REQUERIMIENTO 4: EQUINOS
Human Ruminant Equine
Stomach 30% 70% 9-10%
Sm. 33% 19% 30%
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSComparación digestiva
Sm. Intestine
33% 19% 30%
Cecum 7% 3% 16%
Lg. Intestine
30% 7% 45%
Digestible Carbohydrate
Fermentable Fiber Large Intestine
Fat
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSDigestión
Volatile Fatty AcidsGlucose
Fatty Acids
Fat
Glycogen
Stomach Small Intestine
• Maintenance - basic requirements of life
• Growth - youngest has highest requirements
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCategorías digestivas
requirements
• Gestation - last three months
• Lactation - first three months
• Work - depends on activity
– light, moderate, intense
• Geriatric
• Essential for all body functions
• Temperature regulation• Feed digestion• Amount of water intake
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSDieta balanceada - Agua
• Forage
• Concentrate – Grain
• Supplements• Amount of water intake
– Level of exercise– Ambient temperature– Quality of feeds in ration– Proportion of diet that is
forage• Minimum 1 gallon/100 lbs
BW/day
• Size: body weight
• Environment
• Individual digestive &
metabolic efficiency
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSMantenimiento
metabolic efficiency
• Dry matter intake: 1.5% of
the BW
• Most - energy
requirements are met
with forage alone
Muscle GlycogenBlood Glucose
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Pyruvate Lactate
ATPCreatinePhosphate
Myokinaseand CPKReactions
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSFuente de energía para el desempeño
OxidativeMetabolism
Free-Fatty Acids
Reactions
CO2and Water
Lipolysis
Oxygen
• Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking
• Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSNiveles de desempeño
barrel racing, jumping
• Intense - race training, polo, cutting,
Activity Examples DE (Mcal/d)
Maintenance Pasture 16
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSEnergía requerida
Light work Pleasure riding 20
Moderate work Reining, jumping 24
Intense work Racing, endurance 32
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSTabla de recomendación
• First figure roughage requirement (1-2% of body weight) ex. 0.0175 x 1100 lbs. = 19.25 lbs.
• Then figure D.E., C.P., Ca. and P provided by this amount of hay
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo de una ración
provided by this amount of hay
• Next figure how much concentrate to feed based on D.E. deficit remaining
• Double check- does it make sense?
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo de una ración
• http://nrc88.nas.edu/nrh/
CABALLOS ADULTOS:
P.V. (kg) = 4.3*P.T. (cm) + 3*A.C. (cm) – 785
CABALLOS DE MENOS DE CUATRO AÑOS:
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo del peso corporal
P.V. (kg) = 4.5*P.T. (cm) – 370
P.V. = peso vivo
P.T. = perímetro torácico
A.C. = alzada de la cruzFuente = I.N.R.A. (Francia)
• Hydrolysable CHO
– Sugars & starches
– Create ↓ intes.nal pH & � risk of colic
• Fermentable CHO
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSFuentes de Energía
• Fermentable CHO
– Beet pulp or soy hulls
– ↓ glycogen usage
• Fat
– 3X the energy concentration of CHO
– Creates higher energy feed
• Protein (minimal usage)
l Why Use It For Performance
Horses?
l Energy from fat is 90% utilizable
l Fat ↓ heat of fermentation
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSSuplementacion de grasa
l Natural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat
l “High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat
l Fat Supplementsl Fat ↓ heat of fermentation
l Fat � glycogen storage prior to race
l Fat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exercise
l Fat ↓ fatigue
l Fat Supplements
l Vegetable Oil (most common 99% fat)
l Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat)
l Animal tallow (not palatable)
• No gall bladder
– Max ~20% in total diet
– 1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups)
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSSuplementación de grasa
• Hay requirement
– Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay)
– Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix
• Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein
• If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients
– (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil)
• Add 6-10 weeks before performance.
protein
– More important – quality of protein
• Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs
– I.e. cut grain on rest days
• If stalled, overfeeding can �stocking up or colic
• Goals– Maximize genetic
potential for growth
– Sound musculos keletal system
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCrecimiento
••Nutrient balance is importantNutrient balance is important••Requires higher quality feedsRequires higher quality feeds••Growth rate & age determines requirementsGrowth rate & age determines requirements••Growing till reach 30 monthsGrowing till reach 30 months
• Provision of nutrients for:– Fetal growth & development
• Other products of conception
Foal10%
Other
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSGestación: potro
Other5%
85%
••Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weightLast 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight••Mare needs to gain 0.3 Mare needs to gain 0.3 –– 0.8 lb/d0.8 lb/d
26
27
28
Dai
ly M
ilk P
rod
uct
ion
(lb
s)
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSProducción de leche
21
22
23
24
25
26
15 30 45 60 90 120 150Time (days)
Dai
ly M
ilk P
rod
uct
ion
(lb
s)
Mare status Forage Concentrate Total
Early pregnancy 1.5-2.0 0-0.5 1.5-2.0
Late pregnancy 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0 1.5-2.0
Early lactation 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSYegua: Consumo de alimento (como % del peso vivo)
Early lactation 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0
Late lactation 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.5 2.0-2.5
•Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes
••Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changesAllow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes
•Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75-2.0% of BW in concentrate feed/day
Fiber digestion decreases
Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease
B vitamins
Vitamin C
Decreased kidney function
REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSGeriátricos
Decreased kidney function
Calcium stones may build up
Decreased liver function
Jaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet