8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
1/21
?5>2
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_N
Glm. H@V[NDC@ RGDDN_ ^[G_@X
6-6-?5>2
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
SKFL@D@MGN CKD F@LF_KS@
_KVGVSKLFGN N DN S_NFFG@L
GLCG_KFSN
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
2/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>
GLCG K
G. _KVGVSKLFGN N S_NFFG@L GLCG_KFSN NVSJ - F 372 GV@ 3>51 ............................................ 6
>. GLS_@C[FFG@L ................................................................................................................. 6
?. B[LCNJKLS@ SK@_GF@ .................................................................................................... 3
?.>. KLVNW@ O_NVGDKÞ@ ........................................................................................................... 3
?.>.> RKLSNHNV CKD KLVNW@. ...................................................................................... 3
?.>.?. CGVS_GO[FGÖL SKÖ_GFN CK SKLVG@LKV ............................................................... ;
?.>.6. CGVS_GO[FGÖL CK SKLVG@LKV KL KD CGÎJKS_@ A@_GX@LSND ............................. ;
?.>.3. CGVS_GO[FGÖL CK SKLVG@LKV KL KD CGÎJKS_@ RK_SGFND ................................... 2
?.>.;. SKLVGÖL CK _@S[_N .......................................................................................... =
?.?. _KVGVSKLFGN N S_NFFG@L GLCG_KFSN ............................................................................... 1
?.?.> NDFNLFK ............................................................................................................ 1
?.?.?. GJU@_SNLFGN W NUDGFNFGÖL .............................................................................. 7
?.?.6. KVUÇFGJKL CK KLVNW@ ...................................................................................... 7
?.?.3. _KV[JKL U_@FKCGJGKLS@ ................................................................................ 7
?.?.;. _K^[K_GJGKLS@V UN_N V@DGFGS[CKV .............................................................. >5
?.?.2. CKVF_GUFGÖL CKD KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN ......................................... >5
?.?.=. CGVS_GO[FGÖL SKÖ_GFN CK SKLVG@LKV KL U_@OKSNV FGDÊLC_GFNV ................... >>
?.?.1. J@C@V CK BNDDN KL KLVNW@V CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN .................................. >?
?.?.7. BNFS@_KV ^[K NBKFSNL KD KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN ......................... >6?.6. KLVNW@V CGLÎJGF@V CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN ............................................................ >;
?.6.> Npdgfnfgöl ckd Klsny` Cglîjgf` ck Srnffgöl Glcgrkftn ....................................... >;
?.3. KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN KL A@_JGMÖL......................................................... >2
?.;. J@_CNXNV ....................................................................................................................... >=
?.2. KLVNW@ ON_FKD@LN @ CK C@ODK U[LX@LNJGKLS@ ................................................... >=
?.=.> FÖJ@ VK ANFK8 ................................................................................................ >1
?.=.?. Föj` sk kxprksnl8 ........................................................................................... >7
?.=.6. L`rjns ck rkbkrklfgn ` rkdnfg`lncns8 ............................................................... >7?.=.3. [tgdgcnc ckd klsny`8 .......................................................................................... >7
?.=.;. Fuîlc` anfkrd`8 ............................................................................................... >7
?.=.2. Urkfnufg`lks8 ................................................................................................... ?5
?.=.=. Jukstrn8 .......................................................................................................... ?5
?.=.1. Kxgmklfgns8........................................................................................................ ?5
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
3/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
?
?.1. F@LFD[VG@LKV ................................................................................................................. ?5
?.7. OGODG@M_NBGN. ................................................................................................................... ?5
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
4/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
6
FNUGS[D@ G
G. _KVGVSKLFGN N S_NFFG@L GLCG_KFSN NVSJ - F 372 GV@ 3>51>.
GLS_@C[FFG@L
Kd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn, ckstnfn p`r skr ul jçt`c` sgjpdk y rkprkskltntgv`, quk
pkrjgtk gjgtnr dn rkspukstn ck ul f`lfrkt` bdkxgodk y `otklkr dn fnrmn jîxgjn quk nmunltn
uln jkzfdn nltks ck r`jpkr.
Dn pr`oktn ks fnrmncn n f`jprksgöl skmøl ul pdnl` cgnjktrnd vkrtgfnd ck dn jgsjn. Unrn
p`ckr fnrmnr dn pr`oktn n f`jprksgöl kl ul pdnl` cgnjktrnd vkrtgfnd, sk rkqugkrk ul
cgsp`sgtgv` ck suhkfgöl ck dn pr`oktn n trnvçs ckd fund sk jntkrgndgfk cgfa` pdnl` ck fnrmn.
F`j` pnrtk ck kstk cgsp`sgtgv`, y kl f`ltnft` cgrkft` f`l c`s mklkrntrgfks cgnjktrndjkltk
`pukstns ck dn pr`oktn, kxgstkl c`s kdkjklt`s klfnrmnc`s ck kvgtnr dn r`turn d`fnd ck dn
pr`oktn curnltk kd klsny`. Vk utgdgznl ulns pdnfns ck np`y` furv`, f`l rncg` ck furvnturn
gmund nd rncg` l`jglnd ck dn pr`oktn, ck >?,= ` ?;,3 jj ck nlfa`, pnrn quk dn cgstrgoufgöl
ck tklsg`lks l` sk ndtkrk sgmlgbgfntgvnjkltk y pnrn quk d`s fîdfud`s ckd jöcud` ck
kdnstgfgcnc y dn rkdnfgöl ck U`gss`l sk bnfgdgtkl jnltklgklc` f`lstnltk kd nlfa` ck fnrmn,
kl dumnr ck ul nlfa` ck fnrmn vnrgnodk curnltk kd klsny`, quk `furrgrên f`l uln pdnfn ck
fnrmn pdnln.
U`r dn l`rjn dn vkd`fgcnc ck ckspdnznjgklt̀ ckd sgstkjn curnltk dn fnrmn skrî ulgb`rjk k
gmund n ;5,1 jj/jgl, gmund n dn kjpdkncn p`r dn prklsn kl kd klsny` Jnrsandd.
F`j` dn rkspukstn ckd jntkrgnd ks ndtnjkltk ckpklcgkltk ck dn tkjpkrnturn, dn
tkjpkrnturn skrî uln vnrgnodk jîs pnrn kd klsny`. Kd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn tgklk
vndgckz pnrn jntkrgndks ck f`jp`rtnjgklt` bulcnjkltndjkltk kdîstgf` y dglknd. Dn l`rjn
glcgfn kd us` ck uln tkjpkrnturn ck ?;¾> ¸F, pkr` pkrjgtk kd us` ck `trns tkjpkrnturns
pnrn nlndgznr dn susfkptgogdgcnc tçrjgfn ck dn jkzfdn kl kstucg` y sumgkrk quk l` sk utgdgfkl
tkjpkrnturns supkrg`rks nd pult` ck rkodnlckfgjgklt` ckd dgmnltk p`r skr prkc`jglnltk kd
fnrîftkr vgsf`s` ck dns jkzfdns.
Kl d`s klsny`s n trnffgöl glcgrkftn, n cgbkrklfgn ck d`s klsny`s cgrkft`s, dn r`turn ck dn
pr`oktn ck a`rjgmöl sk pr`cufk ckogc` n dn npdgfnfgöl ck uln fnrmn ck f`jprksgöl `
bdkx`trnffgöl cn dumnr n uln cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks ck trnffgöl quk nfnonl p`r bgsurnr dn
pr`oktn.
V`l klsny`s jufa` jîs sklfgdd`s quk d`s cgrkft`s y pkrjgtkl uln oukln kstgjnfgöl ckd
vnd`r ck dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl, p`r d` quk s`l d`s jîs kjpdknc`s pnrn kst`s jklkstkrks.
Dn trnffgöl glcgrkftn tnjogçl ks f`l`fgcn f`j` klsny` ornsgdkþ`.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
5/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
3
?.
B[LCNJKLS@ SK@_GF@
?.>. KLVNW@ O_NVGDKÞ@
Kstk klsny` f`lsgstk kl s`jktkr n f`jprksgöl cgnjktrnd uln pr`oktn fgdêlcrgfn, gmund n dn
ckbglgcn kl kd klsny` Jnrsandd, npdgfnlc` uln fnrmn ck jnlkrn ulgb`rjk n d` dnrm` ck c`s
dêlkns ̀ mklkrntrgfks ̀ pukstns anstn ndfnlznr dn r`turn.
Kstn f`lbgmurnfgöl ck fnrmn pr`v`fn ul ksbukrz` ck trnffgöl rkdntgvnjkltk ulgb`rjk kl
t`c` kd cgîjktr` ckd pdnl` ck fnrmn vkrtgfnd, y kstn trnffgöl ks dn quk nm`tn dn pr`oktn y
cksklfnckln dn r`turn kl kd pdnl` cgnjktrnd.
Bgmurn 5> jukstrn ck dn bukrzns kl dns pr`oktns.
Dn pr`oktn ks fnrmncn n f`jprksgöl skmøl ul pdnl` cgnjktrnd vkrtgfnd ck dn jgsjn. Unrn
p`ckr fnrmnr dn pr`oktn n f`jprksgöl kl ul pdnl` cgnjktrnd vkrtgfnd, sk rkqugkrk ul
cgsp`sgtgv` ck suhkfgöl ck dn pr`oktn n trnvçs ckd fund sk jntkrgndgfk cgfa` pdnl` ck fnrmn.
F`j` pnrtk ck kstk cgsp`sgtgv`, y kl f`ltnft` cgrkft` f`l c`s mklkrntrgfks cgnjktrndjkltk`pukstns ck dn pr`oktn, kxgstkl c`s kdkjklt`s klfnrmnc`s ck kvgtnr dn r`turn d`fnd ck dn
pr`oktn curnltk kd klsny`.
?.>.>
RKLSNHNV CKD KLVNW@.
Ks ul klsny` rkdntgvnjkltk sklfgdd`.
Urkskltn sgjgdgtuc f`l ̀ tr` tgp` ck klsny`s f`j` kd Jnrsandd.
Kd tgp` ck jukstrn y kd kqugp` s`l d`s jgsj`s quk d`s utgdgznc`s pnrn `tr` tgp` ck
klsny`s.
Dn r`turn l` sk vk nbkftncn p`r dns f`lcgfg`lks ck dn supkrbgfgk ck dn pr`oktn.
Dn r`turn sk glgfgn kl uln rkmgöl rkdntgvnjkltk ulgb`rjk ck tklsg`lks ck trnffgöl. Kd f`kbgfgkltk ck vnrgnfgöl ck d`s rksudtnc`s ckd klsny` ks rkdntgvnjkltk onh`
f`jpnrnc` f`l ̀ tr`s jçt`c`s. Sks`rgkrk Y1Z kl sus kstucg`s anodn ck cgspkrsg`lks
glbkrg`rks nd >5% kl f`jpnrnfgöl f`l kd ck Jnrsandd quk pukckl skr ckd >;-?5%.
Kd klsny` pukck utgdgznrsk onh` fnrmn kstîtgfn ̀ cglîjgfn, j`cgbgfnlc` dn prklsn kl
bulfgöl ckd tgp` ck kstucg` quk sk rkndgfk.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
6/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
;
Kd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn l` söd` cn glb`rjnfgöl ck dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl glcgrkftn,
sgl` quk tnjogçl l`s glb`rjn s`ork pr`pgkcncks kdîstgfns rksgdgkltks (jöcud` ck
kdnstgfgcnc kstîtgf` ` cglîjgf` kl bulfgöl ckd tgp` ck fnrmn npdgfncn), bgsurnfgöl tçrjgfn,
bgsurnfgöl p`r bntgmn, ckb`rjnfgöl pkrjnlkltk y pukck utgdgznrsk pnrn kvndunr kd kbkft` ck
dn aujkcnc kl jkzfdns ogtujgl`sns.
?.>.?.
CGVS_GO[FGÖL SKÖ_GFN CK SKLVG@LKV
Dn s`dufgöl tkörgfn ck dn cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks ckltr` ck uln pr`oktn fgdêlcrgfn kstî
onsncn kl kd nlîdgsgs ck ul jntkrgnd ck f`jp`rtnjgklt` kdîstgf̀ y dglknd.
Funlc` uln pr`oktn fgdêlcrgfn ks s`jktgcn n f`jprksgöl cgnjktrnd cksnrr`ddn ul kstnc` ck
tklsg`lks ogcgjklsg`lnd kl su gltkrg`r. Dn fnrmn npdgfncn n d` dnrm` ck c`s mklkrntrgfks
cgnjktrndjkltk `pukstns cksfrgok pdnl`s prglfgpndks ck tklsg`lks, ul` a`rgz`ltnd y `tr`
vkrtgfnd. Unrtgfudnrjkltk kl kd pdnl` vkrtgfnd sk pr`cufk uln tklsgöl vnrgnodk ck f`jprksgöl
y uln tklsgöl tkörgfnjkltk ulgb`rjk ck trnffgöl.
Bgmurn 5? Cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks tkörgfn s`ork d`s pdnl`s cgnjktrnd y vkrtgfnd pnrn kd klsny` ck trnffgöl
glcgrkftn
?.>.6.
CGVS_GO[FGÖL CK SKLVG@LKV KL KD CGÎJKS_@ A@_GX@LSND
Kl dn cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks kl kd cgîjktr` a`rgz`ltnd, sk pukck `oskrvnr quk kl kd
fkltr` ck dn pr`oktn kd ksbukrz` ck f`jprksgöl vkrtgfnd ks 6 vkfks supkrg`r nd ck trnffgöl
a`rgz`ltnd.
Dns tklsg`lks pr`cufgcns kl kd cgîjktr` a`rgz`ltnd s`l dns sgmugkltks8
Sklsgöl a`rgz`ltnd8
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
7/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
2
?.>.3. CGVS_GO[FGÖL CK SKLVG@LKV KL KD CGÎJKS_@ RK_SGFND
Kl dn z`ln fkltrnd ck dn pr`oktn, sk pr`cufk ul kstnc` ognxgnd ck tklsg`lks, c`lck dn tklsgöl
vkrtgfnd ck f`jprksgöl ks 6 vkfks supkrg`r n dn ck trnffgöl a`rgz`ltnd mklkrncn.
Nsê jgsj` sk pukck vkr f`j` d`s jîxgj`s ck tklsgöl vkrtgfnd sk d`fndgznl kl d`s pult`s ck
npdgfnfgöl ck dn fnrmn vkrtgfnd. U`r kstk j`tgv` sk pukck pklsnr quk dn r`turn sk pukck
glgfgnr kl kst`s pult`s p`r nm`tnjgklt` n f`jprksgöl, pkr` rkndjkltk kstns tklsg`lks s`l
pkqukþns ckogc` n quk kl dn prîftgfn dn fnrmn npdgfncn sk cgstrgouyk kl ul îrkn bglgtn
ckbglgcn p`r uln pgkzn jktîdgfn ck f`ltnft` kltrk dn prklsn y dn pr`oktn. Fnok jklfg`lnr
quk tnlt` kd tgp` ck fnrmn f`j` dn nlfaurn ck kstn pgkzn jktîdgfn tgklkl uln mrnl glbduklfgn
kl dn cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks ck dn pr`oktn rknd.
Dns tklsg`lks kl kd cgîjktr` vkrtgfnd, n d` dnrm` ckd khk ck fnrmn, s`l dns sgmugkltks8
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
8/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
=
N)
Sklsgöl a`rgz`ltnd8
O)
Sklsgöl vkrtgfnd
F)
Sklsgöl tnlmklfgnd
C`lck8
U, ks dn fnrmn t`tnd npdgfncn (L)
t, ks dn ndturn ck dn pr`oktn (jj¾5,>jj)
c, ks kd cgîjktr` ck dn pr`oktn (jj¾5,>jj)
x, y, s`l dns f``rcklncns rkspkft` nd fkltr` ck dn pr`oktn.
?.>.;. SKLVGÖL CK _@S[_N
Dns kfunfg`lks cksfrgtns nltkrg`rjkltk s`l vîdgcns pnrn ul södgc` kdîstgf` dglknd gckndgznc`.
Nulquk dn jny`rên ck d`s jntkrgndks l` s`l kdîstgf`s, d`s vnd`rks ck tklsgöl a`rgz`ltnd sk
npr`xgjnl subgfgkltkjkltk n d`s rkndks. Kd bndd` glgfgnd sk pr`cufk p`r r`turn n trnffgöl ck
nfukrc` f`l dn kfunfgöl ?.3, p`r d` tnlt`, dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl glcgrkftn kl kd j`jklt`
ck dn r`turn vgklk cncn p`r dn sgmugkltk kfunfgöl8
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
9/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
1
C`lck8
Vt ks dn rksgstklfgn n dn r`turn p`r trnffgöl glcgrkftn.
Ujîx, ks dn fnrmn jîxgjn ` fnrmn ck r`turn
t, ks kd kspks`r ck nd pr`oktn ck dn pr`oktn
c, ks kd cgîjktr` ck dn pr`oktn
x, y, s`l dns f``rcklncns rkspkft` nd fkltr` ck dn pr`oktn.
Ck nfukrc` n kstns f`lcgfg`lks ck fnrmn dglknd, dn pr`oktn bnddnrên ndrkckc`r ck d`s pult`s
ck fnrmn ckogc` n tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl y l` kl dn p`rfgöl fkltrnd ck dns jukstrns
ckogc` n tklsg`lks ck trnffgöl. L` `ostnltk, kstns tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl sk rkcufkl
f`lsgckrnodkjkltk cgstrgouyklc` dn fnrmn n d` dnrm` ck uln pdnfn ck fnrmn, quk l` söd`
rkcufk dns tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl vkrtgfnd sgl` quk fnjogn dns tklsg`lks a`rgz`ltndks n d`
dnrm` ckd cgîjktr` vkrtgfnd ck trnffgöl n f`jprksgöl fkrfn ck d`s pult`s ck npdgfnfgöl,qukcnlc` klt`lfks uln cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks tnd y f`j` sk `oskrvn kl dn bgmurn ?.6.
Bgmurn 56 Cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks kl pr`oktn s`jktgcn n uln fnrmn npdgfncn s`ork pdnfn ck fnrmn ck np`y`
furv`
?.?. _KVGVSKLFGN N S_NFFG@L GLCG_KFSN
?.?.> NDFNLFK
n) Dn rksgstklfgn ckd a`rjgmöl n trnffgöl nxgnd bft, quk ks n dn quk sk rkbgkrkl jufa`s ck d`s
fîdfud`s, pukck `otklkrsk jkcgnltk kd klsny` ck trnffgöl cgrkftn ck nfukrc` f`l dn
_kf`jklcnfgöl _GDKJ FUF-=. Ukr` rksudtn jîs sklfgdd` y prîftgf` kjpdknr kd jçt`c` ck
trnffgöl glcgrkftn tnjogçl ddnjnc` klsny` ornsgdkþ` ` klsny` ck aklcgjgklt`, nulquk kd
vnd`r `otklgc` ks lkfksnrg` f`rrkmgrd`. Kstk jçt`c` f`lsgstk kl dn r`turn ck dn pr`oktn,
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
10/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
7
mklkrndjkltk fgdêlcrgfn, jkcgnltk dn npdgfnfgöl ck uln fnrmn ck f`jprksgöl kl c`s
mklkrntrgfks cgnjktrndjkltk ̀ pukstns. vkr Bgmurn 5>
o) Unrn dn r`turn sk utgdgznl c`s onlcns ck np`y` ck f`ltrnfanpnc` ` fnrtöl sgl ckbkft`s,
ck ulns cgjklsg`lks npr`xgjncns ck 6 jj ck kspks`r y ?; jj ck nlfa`, f`l uln d`lmgtuc
ndm` jny`r quk dn ck dn pr`oktn. Dn fnrmn sk npdgfn ck jnlkrn F`ltglun, sgl fa`quksorusf`s, y ck b`rjn quk kd nujklt` ck dn trnffgöl glcgrkftn skn ck 5,56 ¾ 5,5> JUn p`r
skmulc`.
f) Dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl glcgrkftn sk fndfudn jkcgnltk dn börjudn ckaklfdgjgklt`8
C`lck B ks dn fnrmn ck r`turn, n ks kd cgîjktr` ck dn pr`oktn y D su d`lmgtuc.
?.?.?. GJU@_SNLFGN W NUDGFNFGÖL
Dn rksgstklfgn n dn tklsgöl cgnm`lnd (bft), ks jîs bîfgd ck cktkrjglnr quk dn rksgstklfgn n dn
tklsgöl cgrkftn. U`r d` tnlt`, ks jîs f`jøl dn rkndgznfgöl ck kstk klsny`. Ks gjp`rtnltk
ckstnfnr quk kd ksbukrz` ` rksgstklfgn n dn tklsgöl cgnm`lnd orglcn ul vnd`r jny`r quk kd
ksbukrz` kl tklsgöl cgrkftn y jkl`r quk kd jöcud` ck rupturn ckd f`lfrkt` (6.>?―6.>6). Dn
rksgstklfgn n dn tklsgöl cgnm`lnd ks utgdgzncn kl kd cgskþ` kstrufturnd ck jgkjor`s ck
f`lfrkt` dgvgnl`, pnrn kvndunr dn rksgstklfgn nd f`rtnltk y pnrn cktkrjglnr dn d`lmgtuc ck
cksnrr`dd` ckd rkbukrz`.
?.?.6.
KVUÇFGJKL CK KLVNW@
D`s kspkfêjklks ck klsny` ckokl kstnr f`lb`rjks f`l d`s rkqukrgjgklt`s ck tnjnþ`,
j`dck` y furn quk sk kspkfgbgfnl kl NVSJ F 6> (6.?) y NVSJ F >7? (6.>). Kl kd fns` ck
løfdk`s, rgmkl d`s pr`fkcgjgklt`s ck kxtrnffgöl, tnjnþ` y furn ck NVSJ F 3? (2.>3―2.>2).
Kd kspçfgjkl kstîlcnr f`lsgstk kl ul fgdglcr` ck >;5x655 jj.
?.?.3.
_KV[JKL U_@FKCGJGKLS@
Kstk jçt`c` ck klsny` f`lsgstk kl dn npdgfnfgöl ck uln bukrzn ck f`jprksgöl n d` dnrm` ck
dn d`lmgtuc ckd kspçfgjkl fgdêlcrgf` ck f`lfrkt`, n uln vkd`fgcnc ck fnrmn kspkfgbgfncn quk
`furrn dn bnddn. Vk f`d`fnl dîjglns ckdmncns ck jnckrn f`ltrnfanpncn (pdyw``c) n d` dnrm`
ck dn d`lmgtuc ckd fgdglcr` pnrn quk sk klmnlfak dn fnrmn sk npdgfn ulgb`rjkjkltk kl t`cn
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
11/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>5
dn cgstnlfgn. Dn fnrmn jîxgjn `otklgcn ks cgvgcgcn p`r bnft`rks mk`jçtrgf`s npr`pgnc`s pnrn
cktkrjglnr dn rksgstklfgn n dn tklsgöl cgnm`lnd.
?.?.;. _K^[K_GJGKLS@V UN_N V@DGFGS[CKV
Vk ckok pr`vkkr nd dno`rnt`rg` d`s kspkfêjklks y kspkfgbgfnr fdnrnjkltk dn bkfan ck j`dck`
y dn bkfan n dn fund sk kspkfgbgfn dn bnddn. U`r khkjpd`8 = cêns, ?1 cêns, ;2 cêns, ktf.
Vk ckok kspkfgbgfnr sg d`s kspkfêjklks lkfksgtnl tgkjp` ck furnc` kl dn fîjnrn. Kd
dno`rnt`rg` l` sk rksp`lsnogdgzn p`r vgmns quk l` fujpdkl f`l dn kspkfgbgfnfgöl.
?.?.2. CKVF_GUFGÖL CKD KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN
Kd klsny` f`lsgstk kl s`jktkr ul fgdglcr` n f`jprksgöl s`ork ul pdnl` cgnjktrnd (Bgmurn
5>). Ckogc` nd kstnc` tklsg`lnd ckd fgdglcr`, dn r`turn sk pr`cufk p`r trnffgöl funlc` dns
tklsg`lks quk npnrkfkl kl kd pdnl` ck npdgfnfgöl ck dns fnrmns ndfnlznl kd vnd`r ck dn
rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl ckd jntkrgnd. Kl ksk glstnltk kd jntkrgnd f`jgklzn su brnfturn y çstn
sk pr`pnmn n d` dnrm` ck kstk pdnl` cgnjktrnd. Vgl kjonrm` kd kstnc` tklsg`lnd l` ks
ulgnxgnd, y kd jntkrgnd s`p`rtn tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl quk s`l l`rjndks n dns tklsg`lks
ck trnffgöl, f`l vnd`rks nos`dut`s quk s`orkpnsnl kl jîs ck trks vkfks dn rksgstklfgn n
trnffgöl kl kd j`jklt` ck dn brnfturn.
Kl jntkrgndks f`l uln rkdnfgöl ck rksgstklfgn n f`jprksgöl/trnffgöl ndtn, f`j` s`l d`s
jntkrgndks fkrîjgf`s ` kd a`rjgmöl, dn brnfturn ckd jntkrgnd ks ckogcn n dns tklsg`lks ck
trnffgöl jgkltrns quk sk nsujk quk dns tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl l` pr`cufkl cnþ` ndmul`.
Kstn ks dn rnzöl p`r dn quk d`s klsny`s ornsgdkþ`s sk prkskltnl f`j` uln s`dufgöl vgnodkpnrn dn jkcgcn ck dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl ck jntkrgndks brîmgdks (Mîdvkz kt nd., ?556). Fnok
anfkr l`tnr quk kl dn vkfglcnc ckd sgtg` ck npdgfnfgöl ck fnrmn sk mklkrnl ksbukrz`s ck
f`jprksgöl ck mrnl jnmlgtuc9 pkr` kl kd rkst` ck dn skffgöl ckd fgdglcr`, kl uln njpdgtuc
ck npr`xgjncnjkltk kd 15% ck su cgîjktr`, sk pr`cufkl ksbukrz`s ck trnffgöl
prîftgfnjkltk ulgb`rjks (Bgmurn 53).
Bgmurn 53Ksqukjn ck klsny` y cgstrgoufgöl ck ksbukrz`s kl klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn. (M`lzîdkz, ?55;)
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
12/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>>
Kd pnrîjktr` n jkcgr ks dn fnrmn ck r`turn ck dn pr`oktn. Dn vkltnhn jîs ̀ ovgn quk prkskltn
kd klsny` ks dn sgjpdgfgcnc ck dn jkt`c`d`mên. @trns vkltnhns oîsgfns ckd klsny` s`l
(J`rkl`, ?55;)8
Kd klsny` ks rkdntgvnjkltk sklfgdd`.
Kd tgp` ck jukstrn y kd kqugp` s`l d`s jgsj`s utgdgznc`s pnrn `tr`s klsny`s.
Dn r`turn l` sk vk nbkftncn p`r dns f`lcgfg`lks ck dn supkrbgfgk ck dn pr`oktn.
Dn r`turn sk glgfgn kl uln rkmgöl rkdntgvnjkltk ulgb`rjk ck tklsg`lks ck trnffgöl.
Kd f`kbgfgkltk ck vnrgnfgöl ck d`s rksudtnc`s ckd klsny` ks rkdntgvnjkltk onh`
f`jpnrnc` f`l `tr`s jçt`c`s. Sks`rgkrk kl sus kstucg̀ s anodn ck cgspkrsg`lks
glbkrg`rks nd >;%.
Kd klsny` pukck utgdgznrsk onh` fnrmn kstîtgfn y tnjogçl fnrmns cglîjgfns kl bulfgöl
ckd tgp` ck kstucg` quk sk rkndgfk.
?.?.=.
CGVS_GO[FGÖL SKÖ_GFN CK SKLVG@LKV KL U_@OKSNV FGDÊLC_GFNV
Kd kstnc` tklsg`lnd ck ul fgdglcr` s`jktgc` n uln fnrmn pultund dglknd s`ork ul` ck sus
cgîjktr`s ks rks`duodk nlndêtgfnjkltk sg sk f`lsgckrn ul kstnc` ck ckb`rjnfgöl pdnln. Dns
tklsg`lks ck trnffgöl quk npnrkfkl, s`l jîxgjns y f`lstnltks kl kd pdnl` ck npdgfnfgöl ck
dns fnrmns, jgkltrns quk dns tklsg`lks ck f`jprksgöl l` s`l a`j`mçlkns. Dns s`dufg`lks
sk jukstrnl kl dn Bgmurn ?.>1, kl dn quk U ks dn fnrmn npdgfncn, r dn cgstnlfgn nd pult` ck
npdgfnfgöl ck uln ck dns fnrmns, D dn d`lmgtuc ck dn pr`oktn y C su cgîjktr`. Dns tklsg`lks
ck trnffgöl s`l f`lstnltks kl kd pdnl` jklfg`lnc`, jgkltrns quk dns ck f`jprksgöl s`lvnrgnodks n d` dnrm` ck çd f`l ul jêlgj` kl kd fkltr` mk`jçtrgf` quk ks trks vkfks supkrg`r
n dns ck trnffgöl (Mndvkz kt nd., ?556).
Bgmurn 5; Sklsg`lks kl kd pdnl` ck sgjktrên ck ul klsny` ornsgdkþ` kl ul kstnc` ck ckb`rjnfgöl pdnln f`l
fnrmn pultund. (Mndvkz kt nd., ?556)
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
13/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>?
Bgmurn 52 Ksqukjn ck dn cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks kl kd pdnl` ck npdgfnfgöl ck dn fnrmn kl ul kstnc` ck
ckb`rjnfgöl pdnln f`l fnrmn pultund. (Mndvkz kt nd., ?556)
?.?.1.
