}~td jnr s}drolkdr
moljhobnr qnimok s}drdkqnk vn}onmojoana dk jn dws}drok il}fljhobn adj
b}kdl gtinkl+ Adrad foknjdr adj rohjl WOW y at}nkqd qlan jn s}oid}n ioqna adj
rohjl snrnal* aovd}rlr okvdrqohnal}dr gnk adrb}oql* nknjounal y btnkqofobnal jn
vn}onmojoana dws}drnan dk jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnj>=0 blkbdsqlr qnk blitkdr dk
Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn blil m}n~tobdfnjon* aljoblbdfnjon* l}qlhknql* s}lhknql*
sjnqomnrn* dkq}d itbglr lq}lr* ad}ovnk* hdkd}njidkqd* adj bjbtjl ad aorqnkbonr
dkq}d goqlr nknqioblr* jlr btnjdr mtrbnk an} btdkqn ad jn vn}onmojoana
il}fljhobn s}drdkqd dk dj b}kdl gtinkl+
Sl} lq}n sn}qd* admoal n ~td jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ rd dkbtdkq}n bnro
dwqokhtoan* dr slromjd jn lmrd}vnbok adj s}lbdrl adfl}inql}ol ~td rd jjdvn n
>= M}lbn* >7840 Mtwqlk y Il}nkq* >?220 Bgnimd}jnok* >?2?0 Fd}dimnbg* >?810 F}nrrdql* >?430
Gnhdal}k y @dd}r* >?280 Glxdjjr* >?28* >?48* >?820 G}ajob`n* >?43* >?4=0 Jdd y Sdn}rlk*
>?3>0 Jd Altmjd* >?32* >?360 Jdrbgo* >?4>0 Il}dj* >?610 Ljovod}* >?630 Rqdxn}q* >?1=0 Qlaa*
>?=20 Vnjjlor* >?640 Xojad}* >?=3+
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4
bnml at}nkqd dj b}dboiodkql y dj adrn}}ljjl ad jlr kolr q}nqnalr y jn
okvdrqohnbok ad drqn s}bqobn admd joioqn}rd n jlr }drtjqnalr lmrd}vnalr dk
bljdbbolkdr s}dgorq}obnr+
=+>+>+>+5 M]DVD GORQL]ON AD JN A+B+O+
Dj okqd}r sl} dj drqtaol ad jn A+B+O+ anqn adrad jn nkqohdana* blk
Gosb}nqdr 'bn+ 133 n+B+/* Gd}alql* N}orqqdjdr* Rq}nml y Sjokol >2 * ~todkdr
ftd}lk jlr s}oid}lr dk albtidkqn} drqn s}bqobn dk aofd}dkqdr rlbodanadr ad
rtr slbnr* }datbodkal rt okvdrqohnbok n idkbolkn} jnr s}bqobnr lmrd}vnanr
dk aofd}dkqdr btjqt}nr+At}nkqd dj ]dknboiodkql* Ho}jnil Bn}blil>1* dk >448 blisn}n vn}olr
iqlalr ad adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn+
At}nkqd dj rohjl WOW* rd adrn}}ljjn tk okqdkrl sd}lal ad okvdrqohnbok dk
ql}kl n drqd qdin0 dr nr ~td aovd}rlr ntql}dr >4 * adrb}omdk jnr fl}inr
lmrd}vnanr ad A+B+O+* }dblklbdk jn aofd}dkbon dkq}d A+B+O+ y adfl}inbok
b}nkdnkn kl okqdkbolknj* lmrd}vnkal adfl}inbolkdr okqdkbolknjdr dk b}kdlr
ad Kdnkad}qnjdr+
Jlr s}oid}lr okqdkqlr ad bjnrofobnbok rlk nsl}qnalr sl} Jtkod}*
Qlsokn}a* Inhoqlq>6 + ]taljf Vo}bglx* dk >7?= >8 aorbtqd* sl} s}oid}n vdu* jn
b}nkdlidq}n dk vn}olr b}kdlr adfl}inalr+
Njdr G}ajob`n >7 * dk >?>? }dnjoun tkn okvdrqohnbok dk alkad aorbtqo
qlalr jlr qoslr blklboalr ad adfl}inbok d okqdkqn gnbd} njhtknr
blisn}nbolkdr hdkd}njdr nj }drsdbql+ Jn aofd}dkbon dkq}d drqlr ntql}dr y jlr
~td vdka}nk dk dj ftqt}l* }naobn dk ~td dj dkfl~td nsl}qnal sl} jlr s}oid}lr
>2 Dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>1 Lm+ boq+>4 E+E+ Vo}dy '>7>4/* J+N+ Hlrrd '>744/* Ro} Ankodj Xojrlk '>76=/* ]+ @klw '>762/* J+ Jtkod}
'>76?/ dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>6 Jtkod} '>76?/* Qlsokn}a '>78?/* D+ Inhoqlq '>771/ dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>8 Lm+ boq+>7 Ls+ boq+
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8
adfl}inbolkdr ad qosl qnmtjn} d}dbql gnm}nk qdkoal rt l}ohdk adrad dj dbtnal}
adrad dj Sd}lal Fl}inqovl y slrqd}ol}idkqd rd gnm}n aoftkaoal gnbon jn blrqn
adj Dbtnal} y adj Sd}+ Nadir* sjnkqdn ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr qnmtjn}dr
d}dbqnr y jnr bo}btjn}dr l nktjn}dr rd}nk alr h}nkadr q}naobolkdr ad
adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj ad l}ohdk }djnqovnidkqd roitjqkdl ~td rd
gnm}nk l}ohoknal dk jn blrqn ad Dbtnal} y Sd} y dk jn blrqn ad Bgojd*
}drsdbqovnidkqd+
Jn nsjobnbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr rlm}d anqlr dwq}nalr
sl} Il}flidq}n Jokdnj* blkatel n jn blkq}nrqnbok ad gosqdror ~td mtrbnmnk
ntidkqn} jn s}dborok ad jlr nkjoror+ Etkql blk djjl* blidkun}lk n aorbtqo}rdjnr bjnrofobnbolkdr nsl}qnanr sl} ntql}dr bjroblr blil Oimdjjlko=2+
Dk jn nbqtnjoana* blk dj adrn}}ljjl ad jn Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn* rd gn
}dqlinal dj s}lmjdin ad jn A+B+O+* dj btnj ftd sd}aodkal okqd}r at}nkqd jnr
jqoinr abnanr adj rohjl snrnal+ Dk hdkd}nj* jlr s}lmjdinr ad okvdrqohnbok
rohtdk rodkal jlr iorilr* sd}l rd gnk bnimonal jnr qbkobnr ad nkjoror+
Blk drql rd s}dqdkad aorbtqo} jnr gosqdror ad}ovnanr ad jlr nkjoror
il}fliq}oblr bjroblr n sn}qo} ad tkn idqlaljlhn okklvnal}n+
Nr dr blil F}od y Mnyjnb=1 }dnjoun}lk nkjoror adj blkql}kl ad b}kdlr
blk adfl}inbolkdr 'Nkjoror ad Flt}od} ad blkql}klr ad S}lbtrql njokdnalr/ dk
bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr sd}tnknr+
Dk ktdrq}l snr* Ink}~tdu dq nj+=4* tqojounkal il}flidq}n hdliq}obn*
}dnjoun}lk tk drqtaol blisn}nqovl dk }naolh}nfnr ad b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr y
blk A+B+O+ dkq}d jn slmjnbok ad Il}}l ad N}obn y Sornhtn* tqojounkal blil
h}tsl blkq}lj jn slmjnbok bgojdkn nbqtnj+
Adkq}l adj }dn nkaokn bdkq}l)id}oaolknj* ulkn ad okqd}r ad jn s}drdkqd
okvdrqohnbok* jlr drqtaolr blidkun}lk at}nkqd jn s}oid}n ioqna adj rohjl
=2 Blbojlvl* >?82* >?84* >?87* >?7=* >?71 dk Blbojlvl* >??40 Blbojlvl y Mnffo* >?74* dk
Blbojlvl*>??40 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=0 Blbojlvl dq nj+* d+s+0 Ilrr* >?470 IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?640
Nkqlk* >?7?0 Bgdvd}ta dq nj+* >??=0 dkq}d lq}lr+=1 F}od y Mnyjnb* =332+=4 Ink}~tdu* dq nj+ 'ir+/
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7
snrnal* blk jlr q}nmnelr ad Adiml d Oimdjjlko+ Dj oisnbql ~td in}bn}lk drqnr
okvdrqohnbolkdr dk Rtani}obn ftd qnk oisl}qnkqd* ~td jlr q}nmnelr }dnjounalr
slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} lq}lr ntql}dr* rd gnk adaobnal n aorbtqo} y blkq}nrqn} drqd
rorqdin bjnrofobnql}ol* tqojounkal ktdvnr itdrq}nr l nsjobnkal idqlaljlhnr
drqnarqobnr itjqovn}onanr n jlr anqlr }dblhoalr ad jn Il}flidq}n Jokdnj =6+
=+>+>+=+ A+B+O+ DK JLR NKADR BDKQ]L)ID]OAOLKNJDR
Dk jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l Id}oaolknjdr* jn A+B+O+ qtvl tk s}lftrl adrn}}ljjl* qnkql n
kovdj drsnbonj blil qdisl}nj* nr blil qnimok dk jn aovd}roana ad qbkobnr
disjdnanr=8
+Kl ftd gnrqn jn Blk~torqn ~td drqn qbkobn ftd d}}naobnan* sl} jl ~td rd
blkroad}n rt adrn}}ljjl s}lsol ad jnr slbnr s}dgorq}obnr nid}obnknr=7+
Dj lmedqovl ad jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ dk drqn }dn rd gn dwsjobnal
s}okbosnjidkqd sl} narb}osbok btjqt}nj+ Xdorr=? }dnjou tkn rkqdror rlm}d jlr
lmedqovlr ad drqn s}bqobn+ Rdhk drqd ntql}* jn narb}osbok btjqt}nj nrlbonan n
jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ rd }djnbolkn qnkql rokb}kobn* blil aonb}kobnidkqd+
Adrad tk stkql ad vorqn rokb}kobl* stdad qdkd} alr vn}onkqdr5 tkn* ~td
drqnmjdbd aofd}dkbonr okqd}slmjnbolknjdr y jn rdhtkan* ~td drqnmjdbd aofd}dkbonr
okq}nslmjnbolknjdr+ Dk qnkql ~td jn s}oid}n drq nrlbonan blk narb}osbolkdr
hdlh}fobnr* btjqt}njdr d oadkqoqn}onr* jn rdhtkan rd }djnbolkn ir modk blk jn
aofd}dkbonbok dkq}d bnrqnr l bjnrdr rlbonjdr adkq}l ad tkn iorin slmjnbok+
Adrad tk stkql ad vorqn aonb}kobl* Xdorr drqnmjdbd bl}}drslkadkbonr
dkq}d sd}lalr y qoslr ad A+B+O+* jl ~td stdad an} okaobolr nbd}bn ad jnr
aokiobnr rlbonjdr* blil rd lmrd}vn dk dj bnrl ad Sornhtn23+
=6 Xdorr* >?6>0 Nkqk* >?7?* >??10 Lrrdkmd}h* >?830IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?640 Ilrr* >?47 'vd}
ir nmnel/+=8 Adiml d Oimdjjlko* r,f=7 Xdorr* >?6>=? Xdorr* lm+ boq+23 Blbojlvl* >??1+
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?
=+>+>+2+ Dj s}lmjdin ad jn bjnrofobnbok
Adiml d Oimdjjlko 2> ftd}lk jlr s}oid}lr dk b}oqobn} jnr bjnrofobnbolkdr
}dnjounanr sl} rtr s}dadbdrl}dr* s}okbosnjidkqd dt}lsdlr y kl}qdnid}obnklr*
~todkdr* dk vdu ad hdkd}n} njhk blkrdkrl rlm}d drqd qdin blkjjdvn}lk n
inyl}dr blkftrolkdr dk jn bjnrofobnbok+ Drql q}nel blil blkrdbtdkbon jn
hdkd}nbok ad tkn h}nk bnkqoana ad adklioknbolkdr sn}n bnan qosl
adfl}inql}ol* jlr ~td kl slank tko}rd mnel njhk b}oqd}ol blik+ Djjl oistjr n
Oimdjjlko n b}dn} tk rorqdin bjnrofobnql}ol rokqqobl* mnrnal dk jnr itdrq}nr ad
jlr Nkadr bdkq}l id}oaolknjdr 'Sd} y kl}qd ad N}hdkqokn/* dj btnj rd mnrnmn
s}okbosnjidkqd dk jn adrb}osbok ad jlr }drtjqnalr il}fljhoblr ~td s}lvlbnmn
dj trl ad nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr dk dj b}kdl+
Blil rd stdad lmrd}vn} dk jn Qnmjn O* Oimdjjlko drqnmjdbo alr kovdjdr
sn}n jn bjnrofobnbok ad jn A+B+O+5 dj s}oid} kovdj bl}}drslkad n jlr qoslr
drdkbonjdr ad jn sjrqobn okqdkbolknj y iodkq}nr ~td dj rdhtkal bl}}drslkad n
vn}odanadr ad h}nalr y fl}inr+ Jjnin s}lftkanidkqd jn nqdkbok* ~td adkq}l
adj s}oid} kovdj drqnmjdubn* sn}n jn fl}in qnmtjn}* jn okbjoknbok ad jn mvdan
b}nkdnkn* dk qnkql ~td dk jn fl}in nktjn}* drqn bn}nbqd}rqobn rd dkbtdkq}dadkq}l adj kovdj ad vn}odanadr* h}nalr y fl}inr+ Jn foht}n OOn/ itdrq}n jn
bjnrofobnbok adj s}oid} kovdj adrn}}ljjnal sl} Oimdjjlko* dk alkad kl rd okbjtyd
jn okbjoknbok ad jn mvdan sn}n jlr qoslr nktjn}dr* dk qnkql ~td jn foht}n OOm/
itdrq}n* rohtodkal dj iladjl bjnrofobnql}ol sjnkqdnal slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} Njjorlk
dq nj+2=* jn slromojoana ad hdkd}n} tkn bjnrofobnbok moklionj* ~td blkrorqd dk jn
blimoknbok dkq}d dj nsn}nql adfl}inal} 'qnmjnr y vdkanr5 qnmtjn} v,r nktjn}/*
blk jn ao}dbbok ad jn adfl}inbok }drsdbql nj Sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q 'd}dbql v,r
lmjobtl/+
Qnmjn O5 Qnmjn Qnwlkiobn ad jnr Adfl}inbolkdr Okqdkbolknjdr adj B}kdl
'Rdhk Oimdjjlko5 >?22 N* s+=>1/+
2> Adiml d Oimdjjlko 'r,f/2= Njjorlk dq nj+ >?71
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>3
QOSLRDRDKBONJDR AD
JN SJNRQOBN
OKQDKBOLKNJ
VN]ODANADR* H]NALR_ FL]INR
BN]NBQD]AORQOKQOVL ADJ
S]LBDRL
ADFL]INKQD
AORSLROQOVLRQDBKOBLR
Adfl}inalrQNMTJN]DRLMJOBTLR
'M}nbgobdsgnjon}qofobonjdr lmjobto/
n/ fl}inr bt}vl)lbbosoqnjdrm/ fl}inr bt}vl)f}lkqnjdrb/ h}nalr okqd}idaolr a/h}nalr dwq}dilr 'Fjnq)gdnar ad jn joqd}nqt}n/
Blis}droklbbosoql)f}lkqnj
idaonkqd qnmjdqnrjom}dr
Vn}odana MojlmnalrVn}odana Q}ojlmnalr Johnat}nr rnhoqnjdr y
bl}lknjdr nsqnr sn}nois}oio} rt}blr
Adfl}inalrQNMTJN]DR
D]DBQLR'M}nbgobdsgnjo
n}qofobonjdr d}dbqo/
n/ fl}inr sjnkl)f}lkqnjdrm/ fl}inr sjnkl)jimaobnrb/ h}nalr okqd}idaolr a/h}nalr dwq}dilr'Btkdofl}idr ad jnjoqd}nqt}n/
Blis}drokslrqd}ol} sl} sjnkl
ad adbmoql
Blis}drok nkqd}ol}sl} qnmjdqn
Vn}odana Sn}njdjdssdalrBlk adqdkbok adj
qdbgl l}moqnj y R 2 nvdbdr ad jnr rodkdr
Vn}odana Rdtalbo}btjn}dr
Jn bnmdun rd inkqodkd
nagd}oan n jn btnjidaonkqd vdkanr lbl}}dnr djrqobnr
Vn}odana Mojlmnalr yQ}ojlmnalr Johnat}nr rnhoqnjdr y
bl}lknjdr nsqnr sn}nois}oio} rt}blr
Adfl}inalrNktjn}dr
'L}mobtjn}drn}qofobonjdr/
Vn}odana LmjobtlrVn}odana D}dbqlr
Blis}drokroiq}obn nktjn}*
sl} vdkanr lbl}}dnr djrqobnr+
Okqdkroana ad jnsjrqobn
Fl}inr bojka}obnrDedisjn}dr
ioiqoblr Fl}inr bkobnr
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>>
QNMJN OO5 n/ l}ohoknj ad Oimdjjlko 'r,f/ y m/ Rdhk Njjorlk dq nj+ >?71+
QNMTJN] NKTJN] QNMTJN] NKTJN]
D]DBQLqnmtjn}
d}dbqlD]DBQL
qnmtjn}
d}dbql
nktjn}
d}dbql
LMJOBTLqnmtjn}
lmjobtl
nktjn}
LMJOBTLqnmtjn}
lmjobtl
nktjn}
lmjobtl
Drqd dr~tdin bjnrofobnql}ol ftd tqojounal dk itbglr bnrlr rok aorbtrok
dk jnr bljdbbolkdr ad jlr Nkadr bdkq}l id}oaolknjdr y nk rd disjdn dk jn
nbqtnjoana+ Rok dimn}hl* s}drdkqn s}lmjdinr idqlaljhoblr* admoal n ~tdokbjtyd adfl}inbolkdr dvoadkqdidkqd aofd}dkqdr adkq}l ad tk ioril h}tsl* ~td
an btdkqn ad tk dwbdrl ad roisjoboana nj rorqdin ad bjnrofobnbok+
Drsltdyr22 nfo}in ~td drqd s}lmjdin* dk itbglr bnrlr* kl s}lvodkd ad
jn bjnrofobnbok adrn}}ljjnan sl} Oimdjjlko* rokl ~td rd admd n ~td jlr s}lsolr
okvdrqohnal}dr ~td okqdkqnk aonhklrqobn} jnr adfl}inbolkdr* rohtodkal dj s}oid}
kovdj ad bjnrofobnbok* gnbdk bnrl liorl adj rdhtkal kovdj+ Rok dimn}hl* dk jn
joqd}nqt}n rd idkbolknk }doqd}nanidkqd aorbtrolkdr ~td rlrqtvod}lk aofd}dkqdr
okvdrqohnal}dr blk Oimdjjlko* }drsdbql n jlr b}oqd}olr tqojounalr sn}n adfoko}
njhtklr rtmqoslr* blil jnr vn}odanadr btkdofl}idr l srdtalbo}btjn}dr* qnkql
~td dj s}lsol Oimdjjlko qtvl ~td dkvon} aovd}rlr blitkobnalr sn}n nbjn}n} drqnr
atanr21+ Drql rthod}d ~td jn bjnrofobnbok kl drqnmn }dfoknan blisjdqnidkqd*
ntk~td d}n slromjd }dnjoun} nkjoror blisn}nqovlr blk djjn+
Xdorr24* aorbtqd jn bjnrofobnbok ad Oimdjjlko y nfo}in ~td kl stdad rd}
nsjobnan dk dj bnrl ad Sd}* admoal n ~td s}lvlbn blkftrok dkq}d jnr
adfl}inbolkdr5 >/ rd blkftkadk vn}odanadr ad adfl}inalr sl} btknr y mnkanrblk dj qosl qnmtjn}0 =/ slrdd fnjqn ad s}dborok sn}n }dblklbd} jnr fl}inr5 tk
q}iokl dkbtna}n fl}inr aorqokqnr0 2/ dworqd h}nk gdqd}lhdkdoana dkq}d jlr
Sgyjti Qnmtjn}dr y Nktjn}dr* admoal n ~td rd mnrn dk tkn s}drtslrobok ad
22 Drsltdyr* bli+ sd}r+21 Xdorr* >?6=0 Rlql)Gdoi* >?78+
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>2
d}dbqn/ s}latbd tkn bt}vnqt}n dk jn jkdn idaon mnrnj* etkql blk djdvnbok ad jn
b}drqn sdq}lrn y adrvonbok vdkq}nj adj sjnkl adj fl}nidk ihkti* dk qnkql ~td
jn adfl}inbok lmjobtn* s}latbd nsjnrqniodkql adj mnrob}kdl* etkql blk
ads}drok ad jn b}drqn sdq}lrn y adrsjnuniodkql al}rnj adj sjnkl adj fl}nidk
ihkti+
IbKdojj y Kdxqlk 13 }dnjoun}lk tkn blisn}nbok dkq}d b}kdlr rok
adfl}inbok* blk b}kdlr adfl}inalr nkqd}lslrqd}ol} 'qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr/ y
bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr 'nktjn}dr lmjobtlr/+ Jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr rthod}dk ~td
jnr ilaofobnbolkdr adj kdt}lb}kdl s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+ s}latbdk vn}onbolkdr
dk dj h}nal ad adfl}inbok adj mnrob}kdl+ Qnimok rd lmrd}vn ~td dk nimlrqoslr ad adfl}inbolkdr gny djdvnbok adj s}lbdrl l}moqnj adj f}lkqnj y ad jn
b}drqn sdq}lrn adj qdisl}nj* tkn }drq}obbok ad jn }lqnbok kl}inj gnbon nmnel
adj fl}nidk ihkti y tk nsjnrqniodkql adj mnrob}kdl idaol rnhoqnj+
Nkqk 1> * lmrd}vn ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr nkqd}lslrqd}ol}dr 'qnmtjn}dr
sn}n Oimdjjlko1=/ s}latbdk dkrnkbgniodkql adj kdt}lb}kdl* blkblioqnkqd blk
dkrnkbgniodkql ad jn bn}n* blk tk b}dboiodkql naobolknj ad jn inyl}n ad jnr
}dholkdr jnqd}njdr* etkql blk dwsnkrok jnqd}nj y ntidkql ad jn nkhtjnbok ad jn
mnrd b}nkdnj* dk qnkql ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr 'nktjn}dr rdhk
Oimdjjlko 12 /* }drtjqnk dk tk nkhlrqniodkql adj kdt}lb}kdl y ad jn bn}n*
blketkqnidkqd blk tk nkhlrqniodkql idaoljnqd}nj y djlkhnbok nkqd}lslrqd}ol}
ad jn mnrd b}nkdnj11+
Blbojlvl 14 blisn} b}kdlr qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr blk kl adfl}inalr
s}lvdkodkqdr ad bdidkqd}olr tmobnalr dk jnr bd}bnknr ad jn jlbnjoana ad
Q}djdx* N}hdkqokn* jl ~td aol blil }drtjqnal tk dfdbql rohkofobnqovl ad jn A+B+O+
rlm}d jnr vn}onmjdr iq}obnr b}nkdnjdr* dws}drnanr dk tk nbl}qniodkql
13 IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?641> Nkqk* >?7?* >??1+1= Oimdjjlko* >?=4+12 Oimdjjlko* ls+ boq+11 Nkqk* >?7?0 dk Jodmd}inkk dq nj+* =333+14 Blbojlvl* >?82+
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>1
nkqd}lslrqd}ol}* ntidkql ad jn njqt}n y nkbgl ad jn mvdan* blkrqnkbon ad jn
bnsnboana b}nkdnkn* ilaofobnbolkdr dk dj nkbgl adj mnrob}kdl y
ilaofobnbolkdr dk dj drsjnbklb}kdl+
Dk >?84* drqd ioril ntql} }dnjou nkjoror blk inqd}onjdr ad
Sntbn}bnkbgn 'Sd}/* lmrd}vnkal ~td dj dfdbql ad jn adfl}inbok bo}btjn}
d}dbqn rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn d}n drbnrn* dkblkq}nkal aofd}dkbonr
rljnidkqd dk jn bt}vn gl}oulkqnj y jlkhoqta iwoin16+
Dk >?7=* Blbojlvl18 nknjou dj dfdbql ad jn adfl}inbok bo}btjn} dk dj
inqd}onj ad Il}}l ad N}obn* lmrd}vnkal tk rdvd}l dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ dws}drnal
dk jn aorioktbok dk jlkhoqta ad okolk* aorioktbok adj nkbgl iwoil dokb}didkql adj aoidq}l monrq}obl* njqd}nbolkdr adj b}dboiodkql kl}inj adj
drsjnbklb}kdl* s}okbosnjidkqd n kovdj ad jnr jlkhoqtadr y njqt}nr* yn ~td jlr
b}kdlr adfl}inalr s}drdkqnk dj }lrq}l* jn }moqn y kn}ou ir njqlr* etkql blk
idkl} adrn}}ljjl jlkhoqtaoknj adj snjnan} y sl}bok inwojlnjvdljn}+ Blbojlvl dq
nj+17 }dnjoun}lk drqtaolr dk Rnk Sda}l ad Nqnbnin* staodkal drqnmjdbd} }dnjdr
aofd}dkbonr dkq}d okaovoatlr kl}injdr y adfl}inalr qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr y lmjobtlr
y bo}btjn}dr d}dbqlr y lmjobtlr+
]dbodkqdidkqd rd gnk adrn}}ljjnal okvdrqohnbolkdr dk alkad rd nsjobn
Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn dk jlr nkjoror }djnqovlr nj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ dk jn
il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+ F}od y Iobgdj Mnyjnb1? }dnjoun}lk nkjoror adj blkql}kl ad
b}kdlr blk adfl}inbolkdr 'Nkjoror ad Flt}od} ad blkql}klr ad S}lbtrql
njokdnalr/ dk bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr sd}tnknr+ Jlr }drtjqnalr blkfo}ink
~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr l nktjn}dr itdrq}nk ilaofobnbolkdr dk
jn }dhok mnrolbbosoqnj* etkql blk tk okb}didkql ad jn s}lydbbok fnbonj nkqd}ol} d
okfd}ol}+ Qnimok rd lmrd}vn* blisn}nal blk jn ilaofobnbok fnbonj* idkl}
h}nal ad drq}dbgdu dk jn }dhok mnrolbbosoqnj+ Drqlr ntql}dr kl adrbn}qnk ~td
16 Blbojlvl* >?84+18 Blbojlvl* >?7=+17 Blbojlvl y Unvnqqod}o* ds+ dk Blbojlvl* >??1+1? F}od y Iobgdj Mnyjnb* ls+ boq+
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>4
njhtknr ilaofobnbolkdr stdank drqn} }djnbolknanr blk jlr }nrhlr il}fljhoblr
s}lsolr ad jn slmjnbok tqojounan dk dj nkjoror+
Blbojlvl43 nfo}in ~td drqnmjdbd} tkn rkqdror }drsdbql adj dfdbql ad jn
A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn kl dr tkn qn}dn fboj gnrqn dj ilidkql*
rlm}d qlal blil rd ns}dbon dk jn bn}nbqd}ounbok y qosljlhn ad jnr
adfl}inbolkdr+ Rok dimn}hl* nbdsqn ~td rd stdadk }dnjoun} njhtknr
okfd}dkbonr nj }drsdbql+ Nr dr blil rokqdqoun dj dfdbql ad jlr aofd}dkqdr qoslr ad
adfl}inbolkdr 'disjdnkal jn bjnrofobnbok ad Oimdjjlko/ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn
bnjvn}on+ Drqd ntql} rthod}d ~td* dk hdkd}nj* jn A+B+O+ slrdd tk dfdbql
blkrsobtl dk hjnmdjn* v}qdw* okbjoknbok adj f}lkqnj* njqt}n ad jn mvdan*s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* sd}foj b}nkdnkl y sl} jn s}drdkbon ad
sjnholbdfnjon4>+
Jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ~td Blbojlvl lmrd}vn dkq}d jnr btnq}l vn}odanadr
bjrobnr b}dnanr sl} Oimdjjlko* etkql blk jn vn}onkqd kl adfl}inal rlk5
>+ Bo}btjn} D}dbqn B+D+5 adrn}}ljjl hjnmdjn} 'idkl} ~td B+L+/* v}qdw
s}liokdkqd* mvdanr njqnr* in}bnan s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn*
sd}foj b}nkdnkl lvload* idkl} b}dboiodkql }djnqovl ad jlr n}blr
uohliqoblr* qninl qlqnj kl}inj adj b}kdl* b}kdlr jovonklr+
=+ Bo}btjn} Lmjobtn B+L+5 adrn}}ljjl hjnmdjn}* v}qdw s}liokdkqd* inyl}
okbjoknbok adj f}lkqnj* sd}foj b}nkdnkl lvload* idkl} b}dboiodkql }djnqovl
ad jlr n}blr uohliqoblr* b}kdlr h}nkadr+
2+ Kl Adfl}inalr K+A+5 mnen s}lsl}bok ad hjnmdjnr s}liokdkqdr*
S}lqtmd}nkbon dwqd}kn rtnvd+
1+ Qnmtjn} D}dbqn Q+D+5 in}bnan s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* rok sd}foj
b}nkdnkl bn}nbqd}rqobl* s}drdkbon ad sjnholbdfnjon* idkl} s}lsl}bok ad
}djodvdr ftd}qdr* adrn}}ljjl idaol adj sjnkl ktbnj* qninl qlqnj kl}inj
adj b}kdl+
43 Blbojlvl* >??1+4> Blbojlvl* ls+ boq+* s+ >3?
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>6
4+ Qnmtjn} Lmjobtn Q+L+5 mvdanr mnenr* rok sd}foj b}nkdnkl bn}nbqd}rqobl*
s}drdkbon ad sjnholbdfnjon* rtnvd adrn}}ljjl adj sjnkl ktbnj* b}kdlr
jovonklr+
Lq}l stkql ~td admd idkbolkn}rd dr ~td drqd ntql} lmrd}vn dk rt
okvdrqohnbok ~td njhtklr }nrhlr nrlbonalr blk jn adfl}inbok n}qofobonj rd
aorq}omtydk aofd}dkbonjidkqd blk }drsdbql nj rdwl 'ls+ boq+* s+ >84/+
Ink}~tdu dq nj+4=* tqojounkal nkjoror il}fliq}obl hdliq}obl* }dnjoun}lk tk
drqtaol blisn}nqovl dkq}d b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr y blk A+B+O+ dkq}d jn
slmjnbok ad Il}}l ad N}obn y Sornhtn+ Jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr ank btdkqn ad~td dworqd tkn bjn}n rdsn}nbok dkq}d nimlr h}tslr* }dfjdenal s}okbosnjidkqd
dk dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in 'vd} hjlrn}ol* nkdwl 6/*
nrlbonan blk vn}onbolkdr dk jn dwsnkrok knrnj* inwojn} y sn}odqnj y sl} jn
drq}dbgdu ad jn ulkn lbbosoqnj+ Dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id* okbjtoal dk dj nkjoror*
anmn btdkqn ad jnr vn}onbolkdr dk jn okbjoknbok adj kdt}lb}kdl* ~td rdsn}nmn
b}kdlr lmjobtlr ad d}dbqlr+ Jn vn}onmjd qninl adj bdkq}load kl ftd
rohkofobnqovn+ Jn okfjtdkbon ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id ad
vn}onbok ad jn fl}in* an btdkqn ad tk okb}didkql ad jn drq}dbgdu n jl jn}hl adj
ded vdkq}l)al}rnj dk jn ao}dbbok QD QL ND NL+ Dj dfdbql ad jn
adfl}inbok nktjn} ~tdan }dfjdenal sl} tk klql}ol njokdniodkql ad jlr
jnkain}`r 'goqlr nknqioblr tqojounalr dk dj nkjoror0 vd} hjlrn}ol* nkdwl 6/
tmobnalr dk jn }dhok fnbonj n jl jn}hl ad drqd ded+ Jn adfl}inbok qnmtjn} rd
nrlbon blk tk dfdbql roiojn}* sd}l idklr in}bnal+ Jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ad jn
il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn dwsjobnan sl} dj blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id l jlbnjounal rd
}dfjdenk dk jn blkq}nbbok ad jn mvdan* jn dwsnkrok jnqd}nj adj s}lbdrl
uohliqobl y drfdkloadr+ Dj blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id* rok dimn}hl kl slrdd dj
ioril h}nal dwsjobnql}ol dk blisn}nbok blk dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id+
Ro modk drqnr okvdrqohnbolkdr itdrq}nk bjn}nidkqd jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ~td
rtf}d dj kdt}lb}kdl sl} dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+* nk dworqd admnqd rlm}d dj dfdbql
4= Ink}~tdu dq nj+* ir+
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>8
~td drqn s}bqobn slrdd rlm}d dj drsjnbklb}kdl+ Blbojlvl 42 * lmrd}v ~td
dworqdk bod}qnr ulknr dk dj drsjnbklb}kdl ~td kl rtf}dk njqd}nbok s}latbql
ad jn A+B+O+* drqnmjdbodkal 6 idaoanr sn}n jn drqoinbok adj aoil}foril rdwtnj*
dvdkqtnjidkqd kl nfdbqnanr sl} jn ABO* 'nkbgl f}lkqnj ikoil* nkbgl
mouohliqobl* njqt}n knrnj* njqt}n l}moqnj* nkbgl l}moqnj* nkbgl snjnqnj/+ Rok
dimn}hl* aofd}dkqdr ntql}dr gnk stdrql n s}tdmn drqn nfo}inbok 41+ ]glad44*
strl n s}tdmn aodu ad jnr idaoanr rthd}oanr sl} Blbojlvl46* rtstdrqnidkqd
oknjqd}nanr sl} jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+* dk tkn bljdbbok ad b}kdlr
sd}qdkdbodkqdr nj Vnjjd ad Nunsn+ Rtr }drtjqnalr aod}lk btdkqn ~td dworqd tk
dfdbql rohkofobnqovl ad jn A+B+O+ dk rdor ad jnr aodu idaoanr stdrqnr n s}tdmn*}dftqnkal* dkqlkbdr* jlr sjnkqdniodkqlr ad Blbojlvl+
=+>+>+4+ Dfdbqlr ad jn ABO rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj
Sn}n nknjoun} dk s}lftkaoana dj dfdbql ad A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on* jnr
okvdrqohnbolkdr admod}lk blkbdkq}n}rd dk blklbd} ~t vn}onmjdr moljhobnr
nbqnk kl}injidkqd rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn kl}inj y ~t dfdbqlr
s}latbdk* blk dj fok ad lmrd}vn} ro drqnr vn}onmjdr rd vdnk nfdbqnanr sl} jn
A+B+O+ y ad ~t inkd}n+ Dkq}d djjnr foht}nk jn dws}drok il}fljhobn adj
aoil}foril rdwtnj* jlr bnimolr il}fljhoblr lbt}}oalr at}nkqd jn lkqlhdkon adj
okaovoatl y jnr vn}onbolkdr ad jnr f}dbtdkbonr ad }nrhlr aorb}dqlr* dkq}d lq}lr+
Blklbodkal jlr dfdbqlr ad bnan tkl ad drqlr fnbql}dr rlm}d jn il}fljlhn
bnjvn}on* qnkql dk b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr blil dk adfl}inalr* rd}n slromjd
nknjoun} jlr dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on*
okadsdkaodkqdidkqd ad drqlr fnbql}dr* nadir ad nknjoun} jlr dfdbqlr ad jn
A+B+O+ rlm}d djjlr48+
42 Blbojlvl* >?84+41 Nkqlk* >?7?0 Bgdvd}ta dq nj* >??=0 @lgk dq nj+* >??20 ]glad* =33>* =33=44 ]glad* =33>* =33=+46 Blbojlvl* >?84+48 Blbojlvl* >?84+
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>7
Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dr dj fnbql} ad okqd}r dk jn s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok y
rd} adfokoal blil jnr aofd}dkbonr il}fljhobnr* foroljhobnr* mol~tiobnr y ad
blisl}qniodkql ad inbglr y gdim}nr ad tkn iorin drsdbod 'Stbbon}djjo dq nj+*
>??6/+ Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj yn drq s}drdkqd adrad jlr drqnalr qdis}nklr adj
adrn}}ljjl dim}olkn}ol* blk jn blkrqoqtbok hlknanj aofd}dkbonj adqd}ioknan sl}
jlr b}lilrlinr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr* sl} jl ~td rd stdad nfo}in} ~td dk
inifd}lr y lq}lr vd}qdm}nalr* dj aoil}foril rdwtnj n kovdj b}lilriobl rd
blisl}qn blil tkn vn}onmjd aorb}dqn 'dk okaovoatlr kl}injdr* rok njqd}nbolkdr
b}lilriobnr/* rok tkn h}nanbok dkq}d WW y W_+ Dk blkq}nrqd blk jl nkqd}ol}*
jn dws}drok ad jlr bn}nbqd}dr rdwtnjdr rdbtkan}olr adj aoil}foril rdwtnj* rdblisl}qn blil tkn vn}onmjd blkqoktn* dworqodkal tkn h}naodkqd dkq}d jnr
aofd}dkqdr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ad aovd}rn kaljd ad dws}drok ad drqd fdkidkl
'}lmtrqoboana* blkbdkq}nbok ad gl}ilknr rdwtnjdr dk jn rnkh}d* drqnqt}n*
aorq}omtbok ad jn sojlroana* qoim}d ad jn vlu* dqb+/+ Nj nknjoun} dj aoil}foril
rdwtnj dk tkn slmjnbok n sn}qo} ad btnj~tod} okaobnal}* rqd rd aorq}omtyd
moilanjidkqd* dk alkad dj h}nal dj aoil}foril rdwtnj adfoko} jn ulkn ad
rlm}dslrobok dkq}d nimlr rdwlr5 iodkq}nr dworqn inyl} h}nal ad aoil}foril
rdwtnj dkq}d glim}dr y ited}dr* idkl} rd} jn ulkn ad rlm}dslrobok dkq}d
h}tslr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr y vobdvd}rn47+
Njhtknr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ~td s}drdkqnk aoil}foril rdwtnj dk
gtinklr rlk jn drqnqt}n* jn vdjjlroana y jn }lmtrqoboana* dkq}d lq}nr+
Dj drqtaol adj aoil}foril rdwtnj rlm}d dj dr~tdjdql gtinkl blidku n
s}okbosolr adj rohjl WW* blk jlr q}nmnelr solkd}lr ad Njdr G}ajo`n* ~todk ftd dj
s}oid}l dk rthd}o} dj drqtaol ad jnr vn}onmjdr il}fljhobnr dr~tdjdqnjdr adrad
tkn sd}rsdbqovn lrqdliq}obn sn}n jn adqd}ioknbok adj rdwl* drqtaol ~td ftd
jjdvnal n bnml btn}dkqn nlr adrstr blk inqd}onjdr ad Bnsda Bljlt}da*
D+D+T+T+4?+
47 Xgoqd* >??>+4? @ddk* >?43
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>?
]dbodkqdidkqd* No}qlk y Rdh}d 63 * nknjoun}lk dj }dn adj s}lbdrl
inrqloadr dkq}d b}kdlr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr* drqtaonkal dj }dn
blis}dkaoan dkq}d q}dr stkqlr b}nkdliq}oblr naynbdkqdr n drqd goql
nknqiobl+ Jlr }drtjqnalr aod}lk btdkqn ad aofd}dkbonr drqnarqobnidkqd
rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d nimlr rdwlr+
Dk Ni}obn jnqokn rd gnk }dnjounal njhtklr q}nmnelr* adrqnbnkal jn jnml}
gdbgn sl} okvdrqohnal}dr n}hdkqoklr6>+ Dk ktdrq}l snr adrqnbnk jlr q}nmnelr
}dnjounalr sl} Blbojlvl 6= sn}n slmjnbolkdr adj kl}qd ad ktdrq}l snr+ Drqd
ntql}* dkq}d jlr nlr >?82 y >?7> nknjou dj dfdbql ~td slrdd jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj
aoil}foril rdwtnj dk slmjnbolkdr adj kl}qd ad Bgojd* jn Snqnhlkon y dj Sd}+Dk jn nbqtnjoana* h}nbonr n jn okklvnbok idqlaljhobn m}okanan sl} jn
Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn* rd gnk }dnjounal ktdvnr okvdrqohnbolkdr dk ql}kl nj
aoil}foril rdwtnj dk slmjnbolkdr gtinknr+ ]lrnr y Mnrqo}62 nknjoun}lk jn
}djnbok dworqdkqd dkq}d njlidq}n y aoil}foril rdwtnj dk dj blisjdel
b}nkdlfnbonj* tqojounkal iqlalr ad Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn ad q}dr
aoidkrolkdr+ Drqlr okvdrqohnal}dr nfo}ink gnmd} dkblkq}nal aofd}dkbonr
rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d nimlr rdwlr qnkql dk dj qninl 'inyl} dk dj inrbtjokl/
blil dk jn fl}in 'inyl} drsnbol knrlfn}khdl* inyl}dr okrd}bolkdr
itrbtjn}dr dk rdwl inrbtjokl/* jl ~td rthod}d ~td dj aoil}foril rdwtnj nfdbqn
jn fl}in adj blisjdel b}nkdlfnbonj* ntidkqnkal jnr vn}onmjdr nbqtnjidkqd
aorslkomjdr dk Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn sn}n drqnmjdbd} dj h}nal ad aoil}foril dkq}d
nimlr rdwlr+
Jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ~td ank btdkqn adj aoil}foril rdwtnj }dbomdk
okfjtdkbonr ad vn}onmjdr qnkql hdkqobnr blil nimodkqnjdr ~td* dk blketkql*
q}ndk blil blkrdbtdkbon vn}onbolkdr dk dj h}nal ad aoil}foril rdwtnj+
63 No}qlk y Rdh}d* =3326> Md}}y* >?680 Stbbon}djjo* >?8=0 Blbojlvl >?82* >?84* >?870 Sd}oulkotr* >?8?0 Fokkdhnk y
In}bro`* >?8?0 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=0 Blbojlvl y Mnffo* >?740 Lrrdimd}h* >?78* dk Blbojlvl*
>??6+6= Blbojlvl* >?82* >?84* >?87* >??40 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=62 ]lrnr y Mnrqo}* =33=
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=3
Qnimok rd gn blkrqnqnal ~td aovd}rnr vn}onmjdr nimodkqnjdr johnanr n
njqd}nbolkdr ad jnr blkaobolkdr ad rnjta s}latbdk aorioktbok adj h}nal ad
aoil}foril rdwtnj n dwsdkrnr adj rdwl inrbtjokl* ~todkdr aoioktydk rt sdrl*
qnjjn y }lmtrqdu61+ Drqnr dvoadkbonr rthod}dk ~td jnr slmjnbolkdr inrbtjoknr
rlk ir rdkromjdr n jnr vn}onbolkdr nimodkqnjdr* dk qnkql ~td dj rdwl fdidkokl
s}drdkqn inyl} }drorqdkbon frobn n jlr bnimolr nimodkqnjdr navd}rlr+
Stbbon}djjo 64 s}lslkd ~td jlr dfdbqlr s}lvlbnalr sl} jn adrktq}obok dk
slmjnbolkdr inrbtjoknr s}latbd aorftkbok hlknanj* blk jn blkrdbtdkqd
aorioktbok adj nsl}qd ad qdrqlrqd}lkn+ Qnimok rthod}d ~td dworqdk alr
sd}lalr ad nsn}obok ad jlr bn}nbqd}dr rdwtnjdr rdbtkan}olr5 tkl qdis}nkl* djbtnj nsn}dbd dk jn dqnsn s}dstmd}nj* lmrd}vnal dk dj sd}idq}l bdfjobl y lq}l
qn}al* ~td rd inkofodrqn dk jn dqnsn stmd}nj* lmrd}vnal n sn}qo} adj ntidkql
adj sdrl* ad jn qnjjn y jn }lmtrqdu ad jlr drsdboidkdr inrbtjoklr dk
blisn}nbok blk jlr fdidkoklr+
Dk blkqdwqlr n}~tdljhoblr* dj aoil}foril rdwtnj rd gn tqojounal blil
okaobnal} ad drq}r nimodkqnj66+
61 Gnjj* >?870 Rqoko* >?7=* >?740 Gtrr)Nrgil}d dq nj+* >?7=0 Rqokrlk* >?740 Stbbon}djjo dq nj+*
>??6* dk Blbojlvl >??6+64 Stbbon}djjo* >??6+66 Blbojlvl* >??1
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=>
=+= LMEDQOVLR
=+=+> LMEDQOVL HDKD]NJ5
Drqtaon} dj dfdbql ad jn ABO rlm}d jn dws}drok il}fljhobn bnjvn}on admoan nj
aoil}foril rdwtnj* dk slmjnbok bgojdkn nbqtnj y s}dgorskobn+
=+=+= LMEDQOVLR DRSDBFOBLR5
Blkrq}to} insnr ad gliljlhnr sn}n anqlr ad goqlr dk =A dk vorqnr f}lkqnjdr y
jnqd}njdr ou~tod}anr+
Drqoin} dj rdwl ad bnan drsdboidk dk dj slrqb}kdl blk vn}onmjdr kl iq}obnr*
'blkq}lj ad drqoinbok b}nkdnkn adj rdwl/+
Bjnrofobn} jn itdrq}n sl} A+B+O+ 'L+ Drsltdyr sn}n Sobn 7 y R+ ^tdvdal sn}n
Sornhtn/+
Drqnmjdbd} jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ir blkrsobtnr ~td aofd}dkbonkb}kdlr fdidkoklr ad inrbtjoklr* qnkql dk jn bljdbbok kl adfl}inan* blil dk
bljdbbolkdr blk A+B+O+
Nknjoun} dj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+
Bn}nbqd}oun} jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} jn A+B+O+
Nknjoun} drqnarqobnidkqd jlr dvdkqtnjdr dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn dws}drok
bnjvn}on adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+
Slkd} dk vnjl} jnr bljdbbolkdr tqojounanr dk drqd drqtaol+
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==
=+2 GOSQDROR
=+2+> GOSQDROR DRQNARQOBNR5
G35 Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl nfdbqn rohkofobnqovnidkqd jn
dws}drok bnjvn}on adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+
G>5 Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj ded}bd tk dfdbql drqnarqobnidkqdrohkofobnqovl rlm}d jn dws}drok b}nkdnj adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+
=+2+= GOSQDROR MOLJHOBNR5
G35 Jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr ~td s}drdkqnk jlr b}kdlr rlidqoalr n
adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj rlk okadsdkaodkqdr }drsdbql ad jnr
vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+
Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl nfdbqn jn drqoinbok adj
aoil}foril rdwtnj dk b}kdlr+ 'GOSLQDROR AD JN OKQ]NRBDADKBON AD JN
ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ DK JN DRQOINBOK AD RDWL
DK OKAOVOATLR/+
G>5 Jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr bnjvn}onr admoanr nj aoil}foril rdwtnj rlk
adsdkaodkqdr ad jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} jn s}bqobn ad ABOJn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj bntrn tk rdrhl dk jn drqoinbok
adj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk b}kdlr+ 'GOSQDROR ADJ DFDBQL NBQOVL AD JN
ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ DK JN DRQOINBOK AD RDWL
DK OKAOVOATLR/+
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=2
=+2+2 S]DAOBBOLKDR AD]OVNANR AD JNR GOSQDROR
Ro G3 dr vd}anad}n* dkqlkbdr* jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr ~td dwsd}oidkqdk
jlr b}kdlr rlidqoalr n adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl njqd}n}k
rohkofobnqovnidkqd jlr goqlr y }dholkdr nknqiobnr ~td rlk ad blkrdkrl dk jn
s}bqobn ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn sn}n drqoin} dj rdwl ad jlr okaovoatlr+
2+ INQD]ONJ _ IQLALR
2+>+ BLISLROBOK AD JN ITDRQ]N
Jn itdrq}n drqtvl blistdrqn sl} tk qlqnj ad >2> b}kdlr 'k9>2>/+ Rd
dwniokn}lk 24 b}kdlr adj roqol Sobn 7* 14 b}kdlr s}lvdkodkqdr ad jlr roqolr N*
B* A* y G ad Sornhtn y 4> b}kdlr s}lvdkodkqdr ad jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol
Hdkd}nj68* ~td ftd tqojounal blil h}tsl blkq}lj sl} kl s}drdkqn} A+B+O+
_n ~td kl qlalr jlr b}kdlr staod}lk rd} flqlh}nfonalr n sn}qo} ad jnr
alr vorqnr s}okbosnjdr* 'f}lkqnj y jnqd}nj ou~tod}an/* admoal nj drqnal ad
f}nhidkqnbok ad djjlr sn}n drqnr vorqnr* jlr vnjl}dr qlqnjdr sl} vorqn aofod}dk dk
njhtklr bnrlr+ Jn qnmjn OOO }drtid dj kid}l ad vorqnr flqlh}nfonanr sn}n bnan
rdwl dk drqnr slmjnbolkdr y jlr qlqnjdr ad vorqnr sl} rdwl y jnal+
QNMJN OOO+ Kid}l ad vorqnr flqlh}nfonalr sn}n bnan slmjnbok rdhk rdwl drqoinal+
ITDRQ]N F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ QLQNJRDWL F I F I F}lkqnj Jnqd}nj
Bdi+ H}nj == =2 =1 =8 14 4>
Sobn 7 =2 >2 => >1 26 24
Sornhtn >8 =? >7 =8 16 14
Qlqnj 6= 64 62 67 >=8 >2>
68 Jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj slrdd tklr klvdbodkqlr okaovoatlr+
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=1
2+=+ ITDRQ]N BDIDKQD]OL HDKD]NJ5Jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj bl}}drslkad n tkn alknbok sl} sn}qd ad drqd
l}hnkoril n jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd* ad tkn bnkqoana ns}lwoinan ad ?33
dr~tdjdqlr 'k?33/* sd}qdkdbodkqdr n blkqdwqlr rtmnbqtnjdr+ Drqn bljdbbok ftd
dwbnvnan dk alr dqnsnr at}nkqd jn abnan ad >?83 y ftd foknkbonal sl} dj
s}lydbql FLKADB_Q K+>3=7)?>+
Jn bljdbbok drq }ds}drdkqnan s}okbosnjidkqd sl} okaovoatlr ad drq}nql
rlboldblkiobl idaol y mnel ~td gnmoqn}lk jn ]dhok Idq}lsljoqnkn y ~tdit}od}lk at}nkqd jn abnan ad >?43+ Drqn slmjnbok rd} blkroad}nan dk jn
itdrq}n blil h}tsl blkq}lj admoal n ~td kl slrddk A+B+O+
Jn Qnmjn OV itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad nsdjjoalr adkq}l ad jn bljdbbok
~td s}drdkqn drqd qosl ad okfl}inbok+ Ad jlr dr~tdjdqlr lmrd}vnalr dk drqd
drqtaol* jn inyl}n '?1$/ s}drdkqn nsdjjoalr ad l}ohdk drsnlj* rdhtoal ity
slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} nsdjjoalr ad l}ohdk instbgd '2*7$/ y nsdjjoalr ad lq}nr
knbolknjoanadr '=*8$/+ Jl nkqd}ol} rthod}d ~td drqn slmjnbok stdad rd}
blkroad}nan }ds}drdkqnqovn ad bgojdklr idrqoulr* slromjdidkqd ad jn}hn anqn+
Ad drqn bljdbbok rd rdjdbbolkn}lk dr~tdjdqlr ~td slrdyd}nk rljnidkqd
nimlr nsdjjoalr drsnljdr* blk dj fok ad jlh}n} inyl} glilhdkdoana fdklqsobn
y ~td kl s}drdkqn}nk snqljlhnr b}nkdnknr+
Jn bljdbbok rd bn}nbqd}oun sl} s}drdkqn} h}nk bnkqoana ad n}q}lsnqnr d
okrd}bolkdr itrbtjn}dr in}bnanr* snqljlhnr ~td kl ftd}lk nqdkaoanr n sdrn}
ad jlr nvnkbdr dk rnjta ~td yn dworqnk dk drn slbn 'q}ntinqorilr blil
f}nbqt}nr ~td ad}ovn}lk n kdb}lror ad jn sodun nfdbqnan* bn}odr ad in}bnandwqdkrok* dkq}d lq}nr snqljlhnr/* s}drdkbon ad dwqdkrnr sjnbnr ad q}qn}l
adkqnj* nadir ad kl slblr bnrlr ad snqljlhnr bn}dkbonjdr '}n~toqoril y
lrqdlsl}lror s}okbosnjidkqd/0 sl} lq}n sn}qd* jn }dvorok ad jnr bntrnr ad itd}qd
ad itbglr ad drqlr okaovoatlr an btdkqn ad jn adfobodkbon njoidkqn}on ~td drqd
h}tsl slrdd 'oknkobok* `xnrgol}`l}* dkq}d lq}nr/+
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=4
Jl nkqd}ol} sd}ioqd rthd}o} ~td drqn slmjnbok rtf}o okqdkrl drq}r
nimodkqnj* bn}nbqd}ounal sl} dsorlaolr ad aorqokqnr okqdkroanadr sl} ads}ovnbok
njoidkqn}on* in}bnal drftd}ul frobl* mnel kovdj ad gohodkd* drbnrl nbbdrl n jn
rnjta* njqn dwslrobok s}okbosnjidkqd ad dkfd}idanadr okfdbbolrnr+
QNMJN OV+ Aorq}omtbok ad jlr Nsdjjoalr dk jn Bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj+
Rok Oa+ Instbgd Drsnlj Dwq}nked}l QLQNJ
K 123 >7 12? >2 ?33
$ 17 = 1? >*11 >33
Qlalr drqlr }drqlr rdlr rd dkbtdkq}nk adslroqnalr dk jlr jnml}nql}olr ad
nkq}lsljlhn frobn ad jn Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr ad jn Tkovd}roana ad
Bgojd y bl}}drslkadk s}okbosnjidkqd n okaovoatlr blisjdqlr dk drqnal
dr~tdjdqounal+
2+2+ ITDRQ]N SOBN 75
Dj Lnror ad Sobn rd tmobn dk jnr i}hdkdr l}odkqnjdr ad jn Snisn adj
Qnin}thnj* n jlr sodr ad jn s}d)bl}aojjd}n* n tkn njqt}n ad >+=33 idq}lr rlm}d dj
kovdj adj in}+ Dj bdidkqd}ol ad Sobn 7 rd jlbnjoun rlm}d tkn sjnkobod ad n}dkn
blk johd}l adbjovd ad drqd n ldrqd+
N sn}qo} ad drqd bdidkqd}ol rd adfokd dk s}oid}n okrqnkbon dj Blisjdel
Sobn)Qn}nsnb* sd}qdkdbodkqd nj sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al '>333 >133 a+ B+/
sl} jl ~td rt }djdvnkbon adkq}l adj blkqdwql ad jn n}~tdljlhn ad jn }dhok dr ad
rtin oisl}qnkbon+
Dj Blisjdel Sobn)Qn}nsnb rd blkroad}n blil tkn nh}tsnbok adrlbodanadr ad qosl rdl}lr l rlbodanadr ad }nkhl ~td gnmoqn}lk drqn }dhok
at}nkqd dj sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al '>333 >133 a+B+/* roiojn} n jnr
slmjnbolkdr adj Kl}qd H}nkad y dk hdkd}nj* ad jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l)Rt}67+ Drqlr
rdl}lr* dk qnkql rorqdinr rlbonjdr* sd}rdhto}nk tk okqd}r mrobl adj glim}d
67 Kdu >?860 Kdu y Aojjdgny >??40 Rbgonssnbnrrd dq nj+ >?7?
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=6
nkaokl* bl}}drslkaodkqd n jn ntqlrtfobodkbon l rtrqdkqnmojoana rlbonj y
dblkiobn* rlsl}qnan rlm}d blisjdenr drq}tbqt}nr rlbonjdr y }dfoknalr
idbnkorilr ad dbl)blisjdidkqn}odana d okqd}nbbok qkobn6?+
Drqd roqol dvoadkbon kovdjdr ad ed}n}~tounbok dkq}d jlr slmjnal}dr adj
Blisjdel Sobn)Qn}nsnb* etkql blk jn nroidq}n dk jn }daorq}omtbok ad jlr
}dbt}rlr y lmedqlr* nr blil drsdbonjounbok ad jnr nbqovoanadr83+
N dwbdsbok ad tkn }dvorok snjdlsnqljhobn }dnjounan sl} Itkounhn8> y
ad tk okfl}id ad q}nmnel s}drdkqnal }dbodkqdidkqd 8= * kl dworqd okfl}inbok
molnkq}lsljhobn rlm}d drqn bljdbbok* sl} jl ~td dr rtinidkqd oisl}qnkqd
sn}n jn n}~tdljlhn ad drqn ulkn dj drqtaol ad djjn* sl} rd} nadir* jn ~tdadfokd btjqt}njidkqd tk Blisjdel Btjqt}nj+
Drqn bljdbbok rd dkbtdkq}n s}lvorl}onidkqd tmobnan dk jlr jnml}nql}olr
ad jn Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr ad jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd+ Dj qlqnj ad jn
bljdbbok drq blkqnmojounal dk >33 okaovoatlr* ad jlr btnjdr 86 rd dkbtdkq}nk
dr~tdjdqlkounalr* dk qnkql ~td dj }drql rd dkbtdkq}n dk drqnal ad
iliofobnbok+
Blk }drsdbql n jn A+B+O+ s}drdkqd dk drqn slmjnbok* Lrbn} Drsltdyr
'OKFL]ID FLKADB_Q >323?=2/ lmrd}vn ~td jn inyl} sn}qd ad drnr
adfl}inbolkdr blis}dkad nj rdwl fdidkokl '64*=>$/* iodkq}nr ~td dkq}d jlr
glim}dr s}dalioknk jlr kl adfl}inalr* ntk~td njhtklr rlm}drnjdk sl} rt
adfl}inbok qnmtjn} y bo}btjn} d}dbqnr+ ]drsdbql ad drqlr jqoilr* jnr
adfl}inbolkdr bo}btjn}dr rd}nk nqsobnr* ir modk vokbtjnanr n jn blrqn ad
N}obn y Sornhtn* ir l idklr glilhkdnr dkq}d glim}dr y ited}dr+
Jn Qnmjn OV itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok rdhk rdwl ad jnr adfl}inbolkdr
b}nkdnknr ad drqn slmjnbok82+
6? Kdu y Aojjdgny >??40 It}}n >?8= y >?8783 Kdu* >?728> Itkounhn* >?81n8= ]dqninj y Snbgdbl* =33182 Drsltdyr* bli+ sd}r+
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=8
QNMJN OV+ Aorq}omtbok rdhk dj rdwl ad jnr adfl}inbolkdr b}nkdnknr sl}
vorqn dk Sobn 7 'BD5 Bo}btjn} D}dbql* BL5 Bo}btjn} Lmjobtl* KA5 Kl
Adfl}inal* QD5 Qnmtjn} D}dbql* QL5 Qnmtjn} Lmjobtl/+
F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ
SOBN 7 Fdi Inrb Fdi Inrb
BD > = > =
BL 3 = 3 =
KA 2 4 = 4
QD 1 2 1 2
QL >4 > >1 =
QLQNJ =2 >2 => >1
2+1+ ITDRQ]N SORNHTN5
Dk jnr bd}bnknr ad jn jlbnjoana ad Sornhtn ftd}lk dwbnvnalr dk >?>2 sl} Inw
Tgjd* btnq}l bdidkqd}olr s}dgorskoblr bl}}drslkaodkqdr n q}dr sd}lalr
btjqt}njdr5 >/ Fl}inqovl 'S}lqlknubn rdhk Tgjd 81 /* }ds}drdkqnal sl} dj
bdidkqd}ol A* narb}oql nj sd}lal rdionjadnkl '>333 nB+ nj 433 nB+/ ad
Itlu 84 sn}n jn blrqn* dk alkad* rd slrqtjn jn blkqoktoana ad jn q}naobok
blrqd}n gnrqn jn o}}tsbok adj sd}lal nh}bljn njadnkl0 =/ Sd}lal Idaol
'Qoxnkn`t rdhk Tgjd86/* }ds}drdkqnal sl} jlr bdidkqd}olr B y N0 y 2/ Sd}lal
Okqd}idaol Qn}al 'Sd}lal Nqnbnidl rdhk Tgjd 88 /* }ds}drdkqnal sl} dj
bdidkqd}ol G+
Jn itdrq}n qlqnj btdkqn blk >=3 dr~tdjdqlr '48 inrbtjoklr* 11
fdidkoklr y >? rtmnatjqlr* rdhk Blbojlvl 87 /+ Jn A+B+O+ s}drdkqd dk drqn
bljdbbok* vn}n* adrad dj qosl bo}btjn} s}drdkqd dk jnr slmjnbolkdr ir
81 Tgjd* >?>?m84 Itlu* >?8?86 Tgjd* ls+ boq+88 Tgjd* ls+ boq+87 Blbojlvl* >??1* s+woo+
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=7
qdis}nknr* gnrqn jnr adfl}inbolkdr ad qosl qnmtjn}* dk jnr slmjnbolkdr ir
qn}anr+
Drqlr bdidkqd}olr drqk }ds}drdkqnkal tkn slmjnbok ~td* n sdrn} ad
jlr bnimolr btjqt}njdr ~td rlrqtvod}lk adrad dj Sd}lal Fl}inqovl gnrqn dj
Sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al* inkqtvod}lk tkn dblklin mnrnan
ftkanidkqnjidkqd dk jn dwsjlqnbok ad jlr }dbt}rlr in}oklr* blisjdidkqnal
blk }dbt}rlr blkqokdkqnjdr+ Sl} drql ioril* sn}n Blbojlvl8?* drqn slmjnbok
s}drdkqn tk s}lbdrl jlbnj ad jdvd okb}didkql h}natnj adj sn}dkqdrbl n jl jn}hl
adj qodisl* ilad}nal sl} dj nsl}qd ioh}nql}ol+ Sl} lq}n sn}qd* T}omd73* rthod}d n
sn}qo} ad nkjoror bd}ioblr* ~td dworqd tk s}daliokol jlbnj f}dkqd jl fl}kdl*qnkql dk bdidkqd}olr ir qn}alr 'Sornhtn K/ blil qdis}nklr 'Sornhtn M/+
QNMJN V+ Aorq}omtbok Rdwtnj ad jnr Adfl}inbolkdr B}nkdnknr dk
Sornhtn 'bli+ sd}r+ Drsltdyr/+
F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ
SORNHTN Fdi Inrb Fdi Inrb
BD = 2 > =
BL 4 7 1 ?
KA = 8 2 8
QD 6 1 4 =
QL = 8 4 8
QLQNJ >8 =? >7 =8
8? Blbojlvl* >??1+73 T}omd* =332+
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Foht}n >5 Insn blk jn jlbnjounbok }djnqovn ad jlr roqolr drqtaonalr dk jn
s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok+
2+4+ IQLALR
At}nkqd yn q}dr rohjlr* jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn blil aorbosjokn bodkqfobn blk
bjn}nr mnrdr dk jn Moljlhn* rd gn okqd}drnal dk jn vn}onmojoana moljhobn ad jlr
rd}dr gtinklr* blk lmedqovlr mnrqnkqd bjn}lr 7> 5 dvljtbok* blisn}nbok*
bjnrofobnbok y dwsjobnbok ad jn aovd}roana moljhobn gtinkn0 jl ~td gn jjdvnal
n drqn aorbosjokn n qlin} ad jnr bodkbonr moljhobnr tkn h}nk bnkqoana adidqlaljlhnr* dkq}d djjnr jnr okvljtb}nanr blk jn adrb}osbok y nkjoror adj
qninl y jn fl}in ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr+
Jlr s}oid}lr drqtaolr }dnjounalr disjdnkal drqnr idqlaljlhnr rd
mnrnmnk s}okbosnjidkqd dk jn adrb}osbok ad rt lmedql ad drqtaol+ At}nkqd dj
7>Btvod}* >733+
=?
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23
rohjl WW* etkql blk jn okbl}sl}nbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr n jlr nkjoror
adrb}osqovlr* drqn bodkbon* etkql blk jn Moljlhn* bliodkun n dwsd}oidkqn} tkn
q}nkrobok adrad tk kovdj adrb}osqovl n tkl btnkqoqnqovl 7= + Jlr nkjoror
il}fljhoblr okbjtnk* nadir ad jnr adrb}osbolkdr ad jn fl}in* q}nqniodkqlr
drqnarqoblr blil dj bldfobodkqd ad bl}}djnbok ad Sdn}rlk 72 * dj nkjoror ad
vn}onkun 71 y dj nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr* ~td jd s}lvdnk }ohl}
bodkqfobl n jnr okvdrqohnbolkdr y bnsnboana s}daobqovn+ Rdhk Nanir dq nj+74* n
idaonalr adj rohjl WW* jn adrb}osbok btnkqoqnqovn ad jn fl}in moljhobn drqnmn
blimoknan blk nkjoror drqnarqoblr ~td adrb}omdk jlr snq}lkdr ad vn}onbok ad
jn fl}in* adkq}l y dkq}d h}tslr* ankal okobol nr n jn Il}flidq}n Bjrobn+Dk jn s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok* rd adfoko} il}flidq}n blil dj drqtaol ad
jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in y rt blvn}onbok blk lq}nr vn}onmjdr76+
Jn il}flidq}n bjrobn 78 * adrn}}ljjnan s}okbosnjidkqd at}nkqd dj rohjl
WW* blkrorqd ftkanidkqnjidkqd dk jn nsjobnbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr
itjqovn}onalr n tk rdq ad vn}onmjdr il}fljhobnr+ Jnr idaoanr jokdnjdr
'aorqnkbon dkq}d alr stkqlr adkq}l ad tk lmedql moljhobl/ rlk jnr vn}onmjdr ir
tqojounanr* ntk~td qnimok rd disjdnk khtjlr y }naolr+ Jlr nkjoror
drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr ir disjdnalr rlk jlr nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr
s}okbosnjdr* nkjoror ad vn}onmjdr bnkkobnr y nkjoror ad ftkbolkdr
aorb}oioknkqdr77+
Tkl ad jlr s}lmjdinr ftkanidkqnjdr ad jnr qbkobnr il}fliq}obnr
q}naobolknjdr dr jn adsdkadkbon dkq}d jn fl}in y dj qninl adj lmedql drqtaonal
'Mll`rqdok dq+ nj+* >??4/+ Sl} djjl* rd disjdn}lk fnbql}dr ad bl}}dbbok adj
qninl* blk dj fok ad aoriokto} dj dfdbql ~td rqd s}lvlbnmn dk jlr nkjoror+ Rok
7= }dv+ Mll`rqdok* >??772 Sdn}rlk* >7?471 Forgd}* >?2474 Nanir dq nj+* =33276 Mll`rqdok* >??>0 A}yadk nka In}aon* >??70 Nanir dq nj+* =33278 In}btr* >??30 ]dyidkq* >??>77 Nanir dq nj+* =332
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2>
dimn}hl dj trl ad alr fnbql}dr ad bl}}dbbok dk tk ioril nkjoror slank an}
}drtjqnalr ity aofd}dkqdr7?+
Sl} lq}n sn}qd* jn gliljlhn ad jnr aorqnkbonr jokdnjdr dr ity aofboj ad
s}dborn}* stdrql ~td kl rd disjdnk stkqlr glijlhlr* rokl ~td rd disjdnk
idaoanr ad aorqnkbonr dkq}d goqlr 'sl} dedisjl5 nkbglr ikoilr y iwoilr/*
~td }datbd n tkn rljn aoidkrok jn okfl}inbok il}fljhobn blkqdkoan dk jlr
lmedqlr moljhoblr ~td* sl} rt knqt}njdun* rlk ad q}dr aoidkrolkdr ?3+ Dr adbo}*
jnr qbkobnr ad nkjoror jokdnjdr kl ank btdkqn ad jn fl}in ad jlr lmedqlr
nknjounalr* nj blkqdisjn} dk rt drqtaol* aorqnkbonr dkq}d goqlr y kl jn hdlidq}n
~td dworqd dkq}d djjlr+ Nanir ?> dedisjofobn drql btnkal rd ioad dj jn}hl ynkbgl iwoil ad tkn hlqn ad nhtn blisn}nan blk tk vnjl* dk qnkql ~td jlr
alr lmedqlr stdadk qdkd} drqnr idaoanr ohtnjdr y rok dimn}hl* rd}
nmrljtqnidkqd aofd}dkqdr il}fljhobnidkqd+
Sl} jqoil* dj trl ad jnr qbkobnr ad il}flidq}n jokdnj kl sd}ioqd
hdkd}n} }ds}drdkqnbolkdr h}fobnr ad jn fl}in* admoal n ~td kl rd blkrd}vnk
jnr }djnbolkdr hdliq}obnr ad jlr lmedqlr nknjounalr+
N aofd}dkbon ad jn il}flidq}n jokdnj l bjrobn* jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn
'I+H+/ bnsqt}n jn fl}in hdliq}obn ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr* nadir ad drqn}
okbl}sl}nan blk nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr y ftkbolkdr ad vortnjounbok
ad jn vn}onbok ad jlr blislkdkqdr ad jn fl}in* ~td }dftd}unk jn bnsnboana
s}daobqovn ad jnr okvdrqohnbolkdr ~td tqojounk drqlr iqlalr+ Jn il}flidq}n
hdliq}obn rt}hd n foknjdr ad jlr nlr 73 blil tkn ktdvn inkd}n ad drqtaon}
jn vn}onbok il}fljhobn* blkroad}nkal jn hjlmnjoana ad jn fl}in+ Drqn aorbosjokn
ad}ovn ad jn rkqdror ad alr drbtdjnr5 sl} tkn sn}qd ad jn molidq}n ad @n}j
Sdn}rlk '>748)>?26/* F}nkbor Hnjqlk '>7==)>?>>/* X+ Xdjalk '>763)>?36/ y
]lknja Forgd} '>7?3)>?6=/* ~todkdr nsjobn}lk dj jhdm}n ad jn drqnarqobn
itjqovn}onkqd 's}okbosnjidkqd inq}obdr ad blvn}onkun/ n blketkqlr ad aorqnkbonr
7? Nanir dq nj+* ls+ boq+?3Ls+ boq+?>Ls+ boq+
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2=
n sn}qo} ad tkn itdrq}n ad okaovoatlr0 sl} lq}n sn}qd adj trl ad jn
}ds}drdkqnbok ad jn aofd}dkbon ad jn fl}in idaonkqd }deojjnr ad adfl}inbok
nrlbonan n AN}by Qglisrlk '>763)>?17/
Rd adfoko} il}flidq}n hdliq}obn 'I+H+/ blil dj nkjoror drqnarqobl ad
jn blvn}onkun dkq}d jn fl}in y jlr fnbql}dr bntrnjdr ~td jn ilaofobnk ?=+ Tkl ad
rtr s}okbosnjdr lmedqovlr dr jn adrb}osbok ad jn aovd}roana ad jlr lmedqlr
moljhoblr y jn mr~tdan ad dwsjobnbolkdr bntrnjdr n rt vn}onbok dk qninl y
fl}in?2+ Dk rdkqoal dwqdkrl* drqn ktdvn aorbosjokn moliq}obn rd lbtsn ad jlr
iqlalr ~td sd}ioqdk jn adrb}osbok* sn}qobok y nkjoror ad jn vn}onbok ad jn
fl}in dk slmjnbolkdr ad l}hnkorilr* okadsdkaodkqdidkqd ad jnr vn}onbolkdrad qninl y dk }djnbok n fnbql}dr qnjdr blil dj b}dboiodkql* dj q}nqniodkql
dwsd}oidkqnj y,l jn dvljtbok ad tk h}tsl fokoql ad l}hnkorilr ?1+
Jnr s}lsodanadr ad jn I+H+ ~td gnbdk ad djjn tkn gd}}niodkqn qoj sn}n
dj drqtaol ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in rlk5
Dj disjdl ad inq}obdr ad goqlr ad bll}adknanr blil anql s}oin}ol+
Jnr inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr }dbtsd}nk jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj
ad alr l q}dr aoidkrolkdr s}lson ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr5 goqlr
glijlhlr 'jnkain}`r/ blkqdkoalr dk inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr
mo l q}oaoidkrolknjdr* l modk* blkql}klr 'ltqjokdr/ adfokoalr sl}
rdbtdkbonr blkqoktnr ad baohlr l ad bll}adknanr+
Dk rdhtkal jthn}* dj nkjoror ad jnr blkfoht}nbolkdr ad drqlr goqlr
dwq}nd jnr aofd}dkbonr admoanr n drbnjn* }lqnbok y q}nrjnbok*
}dbtsd}nkal jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj blkqdkoan dk jnr drq}tbqt}nr n
blisn}n}+
Sl} jqoil* jnr qbkobnr ad IH sd}ioqdk jn }ds}drdkqnbok vortnj ad
jlr bnimolr ad jn fl}in dk rt rdkqoal hdliq}obl l}ohoknj* nr blil dj
nkjoror kti}obl y drqnarqobl ad aobglr bnimolr* ntidkqnkal
?= Mll`rqdok* >??>?2 Sohjotbbo y Rbgjobgqokh* >??7?1 ]lgjf & In}btr* >??2
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22
rohkofobnqovnidkqd dj vnjl} s}daobqovl ad jlr }drtjqnalr y jnr
blkbjtrolkdr n jlr ~td jjdhn dj okvdrqohnal}+
2+4+>+ Nkjoror ad goqlr nknqioblr l jnkain}`r
Dk I+H+ dworqdk alr qoslr ad nkjoror drqkan}5 jlr ~td nknjounk jlr blkql}klr l
sjnklr ad jnr fl}inr moljhobnr ad alr l q}dr aoidkrolkdr* blklboal blil
nkjoror ad ltqjokdr y jlr ~td nknjounk jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in n q}nvr ad
stkqlr l goqlr nknqioblr aorstdrqlr rlm}d jlr lmedqlr* blklboal blil
nkjoror ad jnkain`r l ad goqlr aorb}dqlr+ N blkqoktnbok rd dwsjobn} blk
inyl} adqnjjd drqn jqoin qbkobn+
>+ Anqlr S}oin}olr5
Dj nkjoror ad jnkain`r bliodkun blk dj }djdvniodkql adj anql s}oin}ol adj
lmedql moljhobl rlidqoal n drqtaol* dj btnj stdad rd} }dblhoal dk q}dr
aoidkrolkdr* l n q}nvr ad tkn oinhdk adj lmedql moljhobl* blil tkn
flqlh}nfn* tkn }naolh}nfn t lq}l qosl ad oinhdk+
Drqd dr tkl ad jlr stkqlr ir b}tbonjdr ~td rdsn}n jn il}flidq}n jokdnj'I+J+/ ad jn I+H+ Iodkq}nr jn I+J+ }dblhd jn idaoan ad jn aorqnkbon dkq}d alr
goqlr* jl ~td q}nd blil blkrdbtdkbon jn s}aoan ad jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj dkq}d
jnr idaoanr qlinanr* jn I+H+ }dbtsd}n drqn okfl}inbok adj lmedql nknjounal*
stdrql ~td dj goql l jnkain}` }djdvnal slrdd okfl}inbok qnkql dk dj ded w
blil dk y* sn}n alr aoidkrolkdr y dk jlr dedr w*y* u* sn}n q}dr aoidkrolkdr+
Tk blketkql ad drqlr goqlr blkfl}in dj insn ad il}flbll}adknanr ~td
bl}}drslkad}n n tkn }ds}drdkqnbok adj lmedql moljhobl }djdvnal* ad nbtd}aln jnr }dholkdr ad okqd}r ad nkjoror sn}n dj okvdrqohnal}+ Admoal n jl nkqd}ol}* jn
rdjdbbok ad drqlr goqlr dr sn}qd ftkanidkqnj adkq}l adj nkjoror+ Jn adfokobok
ad jlr jnkain}`r l goqlr n blkroad}n} dk jn }dnjounbok adj insn ad
il}flbll}adknanr slrdd bod}qnr s}lsodanadr ~td }drsnjank jn qbkobn ad jn
I+H+ dk blkq}nrqd blk jn I+J+5 jlr jnkain}`r rlk stkqlr n jlr btnjdr dj
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drsdbidkdr* n sn}qo} ad jlr vnjl}dr }droatnjdr ad}ovnalr ad jnr aorqnkbonr
ikoinr btna}nanr }drsdbql ad jn blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl+ Dj blkrdkrl
sn}n tk rdq ad drsdbidkdr dr lmqdkoal sl} tkn rdjdbbok n}moq}n}on adj s}oid}
drsdboidk blil tk blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn* rlm}dslkodkal jtdhl qlalr jlr lq}lr
drsdbidkdr dk drqd blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn y slrqd}ol}idkqd s}lidaonkal qlanr
jnr blkfoht}nbolkdr njokdnanr+ Jn blkfoht}nbok s}lidaol dr* dkqlkbdr* tqojounan
blil tk ktdvl blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn y dkqlkbdr dj s}lbdrl dr oqd}nal gnrqn rt
blkvd}hdkbon??+
2+ Drsnbolr il}fliq}oblr itjqoaoidkrolknjdr
Tkn vdu lbt}}oan jn rlm}dslrobok ad jlr aorqokqlr insnr ad gliljlhnr* rd
}ds}drdkqn bnan drsdboidk blil tk stkql dk tk drsnbol bt}vl* kl Dtbjadl*
jjninal drsnbol ad @dkanjj>33 + Rdhk Rjobd dq nj+>3> * dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj
'@dkanjjr rgnsd rsnbd/ dr jn blkrq}tbbok hdliq}obn ftkanidkqnj dk ~td rd
mnrn jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn+ Jn aorqnkbon dkq}d stkqlr dk dj drsnbol ad
@dkanjj rd adkliokn aorqnkbon ad S}lbtrql 'S}lb}trqdr aorqnkbd* vd} hjlrn}ol
s+>3?/* ~td rd adfokd blil jn }nu btna}nan ad jn rtin ad jnr aofd}dkbonr nj
btna}nal dkq}d jnr slrobolkdr ad jlr jnkain}`r ad alr blkfoht}nbolkdr
rlm}dstdrqnr nj bdkq}loa roud>3=+ Dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj s}lvdd tk blisjdql rdq
ad nkjoror ad jnr aorqnkbonr ad S}lbtrql dkq}d rdqr n}moq}n}olr ad jnkain`r+ Dk
drqd drsnbol jlr aofd}dkqdr drsdbidkdr 'inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr/ rd
tmobnk }drsdbql adj blkrdkrl 'tmobnal nj bdkq}l adj movn}onal/* ad nbtd}al n jn
aorqnkbon ad S}lbtrql ~td slrddk blk }drsdbql n rqd+ Dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj
nalsqn jn fl}in ad tkn drfd}n btnkal dj lmedql nknjounal slrdd rljnidkqd q}drjnkain}`r 'tk q}okhtjl/+ Iodkq}nr inyl} rdn jn bnkqoana ad jnkain}`r ~td
qdkhn tk lmedql* ir aoidkrolkdr qdka} dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj* sl} jl ~td kl
?? Qsr ]djnqovd Xn}s* qtql}onj+
>33 @dkanjj* >?71>3> Rjobd dq nj+* >??7+>3= Mll`rqdok* >??6+
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26
sla}k rd} }ds}drdkqnanr qlanr jnr aoidkrolkdr nj ioril qodisl* admoal n jn
oislromojoana adj rd} gtinkl ad }ds}drdkqn} lmedqlr dk tk drsnbol inyl} ad
q}dr aoidkrolkdr 'gosd}drsnbol/+
Jnr s}lsodanadr inqdiqobnr adj drsnbol ad jn fl}in rlk ity
blisjdenr* sl} jl ~td kl rd stdadk }dnjoun} nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr
blkvdkbolknjdr+ Tkn njqd}knqovn dr gnbd} tkn ns}lwoinbok adj drsnbol ad jnr
fl}in kl Dtbjadl n tk drsnbol qnkhdkqd ~td s}drdkqn tkn hdlidq}n Dtbjadn*
~tdankal drqnr inq}obdr l}adknanr dk tk sjnkl moaoidkrolknj+ Dk drqd ktdvl
drsnbol rd s}lydbqnk jlr drsdbidkdr ~td rd dkblkq}nmnk dk dj drsnbol ad
@dkanjj+ Dj stkql ad qnkhdkbon rd tmobn dk jn blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl+
1+ Ftkbok ad Sjnbn Adjhnan 'Q+S+R+/
Sn}n vortnjoun} drqd drsnbol qnkhdkqd* Mll`rqdok>32 nansq tk njhl}oqil 'qgok
sjnqd rsjnok/ mnrnan dk dj drqtaol ad jn adfl}inbok ad foknr jioknr idqjobnr
n jnr adfl}inbolkdr ad jnr fl}inr moljhobnr* nkjlhl n jnr h}ojjnr s}lstdrqnr
sl} AN}by Qglisrlk>31
Sladilr okrb}omo} dk tk rorqdin ad bll}adknanr bn}qdronknr dj blkql}kl ad tk
l}hnkoril P+++Y N blkqoktnbok sladilr q}nqn} drqn P+++Y foht}n dk q}ioklr
hdkd}njdr* blil tkn ftkbok ad w d y+ P+++Y Ro rlidqdilr ktdrq}l rorqdin
}dbqnkhtjn} n adfl}inbok P+++Y njqd}nkal sl} dedisjl jn ao}dbbok ad jlr dedr* jn
}djnbok w,y P+++Y lmqdka}dilr tk ktdvl rorqdin ad bll}adknanr* btyn
adfl}inbok }drsdbql nj qosl l}ohoknj rd} rdhtoan dwnbqnidkqd sl} jn foht}n
okrb}oqn+ Dk lq}nr snjnm}nr* lmqdkdilr tkn ktdvn foht}n ~td }ds}drdkqn n jn
nkqd}ol} mnel tkn ftd}un ir l idklr glilhkdn* y ~td dr tkn ftkbok ad jnr
ktdvnr bll}adknanr* dwnbqnidkqd adj ioril ilal ~td jn foht}n l}ohoknj d}n
ftkbok ad w d y P+++Y+
Dk jn Foht}n = ilrq}nilr tk dedisjl ad drqd ntql}+
>32 Mll`rqdok* >?7?+>31 Qglisrlk* >?>8* ss+ =6= =62+
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Foht}n =5 Adfl}inbok ad h}ojjnr bn}qdronknr rdhk An}by Qglisrlk+
Sn}n slad} }dnjoun} jl nkqd}ol}* rd b}dn y iokoioun jn dkd}hn ad ql}rok
'mdkaokh dkd}hy inq}ow/ kdbdrn}on ad adfl}inbok ad tkn glen idqjobn sn}ngnbd} blokboao} jlr jnkain}`r ad jn blkfoht}nbok idaon blk jlr ad tkn fl}in
adqd}ioknan* dr adbo} jn ql}rok ~td admd hdkd}n} jn h}ojjn sn}n q}nkrfl}in}rd
adrad dj blkrdkrl gnrqn bnan tkl ad jlr drsdboidkdr+ Jtdhl ad tkn rd}od ad
q}nkrfl}inbolkdr n sn}qo} adj bjbtjl ad jn inq}ou ad dkd}hn ad ql}rok* ~td
mtrbnk an} tkn mnrd l}qlhlknj sn}n jn adrb}osbok ad jnr aofd}dkbonr ad jn
fl}in dk dj drsnbol qnkhdkqd nj drsnbol ad @dkanjj 's}okbosnj xn}sr/ y
}ds}drdkqn} jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ad jn fl}in ad bnan drsboidk }drsdbql n jn
blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl 'xdohgq inq}ow/* rd }dnjoun tk nkjoror ad
blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr ad tkn aorq}omtbok ad fl}inr dk dj drsnbol qnkhdkqd
'}djnqovd xn}sr/+ Jlr }djnqovd xn}sr rd bnjbtjnk n sn}qo} ad jnr aorqnkbonr ad
S}lbtrql l ad jlr vdbql}dr s}lsolr ad jn adfl}inbok sn}bonj 'sn}bonj xn}sr/ y
adsdkadk adj sn}idq}l + Drqd sn}idq}l dr dj dwslkdkqd blk ~td rd bnjbtjn
jn inq}ou ad adfl}inbolkdr }djnqovnr 'sn}bonj xn}sr/ dk dj nkjoror ad }djnqovd
xn}sr+ Btnkal 93* jlr dedr ad jn adfl}inbok }djnqovn rd blkroad}nk nkjlhlr
n jlr dedr ad tk nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr* s}lsolr ad jlr nkjoror
bjroblr ad drqnarqobn itjqovn}onan y jnr aorqnkbonr dkq}d bnan tkl ad jlr
drsdbidkdr }dhorq}nalr drqk blkqdkoanr dk jnr aorqnkbonr ad S}lbtrql>34+
Jn h}ojjn ad ql}rok stdad }dfjden} jnr vn}onbolkdr tkofl}idr 'blislkdkqd
tkofl}id/ ~td rtf}d* dr adbo}* jnr vn}onbolkdr ~td rtf}dk qlalr jlr stkqlr gnbon
28
>34 ]lgjf y In}btr* >??2
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27
tkn ao}dbbok adqd}ioknan* blkrd}vkalrd jlr dedr sn}njdjlr y rjl
ilaofobkalrd dj khtjl dkq}d djjlr 'blil jn q}nkrfl}inbok ad tk btna}nal n
tk }liml l }dbqkhtjl/ l qnimok jnr vn}onbolkdr jlbnjdr ~td rtf}dk tklr
slblr stkqlr l vn}onbolkdr kl tkofl}idr 'blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id/* ~td gnbdk
sd}ad} dj sn}njdjoril dkq}d jnr jkdnr 'q}nkrfl}inbok ad tk btna}nal n tk
q}nsdbol l q}nsduload/+ Nr* dj okvdrqohnal} stdad lmrd}vn} jn vn}onbok ad tk
drsdboidk n lq}l blil tk blkqoktl* jjninal dk jn joqd}nqt}n nkhjlrnelkn*
il}sgokh+
4+ Nkjoror drqnarqoblrTkl ad jlr stkqlr ir oisl}qnkqdr dr ~td jlr }drtjqnalr ad jn rlm}dslrobok
stdadk rd} nknjounalr drqnarqobnidkqd blk drqn qbkobn adj ioril ilal ~td
dk il}flidq}n q}naobolknj+ Dr dk drqn fnrd dk alkad dj okvdrqohnal} blkq}nrqn
jnr gosqdror drqnarqobnr y moljhobnr* djnml}nanr nkqd}ol}idkqd n jn
okvdrqohnbok* blil q}naobolknjidkqd rd }dnjoun dk Moljlhn+ Jn blkq}nrqnbok rd
jlh}n n sn}qo} adj nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr idkbolknal
nkqd}ol}idkqd* alkad jlr blislkdkqdr ad jn fl}in '}djnqovd xn}s/* nbqnk blil
vn}onmjdr adsdkaodkqdr ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in adkq}l ad tk nkjoror
drqnarqobl itjqovn}onal* ~td stdadk rd} rlidqoanr n s}tdmn mnel jnr vn}onmjdr
okadsdkaodkqdr ~td dj okvdrqohnal} blkroad}n dwsjobnk jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in+
Hdkd}njidkqd rd gn tqojounal jn }dh}drok ijqosjd* s}okbosnjidkqd adkq}l adj
drqtaol ad s}lbdrlr lkqlhdkqoblr+
Sl} blkrohtodkqd* sn}n jjdvn} n bnml jn dedbtbok adj S}lh}nin ad
Okvdrqohnbok rthd}oal sl} jn I+H+* rd }dnjoun}lk jlr rohtodkqdr snrlr5
>+ Jlr b}kdlr n}~tdljhoblr y rtmnbqtnjdr ftd}lk flqlh}nfonalr dk kl}in
nknqiobn f}lkqnj y jnqd}nj ou~tod}an* rohtodkal sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q* blk
tkn bin}n aohoqnj Fteo FokdSow 6?33* n >+2 Im ad }drljtbok+ Jnr
flqlh}nfnr ftd}lk }djdvnanr dk drbnjn ad h}ordr y slrqd}ol}idkqd n rt
lmqdkbok rd }lqtjn}lk y daoqn}lk blistqnbolknjidkqd+
=+ Jnr oihdkdr ad jn Bljdbbok ad Sornhtn rd lmqtvod}lk ad jn mnrd ad
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2?