J@C@V CK BNDDN KL KLVNW@V CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN
Dn l`rjn NVSJ F>>33 - 17 (NVSJ, >717) kstnodkfk quk dns jukstrns ck a`rjgmöl sk ckoklglspkffg`lnr vgsundjkltk ckspuçs ck dn brnfturn. Kd rkfanz` ck dn prukon sk onsn kl dn
npnrgfgöl bnddns ̀ oskrvnodks ck f`jprksgöl, f`rtnltk ̀ uln bnddn p`r ckbkft` supkrbgfgnd.
Any c`s j`c`s ck brnfturn quk glcgfnl uln prukon vîdgcn, bnddn ck trnffgöl l`rjnd y bnddn
ck trgpdk aklcgjgklt`, dns fundks pukckl skr skmugcns p`r brnmjkltnfgöl ncgfg`lnd skvkrn
ck dn rkmgöl vkrtgfnd fkltrnd ck dn jukstrn. [l tkrfkr tgp` ck bnddn ` brnfturn, ddnjncn bnddn
ck f`jprksgöl y f`rtnltk, glvndgcn kd rksudtnc`s ck dns prukons. Ckogc` n dn vnrgkcnc ck
p`sgodks brnfturns y p`rquk l` any jnlkrn sntgsbnft`rgn pnrn prkckfgr föj` sk pr`cufkl, dn
jukstrn ckok skr kxnjglncn ckspuçs ck dn prukon pnrn fndgbgfnr d`s rksudtnc`s. ([rrutgn,
?5>>).
N) bnddn ck trnffgöl l`rjnd
Kl dn bnddn ck trnffgöl l`rjnd, dn pr`oktn sk cgvgck n d` dnrm` ckd cgîjktr` ck fnrmn (Rkr
bgmurn ?.?5 (n)). Kstn ks dn bnddn gcknd y sk pukck utgdgznr pnrn fndfudnr dn tklsgöl ck trnffgöl
glcgrkftn. Glgfgndjkltk, dn brnfturn l` kstî f`jpdktnjkltk kxtklcgcn kltrk njo`s od`quks
ck fnrmn. Dn fnrmn quk glgfgn dn brnfturnsk utgdgzn pnrn fndfudnr dn tklsgöl ck r`turn.
O)
bnddn ck trgpdk aklcgjgklt`
Dn bnddn ck trgpdk aklcgjgklt` ks uln vnrgnfgöl kl dn bnddn ck trnffgöl l`rjnd kl quk dn
jukstrn sk cgvgck kl funtr` tr`z`s ck gmund tnjnþ`, c`s n fncn dnc` ckd cgîjktr` f`l fnrmn
(Rkr bgmurn ?.?5 (o)). Dns prukons quk prkskltn kstk bndd` tnjogçl pr`cufkl vnd`rks vîdgc s̀
ck rksgstklfgn n dn trnffgöl. Vk pukck pr`cufgr brnmjkltnfgöl ncgfg`lnd funlc` dn brnfturn
sk an glgfgnc` kl kd pdnl` cgnjktrnd.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
14/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>6
Bgmurn 5= J`c`s ck bnddn f`lsgckrnc`s vîdgc`s kl klsny`s ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn. (NVSJ, >717)
F)
bnddn ck f`jprksgöl y f`rtk
Kl dn bnddn ck f`jprksgöl y ck f`rtk, dn jukstrn sk trgturn fkrfn ck d`s od`quks ck fnrmn sgl
nmrgktnrsk n trnvçs ckd cgîjktr`, ̀ dn jukstrn pukck bnddnr fkrfn ck dn pdntnb`rjn ck fnrmn,
ckogc` n ul npdnstnjgklt` d`fnd ` p`r brnfturnjgklt` kl fundqugkr îlmud` dkh`s ck dn fnrmn
cgnjktrnd (Rkr bgmurn ?.?>). Kl ndmul`s fns`s, dn jukstrn pukck fnjognr ck b`rjn nltks ck
dn brnfturn ` l` sk pukck brnfturnr kl nos`dut`. Dns prukons f`l kstk tgp` ck bnddn `
ckb`rjnfgöl l` sk pukckl utgdgznr pnrn fndfudnr dn rksgstklfgn n dn trnffgöl, y dns tklsg`lks
fndfudncns n pnrtgr ck kstns prukons l` s`l rkp`rtncns f`j` rksgstklfgn n dn trnffgöl. Dn
kdkffgöl ckd pdnt` ck fnrmn pukck kvgtnr kstk tgp` ck bnddn kl ndmul`s fns`s.
Bgmurn 51 J`c`s ck bnddn f`lsgckrnc`s glvîdgc`s kl klsny`s ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn. (NVSJ, >717)
?.?.7.
BNFS@_KV ^[K NBKFSNL KD KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN
Rnrg`s bnft`rks nbkftnl d`s rksudtnc`s ckd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn, f`j` dn mk`jktrên
ck dns pr`oktns, bnft`rks njogkltndks, cgstrgoufgöl ck tklsg`lks kl dn pr`oktn skmøl
f`lcgfg`lks ck o`rck, tnsn ck fnrmn. Nul nsê kd klsny` ks rnz`lnodkjkltk bîfgd ck khkfutnr
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
15/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>3
y d`s rksudtnc`s pr`vkkl vnd`rks f`jpnrntgv`s, glfdus` sg dn tklsgöl ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn l`
ks ̀ otklgc` (NVSJ, ?552).
n) Kbkft` ckd tnjnþ` ck dn pr`oktn (ndturn y cgîjktr`)
Unrn ul cgîjktr` cnc`, dn ndturn ckd fgdglcr` pnrkfk l` nbkftnr d`s rksudtnc`s ck d`s klsny`s.
Dn vnrgnogdgcnc ck d`s rksudtnc`s ckd klsny` ckfrkfk f`l kd glfrkjklt` ckd cgîjktr` ck dn
pr`oktn. Fgdglcr`s ck cgîjktr` 3 gl (>5? jj) bukr`l `oskrvnc`s onh` fnrmns ck trnffgöl
quk bukr`l npr`xgjncnjkltk >5% jîs ndtns quk dns `otklgcns pnrn fgdglcr`s ck 2 gl
(>;?jj) ck cgîjktr`.
Nd gmund quk kl `tr`s tgp`s ck r`turns ckd a`rjgmöl, sk an `oskrvnc` quk d`s rksudtnc`s
`otklgc`s klsnynlc` fgdglcr`s ck cgbkrkltks cgîjktr`s ckpklckl ckd tnjnþ` ck dn
pr`oktn. Vgl kjonrm`, n cgbkrklfgn ck d` `oskrvnc` kl ̀ tr`s tgp`s ck r`turns, d`s rksudtnc`s
`otklgc`s n trnvçs ckd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn l` jukstrnl uln tklcklfgn fdnrn ck
kbkft` ckd tnjnþ`.