anqlr aorslkomjd dk dj Jnml}nql}ol ad Boqljlhn Dvljtqovn ad Inifd}lr*
Fnbtjqna ad Idaobokn 's}lydbql FLKADB_Q >3=3284/+
Jn drqoinbok ad rdwl ad jn bljdbbok ad Sobn 7 ftd jjdvnan n bnml
rohtodkal jnr okaobnbolkdr rthd}oanr sl} Xgoqd y Mto`rq}n y Tmdjn`d}>36* sn}n jn
il}fljlhn slrqb}nkdnj* s}okbosnjidkqd adj gtdrl blwnj+
Jn drqoinbok ad rdwl ad jn bljdbbok Sornhtn ftd jjdvnan n bnml sl} jn
n}~tdjlhn Rojvon ^tdvdal>38* rohtodkal jlr okaobnal}dr kl iq}oblr ~td rd
trnk ad blkrdkrl sn}n dj b}kdl gtinkl 'adrn}}ljjl y ao}dbbok adj s}lbdrl
inrqloadr* adrn}}ljjl ad hjnmdjn* s}liokdkbon ad okolk* adrn}}ljjl addiokdkbonr f}lkqnjdr* adrn}}ljjl ad s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* adrn}}ljjl
ad diokdkbon }dq}lqdisl}nj* nkhtjnbolkdr dk hdkd}nj* adrn}}ljjl adj ml}ad
l}moqnj* fl}in ad jnr }moqnr* dqb+>37/* dk qnkql ~td jn bljdbbok ad Bdidkqd}ol
Hdkd}nj slrdd rdwl y dana blklboal* sl} jl ~td rt nrohknbok ftd jjdvnan n
bnml rohtodkal jn okfl}inbok nsl}qnan sl} rtr }drsdbqovnr fobgnr+ Jn
bjnrofobnbok ad jn A+B+O+ ftd jjdvnan n bnml sl} dj n}~tdjlhl Lrbn} Drsltdyr*
rohtodkal jlr sn}idq}lr ad Oimdjjlko>3?+
Dk jn dqnsn ad lmqdkbok adj anql s}oin}ol* rd adfokod}lk* n sn}qo} adj
}djdvniodkql flqlh}fobl* >6 goqlr nknqioblr glijlhlr sn}n jn vorqn f}lkqnj
'Insn >>+>* Nkdwl 1/ y >4 sn}n jn vorqn jnqd}nj ou~tod}an 'Insn >>+= adj Nkdwl
1/+ Sn}n jn vorqn jnqd}nj rd okbjtyd}lk 1 rdtaljnkain}`r 'vd} hjlrn}ol* Nkdwl 6/
blk dj s}lsroql ad nknjoun} jn dkd}hn ad ql}rok ad jn mvdan b}nkdnkn*
s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+ Dj }dhorq}l ad drqlr goqlr rd }dnjou blk dj rlfqxn}d qsrAoh
v+ >+13>>3+
>36 Xgoqd* >??>0 Mto`rq}n y Tmdjn`d}* >??1+>38 Okfl}id ad S}lydbql Flkadbyq >3=3284+>37 Nrbao y Kdidr`}o* >?83>3? Oimdjjlko* r,f+>>3 Rqnqd Tkovd}roqy lf Kdx _l}`* Rqlky M}ll`* K_5 gqqs5,,jofd+mol+rtkyrm+dat,il}sg,rlfq)
anqnnb~+gqij
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Sn}n slkd} n s}tdmn dj d}}l} ad aohoqnjounbok* rd }dnjoun}lk qdrq ad blkfonkun
dk bnan tkn ad jnr slmjnbolkdr sn}n nimnr vorqnr+ Jn Foht}n 2 itdrq}n blil
dedisjl* jn s}tdmn ad blkfonkun }dnjounan dk drqn okvdrqohnbok sn}n ited}dr ad
Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj+ Jn ktmd ad stkqlr 'adkq}l adj btna}nal/ n jn ad}dbgn adj
movn}onal itdrq}n jn blkvd}hdkbon ad jnr aohoqnjounbolkdr rlm}d tk ioril
drsdboidk* okaobnal} ad jn idkl} vn}onkun okq}nslmjnbolknj '}dsdnqr/* nj
blisn}n}jn blk jn vn}onkun okqd}slmjnbolknj+
FOHT]N 25 S}tdmn ad blkfonkun ad jn s}dborok ad jnr idaobolkdr+ Dj
btna}nal okaobn jn aohoqnjounbok }dsdqoan ad jn iorin oinhdk* ~td rd
rdsn}n adj }drql ad jn ktmd ad stkqlr+
Jn stdrqn n s}tdmn ad jnr gosqdror ktjnr ad ntrdkbon ad aofd}dkbonr
drqnarqobnidkqd rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d h}tslr* rd }dnjou idaonkqd nkjororitjqovn}onal sn}n anqlr =A 'NKLVN ad tkn y alr vnr* INKLVN* }dh}drok
ijqosjd itjqovn}onan y nkjoror aorb}oioknkqd/+ Jlr drqnah}nflr disjdnalr rlk
ad Xoj`r y F ad Hllanjj* nbdsqnkal rt rohkofobnkbon mnel dj 4$ '3+34/ ad
s}lmnmojoana ad dfdbql adj nun}+ Jnr vn}onmjdr okadsdkaodkqdr rlidqoanr n
s}tdmn dk drqn okvdrqohnbok rlk rdwl* A+B+O+* qninl y roqol* ~td ftd okbjtoan
13
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Foht}n 1+ Dr~tdin adj njhl}oqil adj iqlal tqojounal dk dj s}drdkqd drqtaol+
N/ ]DJDVNIODKQL FLQLH]FOBL'Sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q/
M/ AOHOQNJOUNBOK AD JLRGOQLR L JNKAIN]@R'Adfokobok ad Insn ad
Il}flbll}adknanr/
B/ NKJOROR DWSJL]NQL]OL'qsr]djx/
Nkjoror ad S}lbtrqlIl}sgokhl vortnjounbok ad bnan drsboidk blk
}drsdbql nj blkrdkrl+ Lmrd}vnbok ad jlr h}foblr adaorsd}rok 'w* y/
A/ NKJOROR BLKFO]INQL]OL'qsr}dh}/+
INKLVN y Nkjoror Aorb}oioknkqd+
D/ S]DRDKQNBOK DK H]NFOBLR*QNMJNR* ADKA]LH]NINR* DQB+Fdklh}ninr dk KQR_R)SB
1=
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1+ ]DRTJQNALR
1+>+ Nkjoror Okq}nslmjnbolknj5
1+>+>+ Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj5
1+>+>+>+ Vorqn F}lkqnj5
Jn Foht}n 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jlr b}kdlr dk vorqn f}lkqnj sn}n jlr alr
s}oid}lr }djnqovd xn}sr'w9 ]X>0 y9 ]X=/+
FOHT]N 4+ Aorq}omtbok ad jlr drsdbidkdr ad Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj dk
vorqn f}lkqnj+ Rd okbjtydk jnr h}ojjnr ad ql}rok blk }drsdbql nj blkrdkrl
sn}n bnan ]X 'w>3/+
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11
Dk drqd h}fobl rd ns}dbon bjn}nidkqd jn rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl ad jlr
drsdbidkdr n jl jn}hl adj s}oid}}djnqovd xn}s']X>/+ Jnr vn}onbolkdr dkq}d dj
blislkdkqd tkofl}id y kl tkofl}id kl ftd}lk rohkofobnqovnr+
Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk drqn slmjnbok rd dws}drn dk jn drbnin f}lkqnj
dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+ Jlr glim}dr s}drdkqnk idkl} dwsnkrok }drsdbql ad
jnr ited}dr0 dk jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj dk dj sjnkl
q}nkrvd}rl+ Jlr b}kdlr inrbtjoklr s}drdkqnk inyl} dwsnkrok q}nkrvd}rn
}drsdbql ad b}kdlr fdidkoklr* blil rd lmrd}vn dk boholk+ Jlr b}kdlr
inrbtjoklr s}drdkqnk inyl} dwsnkrok }drsdbql ad b}kdlr fdidkoklr* dk jlr
goqlr dk jn }dhok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+ Jlr glim}dr s}drdkqnk inyl}dwsnkrok fnbonj }drsdbql ad jnr ited}dr+
Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onbolkdr dr jn rohtodkqd5
Jn dwsnkrok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj rd nrlbon blk jn blkq}nbbok ad jn
diokdkbon sn}odqnj* jn blkq}nbbok ad boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj y jn
blkq}nbbok fnbonj dk dj ded nsobnj)bntanj+ Drqd qosl dr bn}nbqd}rqobl ad b}kdlr
fdidkoklr+
Nj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj rd nrlbon blk jn
dwsnkrok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql adj sjnkl rnhoqnj* jn dwsnkrok ad
boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj y jn dwsnkrok fnbonj dk jd ded b}kdl)bntanj+
Drqd qosl dr bn}nbqd}rqobl ad b}kdlr inrbtjoklr+
Dk btnkql nj rdhtkal }djnqovd xn}s ']X=/* drqd kl }dfjden jn rdsn}nbok
sl} rdwl dk jn itdrq}n* admoal n ~td dwsjobn tk mnel sl}bdkqned ad jn vn}onkun
qlqnj '>1*67$/+
Jnr vn}onbolkdr }dfjdenan sl} dj ]X= lbt}}dk dk jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj*
boholk* }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* }moqn }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* }dhok fnbonj dk
dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+
Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onmjdr dr jn rohtodkqd5
Jn dwsnkrok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql adj sjnkl rnhoqnj rd
nrlbon blk dwsnkrok ad boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* dwsnkrok q}nkrvd}rnj
ad jn }moqn y blkq}nbbok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+
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14
Nj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj rd nrlbon blk
blkq}nbbok ad boholk* ad jn }moqn y ad jn }dhok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+
Jlr nkjoror drqnarqoblr 'Qnmjnr 7+> y 7+= adj Nkdwl 7/ n}}lenk vnjl}dr
rohkofobnqovlr sn}n vn}onmjd rdwl* dk qnkql ~td kl jl gnbd sn}n jn vn}onmjd
qninl 'qnmjn 7+4 adj Nkdwl 7/
Dk }drtidk* jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr ad jn qbkobn itdrq}nk jn }lmtrqdu
adj dkfl~td sn}n aorb}oiokn} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk dj b}kdl gtinkl*
blkfo}inal nisjonidkqd nj tqojoun} jlr iqlalr bjroblr
1+>+>+=+ Vorqn Jnqd}nj5Jn Foht}n 4+> adj Nkdwl 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jlr b}kdlr dk vorqn jnqd}nj
sn}n jlr alr s}oid}lr }djnqovd xn}sr']X> y ]X=/+
Kl rd lmrd}vn tkn bjn}n rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl* yn ~td jlr b}kdlr rd
nh}tsnk nj bdkq}l adj movn}onal* ntk~td rd lmrd}vn rdsn}nbok dk jlr dwq}dilr
adj ded w+
Sn}n ]X>* jnr vn}onbolkdr ad jn fl}in rd lmrd}vnk dkq}d okolk y jn
s}lydbbok ad jniman* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn
drbnin sn}odqnj* dk jlr goqlr drsjnbklb}nkdnjdr* ad nbtd}al nj ded
nkqd}lslrqd}ol}+
Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onbolkdr dr jn rohtodkqd5
Jn dwsnkrok dkq}d okolk y jn s}lydbbok ad jniman rd nrlbon blk idkl}
bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y blk jn blkq}nbbok
nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jn }dhok drsjnbklb}nkdnkn+
Sl} dj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok dkq}d okolk y jn s}lydbbok ad jniman rd
nrlbon blk ntidkql ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y blkdwsnkrok nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jn }dhok drsjnbklb}nkdnkn+
]X= }dfjden qnimok vn}onbolkdr ad jn fl}in n kovdj adj kdt}lb}kdl y
drsjnbklb}kdl+
Jnr vn}onbolkdr rd s}drdkqnk dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr* dk jn
bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn drbnin adj f}lkqnj* dk jlr goqlr
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16
drsjnbklb}nkdnjdr dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj y dk dj sd}foj fnbonj 's}lhknqoril/+
Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr dr jn rohtodkqd5
Jn dwsnkrok dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr rd nrlbon blk
aorioktbok ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y adj f}lkqnj* blk jn blkq}nbbok
nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jlr goqlr fnbonjdr dk dj ded nkqd}lslrqd}ol} y ntidkql adj
s}lhknqoril njvdljn}+
Sl} dj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr rd
nrlbon blk ntidkql ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y adj f}lkqnj* dwsnkrok ad jlr
goqlr fnbonjdr dk dj ded nkqd}lslrqd}ol} y idkl} s}lhknqoril njvdljn}+
Jlr nkjoror drqnarqoblr 'Qnmjn >+> y >+= adj Nkdwl >/ ad drqn itdrq}n}dvdjnk ~td jnr aofd}dkbonr lmrd}vnanr sn}n rdwl kl rlk rohkofobnqovnr ' ad
Xoj`r kl rohkofobnqovl/* dk qnkql ~td jnr aofd}dkbonr sn}n qninl 'Qnmjn >+4/ r jl
rlk+
Dk }drtidk5 dj aoil}foril rdwtnj kl dr lmrd}vnmjd dk vorqn jnqd}nj+ Dj
qninl adj bdkq}load n}}len vnjl}dr rohkofobnqovlr+
1+>+=+ Sobn 75
1+>+=+>+ Vorqn F}lkqnj5
Jn foht}n 4+= adj Nkdwl 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jn itdrq}n ad Sobn 7 dk
vorqn f}lkqnj sn}n ]X> y ]X=+
Dk drqn itdrq}n* jn rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl dr idklr klql}on dk
blisn}nbok blk Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* s}lmnmjdidkqd admoal n rt drbnrdu
itdrq}nj+ Jn adfl}inbok ad sjnbn adjhnan 'qsr/ n jl jn}hl adj ]X> s}drdkqn
vn}onbolkdr roiojn}dr n jnr lmrd}vnanr dk Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* okaobnkal rtnrlbonbok blk dj