o)
Kbkft` ckd nlfa` ck rkpnrt`
Kd klsny` NVSJ F - 372 ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn rkqugkrk kd us` ck tgrns ck >/1 gl (6jj) ck
kspks`r akfans ck jnckrn f`ltrnfanpncn mruksn ck > gl (?;jj) ck nlfa` n d` dnrm` ckd
fgdglcr`. Kd pr`pösgt` ck kstns tgrns ks kd ck nckfunrsk n dn supkrbgfgk ck dn pr`oktn y cgstrgougr
dn fnrmn n d` dnrm` ck dn pr`oktn n trnvçs ckd nlfa` ck dn tgrn. Kd nujklt` ckd kspks`r ck dns
tgrns pukck fnusnr rkcuffg`lks ck tklsg`lks. Dn dîjgln ck fnrtöl ` jnckrn f`ltrnfanpncn
s`ork dn onrrn ck nfkr` ck fnrmn fnusn sgmlgbgfntgvns rkcuffg`lks ck tklsg`lks,
pr`onodkjkltk ckogc` n su glfnpnfgcnc pnrn nckfunrsk n dn supkrbgfgk ck dn pr`oktn. NVSJ
an rkfanznc` kd us` ck jntkrgndks ndtkrlntgv`s n >/1 gl (6jj) f`ltrnfanpnc` mruks` njkl`s quk d`s cnt`s rkdntgv`s ck dn prukon sknl pr`p`rfg`lnc`s. Vgl kjonrm`, kl dn
glvkstgmnfgöl ck Fnrj`ln (?557) sk `oskrvn quk, rkstrglmgklc` f`lvklgkltkjkltk kd nlfa`
ck dn z`ln ck fnrmn, kl bulfgöl ckd cgîjktr` ck dn pr`oktn, cksnpnrkfk kd kbkft` ckd tnjnþ`
y sk `otgklk uln rksgstklfgn prîftgfnjkltk f`lstnltk pnrn t`c` kd rnlm` ck cgîjktr`s
kstucgnc`. ([rrutgn, ?5>>9 Dnook, ?5>6).
f) Kbkft` ck dns f`lcgfg`lks ck aujkcnc ck dn pr`oktn
L` ks kspkrnodk quk kd skfnc` ck dn supkrbgfgk ck dn pr`oktn nbkftk dn jkcgfgöl ckd ksbukrz`
ck trnffgöl tnl nprkfgnodkjkltk f`j` d` anfk kl kd fns` ck dn bdkx`trnffgöl. Ck akfa` ks
p`sgodk quk kd kbkft` ckd skfnc` skn jîs skjkhnltk nd quk sufkck kl fgdglcr`s onh` tklsgölck f`jprksgöl, c`lck dn rkcuffgöl rkstrglmgcn ck dn supkrbgfgk kxtkrg`r glcufk f`jprksgöl
kl kd gltkrg`r ck dn pr`oktn. Kspgl`zn (?555) kl su kstucg` f`rr`o`rn kstn sgtunfgöl pnrn
pr`oktns fgdêlcrgfns ck >;5 jj ck cgîjktr` ck kcncks ck ?1 y 75 cêns, kl dns quk sk ̀ oskrvö
quk uln vnrgnfgöl ck dns f`lcgfg`lks ck aujkcnc ck dn pr`oktn nd j`jklt` ckd klsny`, l`
gjpdgfnl lkfksnrgnjkltk vnrgnfgöl ck dn rksgstklfgn ck trnffgöl p`r aklcgjgklt`.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
16/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>;
c)
Kbkft` ck dn tnsn ck fnrmn
Nd gmund quk d`s klsny`s s`ork pr`oktns n f`jprksgöl y vgmns n bdkxgöl, bukrzns y tklsg`lks
jîs ndtns s`l ̀ otklgcns funlc` dns pr`oktns s`l fnrmncns n uln tnsn jîs rîpgcn.
?.6.
KLVNW@V CGLÎJGF@V CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN
D`s pnvgjklt`s sk cktkrg`rnl ckogc` nd pns` ck fnrmns y n nmkltks fdgjîtgf`s. U`r kdd` ks
lkfksnrg` snokr d`s pnrîjktr`s quk fnrnftkrgznl n dns jkzfdns ck a`rjgmöl usnc`s kl kdd`s
y ckbglgr sus dêjgtks ck bndd`, tnlt` p`r bntgmn, ckb`rjnfgöl pdîstgfn ̀ r`turn. U`r kstk j`tgv`
ks gjp`rtnltk snokr quk klsny`s s`l lkfksnrg`s pnrn fnrnftkrgznr nd a`rjgmöl y quk nlîdgsgs
sk ckokl rkndgznr n pnrtgr ck d`s cnt`s `otklgc`s. Kd klsny` pnrn cktkrjglnr dns
fnrnftkrêstgfns ckd a`rjgmöl skrî ul f`jpr`jgs` kltrk dn prkfgsgöl `otklgcn y dn
cgsp`lgogdgcnc ck tgkjp`, ck rkfurs`s kf`löjgf`s y kqugpnjgklt`s.
?.6.>
Npdgfnfgöl ckd Klsny` Cglîjgf` ck Srnffgöl Glcgrkftn
Dn bgmurn ?.?6, ksqukjntgzn kd kstnc` ck tklsg`lks pr`v`fnc` p`r uln fnrmn sgjpdk kl dn
kstrufturn ck ul pnvgjklt`, c`lck sk cgstglmukl 3 fns`s (J`rkl`, ?55;)8 f`jprksgöl
trgnxgnd kl dn supkrbgfgk gljkcgntn onh` dn rukcn (fns` >), trnffgöl d`lmgtucglnd y trnlsvkrsnd
f`joglncn f`l f`jprksgöl vkrtgfnd kl dn pnrtk glbkrg`r ck dn fnpn onh` dn rukcn (fns` ?),
trnffgöl d`lmgtucglnd ` trnlsvkrsnd kl dn supkrbgfgk ck dn fnpn n uln fgkrtn cgstnlfgn ck dn
fnrmn (fns` 6) y f`jprksgöl d`lmgtucglnd ` trnlsvkrsnd kl kd b`lc` ck dn fnpn n uln fgkrtn
cgstnlfgn ck dn fnrmn (fns` 3).
Bgmurn 57 Kstnc` tklsg`lnd kl ul pnvgjklt` onh` fnrmn sgjpdk. (J`rkl`, ?55;)
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
17/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>2
?.3.
KLVNW@ CK S_NFFGÖL GLCG_KFSN KL A@_JGMÖL
Dn [lgvkrsgcnc Nustrnd ck Fagdk an glgfgnc` dn glvkstgmnfgöl ck dn nffgöl ck fnrmns fêfdgfns kl
a`rjgm`lks n trnvçs ckd us` ckd klsny` ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn. Vkrrnl` (?552) kstucgö kd
f`jp`rtnjgklt` ck pr`oktns ck >55 jj ck cgîjktr`, y ;5 jj, >55 jj y >;5 jj ck
dnrm`, kl dns quk sk vnrgnr`l cgvkrs`s bnft`rks quk sk kstgjö p`crênl glbdugr kl dn bntgmn ckda`rjgmöl, f`j` kd tgp` ck brnmunc` y fnrmn jîxgjn khkrfgcn. Kl fncn pr`oktn sk cktkrjglö
dn fnltgcnc ck fgfd`s s`p`rtnc`s pnrn uln fnrmn kspkfêbgfn, rkmgstrnlc` nckjîs su
ckb`rjnfgöl. F`l d`s rksudtnc`s `otklgc`s sk `otuv` kd f`jp`rtnjgklt` ck dns pr`oktns
brkltk n kst`s bnft`rks y sk f`jpnrö f`l kd klsny` n bntgmn jîs f`jøljkltk utgdgznc`, dn
bntgmn p`r bdkx`trnffgöl. Vk vkrgbgfö quk kd jçt`c` cksfrgok kd f`jp`rtnjgklt` ck bntgmn ckd
a`rjgmöl y quk pukck skr utgdgznrd` cgrkftnjkltk kl pnvgjklt`s rêmgc`s. Vk f`lfduyö
nckjîs quk kd jçt`c` ck klsny` ck bntgmn p`r aklcgjgklt` pr`pukst` ks ul jçt`c`
vîdgc`, quk su rkndgznfgöl rksudtn skr jîs sklfgddn quk kd klsny` ck bntgmn f`l vgmuktns y quk
tnjogçl kxgstk jkl`r p`sgogdgcnc ck krr`r kxpkrgjkltnd kl dn npdgfnfgöl ck dns fnrmns.
Dn prglfgpnd cksvkltnhn ckd kqugp` utgdgznc` kl kst`s klsny`s (kqugp` ck J`ar & Bkrckanbb)
ks su onhn brkfuklfgn ck npdgfnfgöl ck fnrmn (ndrkckc`r ck 3 fgfd`s p`r jglut`). U`r d` quk
sk rkf`jklcö rkndgznr klsny`s pnrn ndt`s løjkr`s ck fgfd`s.
N pnrtgr ck dns dgjgtnfg`lks j`strncns p`r kd kqugp` kxgstkltk y ck dns f`lfdusg`lks
`otklgcns, surmgö dn gckn ck gjpdkjkltnr ul kqugp` ck fnrmn fêfdgfn ck onh` f`st` y jny`r
vkd`fgcnc ck npdgfnfgöl ck fnrmn. Aukltkquk` (?5>5) cgskþn y f`lstruyk kd kqugp` ck fnrmn
fêfdgfn sglus`gcnd, y p`stkrg`rjkltk klsnyn cgstgltns f`lbgmurnfg`lks ck npdgfnfgöl ck fnrmn
kl pr`oktns fgdêlcrgfns ck j`rtkr` ck fkjklt`. Kl fncn pr`oktn sk rkmgströ kd tgkjp`
rksgstgc` anstn dn r`turn p`r bntgmn onh` dn nffgöl ck uln fnrmn fêfdgfn tkörgfn. Ck d`srksudtnc`s `otklgc`s pnrn fncn f`lbgmurnfgöl ck fnrmn y n trnvçs ck ul nlîdgsgs kstncêstgf`
sk cktkrjglnr`l fundks ck kddns rkprkskltnr`l ck jkh`r jnlkrn kd f`jp`rtnjgklt`
kspkrnc` ck bntgmn, f`lbgrjnlc` kd bulfg`lnjgklt` ckd kqugp` gjpdkjkltnc`.
Kltrk dns f`lfdusg`lks ck kstk kstucg` sk skþndn quk kd sgstkjn ck j`rcnzns ks sujnjkltk
glfgckltk kl kd f`jp`rtnjgklt` ck bntgmn, `otklgçlc`sk rksudtnc`s sgmlgbgfntgv`s pnrn dns
f`lbgmurnfg`lks kl quk dn fnrmn sk npdgfö pultundjkltk p`r jkcg` ck o`dns ck nfkr` y
sgklc` l` sgmlgbgfntgv` kl dns quk sk utgdgznr`l tnodgddns ck jnckrn f`ltrnfanpncn. Kstk
ødtgj` pult` kstnrên kl ̀ p`sgfgöl n d` ̀ oskrvnc` kl klsny`s kstîtgf`s ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn
kl kd a`rjgmöl, kst` qugzî ckogc` nd tgp` ck fnrmn quk sk npdgfn y n quk sus p`rfkltnhks f`l
rkspkft` n dn fnrmn ødtgjn ck trnffgöl glcgrkftn kstîtgfn s`l onh`s. Nckjîs, ck kstn
glvkstgmnfgöl sk f`lfduyö dn lkfksgcnc ck f`ltnr f`l uln jkh`r glstrujkltnfgöl pnrn kd
f`ltr`d ck pnrîjktr`s gjp`rtnltks y dn nut`jntgznfgöl ck ncqugsgfgöl ck cnt`s. ([rrutgn,
?5>>).
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
18/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>=
?.;.
J@_CNXNV
Vkmøl cksfrgok [rrutgn (?5>>) dns f`lbgmurnfg`lks ck fnrmn quk jkh`r rkprkskltnl kd
f`jp`rtnjgklt` n bntgmn kspkrnc` s`l dns quk npdgfnl dn fnrmn ck jnlkrn pultund p`r d`
quk çd cgskþö y bnorgfö j`rcnzns quk glcuhkrn dn r`turn kl dn skffgöl cgnjktrnd fkltrnd ck
dn pr`oktn. Unrn d`s klsny`s ck Aklcgjgklt` y Bntgmn sk utgdgzö dn f`lbgmurnfgöl trgnlmudnrck j`rcnzns.
Bgmurn >5 F`lbgmurnfgöl ck j`rcnzns pnrn klsny`s ck Aklcgjgklt`.
?.2.
KLVNW@ ON_FKD@LN @ CK C@ODK U[LX@LNJGKLS@
Kl kstk klsny` sk cgsp`lk uln pr`oktn fgdêlcrgfn ck a`rjgmöl ck >;5 jgdêjktr`s ck ndturnck jnlkrn vkrtgfnd kltrk dns pdnfns ck fnrmn n f`jprksgöl, utgdgznlc` c`s pulz`lks
fgrfudnrks ck nfkr` cgspukst`s f`lfçltrgfnjkltk klfgjn y ckonh` ck dn jukstrn n klsnynr.
Bgmurn >> c`odk pulz`lnjgklt`
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
19/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>1
Vk rkndgzn jkcgnltk uln prklsn f`lvklfg`lnd, cgsp`lgodk kl dn jny`rên ck dno`rnt`rg`s.
Nckjîs kd pr`fkcgjgklt` ck khkfufgöl ks sklfgdd` y sk rkqugkrk ck uln jnmlgtuc ck fnrmn
rkcufgcn pnrn ddkmnr n dn r`turn ck dn jukstrn, p`r d` quk rksudtn skr ul jçt`c` juy bîfgd
ck ddkvnr n dn prîftgfn.
Curnltk dn rkndgznfgöl ckd klsny` dn fnrmn npdgfncn pr`cufk ul glfrkjklt` ck dn trnffgöl
s`ork d`s pdnl`s quk f`ltgklkl kd khk ckd fgdglcr` y dn jukstrn sk brnfturn n d` dnrm` ck kst`s
pdnl`s. Mklkrndjkltk, sukdkl npnrkfkr trks bgsurns rncgndks kl dn jukstrn klsnyncn. Onh` dn
fnrmn ck r`turn, sk b`rjnl nckjîs c`s fuþns fölgfns quk sk sgtønl onh` d`s pulz`lks ck
nfkr`.
Kd f`ltr`d ckd klsny` sk rkndgzn jkcgnltk dn jkcgcn, ck b`rjn f`ltglun, ck dn fnrmn npdgfncn
s`ork dn pr`oktn y kd rkf`rrgc` ckd pdnt` ck fnrmn. _kndgznlc` cgfa` f`ltr`d sk nskmurn dn
kstnogdgcnc ckd klsny`. Snjogçl sk pukck utgdgznr pnrn kd f`ltr`d ckd klsny` dn npkrturn
fgrfulbkrklfgnd ck dn pr`oktn, jkcgcn jkcgnltk uln fnckln sgtuncn kl dn pnrtk fkltrnd ck
dn pr`oktn n jkcgn ndturn.
U`r `trn pnrtk, nd skr fgdêlcrgfns dns jukstrns, sk pukck kbkftunr s`ork kstrufturns
prkkxgstkltks, puks sk pukckl kxtrnkr bîfgdjkltk jukstrns ck ksn b`rjn ck kddns. Nckjîs,
nd l` dgjgtnrsk dn r`turn ck dn jukstrn n ul pdnl` prkcktkrjglnc`, sk pukck kstnodkfkr uln
rksgstklfgn pr`jkcg` n dn trnffgöl, rkcufgçlc`sk dn cgspkrsgöl kl d`s rksudtnc`s,
`otklgçlc`sk ul f`kbgfgkltk ck vnrgnfgöl ck d`s rksudtnc`s glbkrg`r nd >6%. U`r `trn pnrtk,
sk rkndgzn kl jukstrns ck pkqukþ` tnjnþ` y quk l` lkfksgtnl skr rkbrkltncns, f`l kd
f`lsgmugkltk na`rr` ck jntkrgnd y tgkjp`.
?.=.> FÖJ@ VK ANFK8
Kd a`rjgmöl tgklk quk kstnr klcurkfgc` y furnc` f`l dns f`lcgfg`lks l`rjndgzncns ckdno`rnt`rg` y r`jpkr dns pr`oktns n d`s ?1 cêns, ` nd tgkjp` y fgrfulstnlfgns quk sk
cktkrjglkl kl fncn fns`.
Vg sk trntn ck tkstgm`s, sk trntnrîl ck nfukrc` f`l d`s f`lcgfg`lnltks y prksfrgpfg`lks ck dn
l`rjn mklçrgfn quk d`s trntn.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
20/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
>7
Nltks ck f`d`fnr dn pr`oktn kl dn jîqugln ck klsny` sk cgouhn, kl fncn fnrn, uln dêlkn quk
jnrquk ul cgîjktr` ckd jgsj` pdnl` nxgnd. Vk trnznl dns mklkrntrgfks quk ulkl d`s
kxtrkj`s f`rrksp`lcgkltks n d`s cgîjktr`s jnrfnc`s. Kstns mklkrntrgfks f`rrksp`lckl nd
pdnl` ck r`turn.
Vk jgck dn pr`oktn kl t`cns sus cgrkffg`lks f`l prkfgsgöl ck > jj.
Vk kdgjgln kd p`sgodk kxfks` ck aujkcnc ck dn supkrbgfgk y sk f`d`fn dn pr`oktn kl kd
cgsp`sgtgv` ck klsny` f`l dn mklkrntrgz trnzncn s`ork uln onlcn ck bgorns prklsncns ck >5
jj ck nlfa`, 3 jj ck kspks`r y uln d`lmgtuc supkrg`r n dn ck dn pr`oktn.
Ckspuçs sk sgtøn, s`ork dn mklkrntrgz supkrg`r `pukstn `trn onlcn gcçltgfn n dn cksfrgtn y
s`ork çstn uln onrrn ck skffgöl rkftnlmudnr jêlgjn ck ;5 jj ck nlfaurn y ck kspks`r
gmund ` supkrg`r n dn jgtnc ck dn cgbkrklfgn kltrk dn d`lmgtuc ck dn pr`oktn y dn jny`r
cgjklsgöl ckd pdnt` ck dn prklsn.
Vk sgtøn kd cgsp`sgtgv` fkltrnc` kl d`s pdnt`s ck prklsn, sk npr`xgjnl d`s pdnt`s pnrn p`ckr
bghnr dn p`sgfgöl ckd f`lhult`, sgl npdgfnfgöl ck fnrmn.
N f`ltglunfgöl, f`l ul glfrkjklt` ck prksgöl f`lstnltk ck kltrk 3 y 2 Jpn/s, sk pr`fkck
n dn r`turn ck dn pr`oktn, nl`tîlc`sk dn fnrmn t`tnd u `otklgcn.
[ln vkz r`tn dn pr`oktn, sk `oskrvn kd nspkft` ckd a`rjgmöl y sk nl`tn fundqugkr nl`jndên
quk sk cktkftk.
?.=.?.
Föj` sk kxprksnl8
Kd rksudtnc` sk kxprksn kl Jpn (L/jj¿) f`l npr`xgjnfgöl ck 5,5;.
?.=.6.
L`rjns ck rkbkrklfgn ` rkdnfg`lncns8
[LK 16-652-1; KL >?675-28?555
?.=.3.
[tgdgcnc ckd klsny`8
Ks ul sgstkjn øtgd pnrn cktkrjglnr dn rksgstklfgn n trnffgöl ck ul a`rjgmöl kspkfgndjkltk
kl nqukdd`s fns`s quk l` sk cgsp`lmn ck ̀ tr` tgp` ck pr`oktns quk l` sknl fgdêlcrgfns. L`s
cn ul cnt` oîsgf` ck fîdfud` y ck f`ltr`d quk skrî sgmlgbgfntgv` funlc` kd a`rjgmöl kstç
trnonhnlc` n çstk tgp` ck s`dgfgtnfgöl.
?.=.;.
Fuîlc` anfkrd`8
Nltks ck fndfudnr uln cktkrjglncn s`dufgöl n trnffgöl f`l ul cktkrjglnc` tgp` ck
a`rjgmöl, y f`j` sgstkjîtgfn ck f`ltr`d ck fndgcnc y ulgb`rjgcnc ck sujglgstr` ck
a`rjgmöl, f`l gcçltgf`s ̀ sgjgdnrks frgtkrg`s quk d`s utgdgznc`s pnrn kd f`ltr`d ck a`rjgmöl
n f`jprksgöl.
8/20/2019 TRACCIÓN INDIRECTA DEL CONCRETO
21/21
IKGRGL BD@_GLCKX NDRN_NC@
[LGRK_VGCNC LNFG@LND CK S_[HGDD@
?5
?.=.2.
Urkfnufg`lks8
Vg dns pr`oktns pr`vgklkl ck ul furnc` kl sndn aøjkcn, any quk pr`furnr quk l` sk
ckskqukl. Cksck su rktgrncn ck dn sndn anstn kd j`jklt` ck r`turn l` an ck pnsnr ul
pkrê`c` ck jîs ck trks a`rns.
Vg sk kstîl klsnynlc` pr`oktns tkstgm` sk pukckl nfkptnr jukstrns ck anstn uln ksokdtkz
gmund n >.
Funlc` dn b`rjn ` cgjklsg`lks ck dn pr`oktn l` fujpdnl f`l dns t`dkrnlfgns kstnodkfgcns
p`r dn l`rjn kspkfêbgfn, sk rktgrnrîl ` sk pr`fkckrî n rkftgbgfnrdns jkcgnltk pudgc`, sg sk
trntn ck uln cksgmundcnc supkrbgfgnd, ̀ sk f`rtnrîl sg dn cksvgnfgöl ks nlmudnr.
?.=.=.
Jukstrn8
Vk nf`lskhn klsnynr trks pr`oktns ck uln jgsjn jukstrn.
?.=.1.
Kxgmklfgns8
Cnt`s quk any quk jnlgbkstnr kl kd glb`rjk ck klsny`8
Cktnddks ckd rkftgbgfnc` (sg pr`fkck)
Cgjklsg`lks ck dn pr`oktn
Ur`fkcklfgn ck dn pr`oktn
F`lcgfg`lks ck aujkcnc ck dn pr`oktn. F`lskrvnfgöl.
Kcnc ckd a`rjgmöl
Bkfan ck klsny`
Nspkft` ckd a`rjgmöl y tgp` ck brnfturn (sg l` ks l`rjnd)
Fnrmn ck r`turn
_ksgstklfgn n trnffgöl glcgrkftn
Cksvgnfg`lks ckd jçt`c` ck klsny` l`rjndgznc`
?.1. F@LFD[VG@LKV
- Kd kstucg` l` ckjnlcn ck jufan kf`l`jên
- Dn r`turn ck dns pr`oktns ck klsny` ckpklckl ckd furnc`, jntkrgn prgjn y
dn rkdnfgöl kxgstkltk ck nmun y fkjklt`.
- D`s klsny`s sk anrîl f`l uln jnqugln ddnjncn j`rcnzn.
?.7. OGODG@M_NBGN.
www. Vdgcksanrk.f`j
www.wgigpkcgn.f`j