29
GUIA GRAMATICAL 2019 CAPACITACIÓN EN INGLÉS
GUIA
GRAMATICAL
2019
CAPACITACIOacuteN EN INGLEacuteS
INTRODUCCION
Las palabras pertenecen a distintas clases gramaticales En algunas lenguas la palabra misma nos dice a que clase pertenece Pero en ingleacutes hay muy pocas pistas en la palabra misma y con frecuencia tenemos que mirar el contexto
Adjetivo sustantivo preposicioacuten
Ej The little child ran quickly up another hill
Articulo verbo adverbio cuantificador
Ademaacutes muchas palabras pueden funcionar como miembros de una clase en un
contexto y como miembros de otra clase en otros contextos
CLASES DE CATEGORIAS GRAMATICALES
PALABRAS DE CONTENIDO
Items de vocabulario Con la adicioacuten de un prefijo o sufijo cambian de categoriacutea
gramatical y significado Conforman un sistema abierto
bull Sustantivos
bull Adjetivos
bull Adverbios
Verbos
PALABRAS FUNCIONALES
Establecen relaciones entre conceptos Dependen de otras palabras para su
significado Forman un sistema cerrado
bull Determinantes
bull Pronombres
bull Preposiciones
bull Conectores
Tipos de oraciones- Funciones del habla seguacuten Halliday
(Halliday 1985)
1 Oraciones Declarativas (Statements)
La mayoriacutea de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas en ingleacutes siguen este orden baacutesico
Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto ( Adverbios de modo + lugar + tiempo)
Albert Einstein developed the theory of Relativity
Penicillin doesnrsquot cure all diseases
The president will give a speech tomorrow morning
2 Preguntas (Questions)
(Palabra interrogativa) + Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo
Did the meeting start on time
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
WH-
WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHOSE
WHOM HOW
HOW much
many
often
long
far
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
3 Oraciones imperativas (Commands)
rarr Verbo en infinitivo
rarr Do not (Donrsquot) + verbo en infinitivo
Turn on the machine
Come here please
Donrsquot make such a noise
4 Ofrecimientos
Frecuentemente se utiliza ldquowouldhelliplikerdquo interrogativas
Would you like to borrow my copy
En cuanto a las estructuras exclamativas (Exclamations) que se usan en la
interaccioacuten para expresar sorpresa disgusto preocupacioacuten etc son una
combinacioacuten de patrones interrogativos y declarativos Como las preguntas del
tipo WH necesitan un elemento WH fusionado con un complemento o un adjunto
What a great writer Henry James was
How amazing he was
What a wonderful story this is
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
INTRODUCCION
Las palabras pertenecen a distintas clases gramaticales En algunas lenguas la palabra misma nos dice a que clase pertenece Pero en ingleacutes hay muy pocas pistas en la palabra misma y con frecuencia tenemos que mirar el contexto
Adjetivo sustantivo preposicioacuten
Ej The little child ran quickly up another hill
Articulo verbo adverbio cuantificador
Ademaacutes muchas palabras pueden funcionar como miembros de una clase en un
contexto y como miembros de otra clase en otros contextos
CLASES DE CATEGORIAS GRAMATICALES
PALABRAS DE CONTENIDO
Items de vocabulario Con la adicioacuten de un prefijo o sufijo cambian de categoriacutea
gramatical y significado Conforman un sistema abierto
bull Sustantivos
bull Adjetivos
bull Adverbios
Verbos
PALABRAS FUNCIONALES
Establecen relaciones entre conceptos Dependen de otras palabras para su
significado Forman un sistema cerrado
bull Determinantes
bull Pronombres
bull Preposiciones
bull Conectores
Tipos de oraciones- Funciones del habla seguacuten Halliday
(Halliday 1985)
1 Oraciones Declarativas (Statements)
La mayoriacutea de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas en ingleacutes siguen este orden baacutesico
Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto ( Adverbios de modo + lugar + tiempo)
Albert Einstein developed the theory of Relativity
Penicillin doesnrsquot cure all diseases
The president will give a speech tomorrow morning
2 Preguntas (Questions)
(Palabra interrogativa) + Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo
Did the meeting start on time
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
WH-
WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHOSE
WHOM HOW
HOW much
many
often
long
far
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
3 Oraciones imperativas (Commands)
rarr Verbo en infinitivo
rarr Do not (Donrsquot) + verbo en infinitivo
Turn on the machine
Come here please
Donrsquot make such a noise
4 Ofrecimientos
Frecuentemente se utiliza ldquowouldhelliplikerdquo interrogativas
Would you like to borrow my copy
En cuanto a las estructuras exclamativas (Exclamations) que se usan en la
interaccioacuten para expresar sorpresa disgusto preocupacioacuten etc son una
combinacioacuten de patrones interrogativos y declarativos Como las preguntas del
tipo WH necesitan un elemento WH fusionado con un complemento o un adjunto
What a great writer Henry James was
How amazing he was
What a wonderful story this is
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
CLASES DE CATEGORIAS GRAMATICALES
PALABRAS DE CONTENIDO
Items de vocabulario Con la adicioacuten de un prefijo o sufijo cambian de categoriacutea
gramatical y significado Conforman un sistema abierto
bull Sustantivos
bull Adjetivos
bull Adverbios
Verbos
PALABRAS FUNCIONALES
Establecen relaciones entre conceptos Dependen de otras palabras para su
significado Forman un sistema cerrado
bull Determinantes
bull Pronombres
bull Preposiciones
bull Conectores
Tipos de oraciones- Funciones del habla seguacuten Halliday
(Halliday 1985)
1 Oraciones Declarativas (Statements)
La mayoriacutea de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas en ingleacutes siguen este orden baacutesico
Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto ( Adverbios de modo + lugar + tiempo)
Albert Einstein developed the theory of Relativity
Penicillin doesnrsquot cure all diseases
The president will give a speech tomorrow morning
2 Preguntas (Questions)
(Palabra interrogativa) + Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo
Did the meeting start on time
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
WH-
WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHOSE
WHOM HOW
HOW much
many
often
long
far
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
3 Oraciones imperativas (Commands)
rarr Verbo en infinitivo
rarr Do not (Donrsquot) + verbo en infinitivo
Turn on the machine
Come here please
Donrsquot make such a noise
4 Ofrecimientos
Frecuentemente se utiliza ldquowouldhelliplikerdquo interrogativas
Would you like to borrow my copy
En cuanto a las estructuras exclamativas (Exclamations) que se usan en la
interaccioacuten para expresar sorpresa disgusto preocupacioacuten etc son una
combinacioacuten de patrones interrogativos y declarativos Como las preguntas del
tipo WH necesitan un elemento WH fusionado con un complemento o un adjunto
What a great writer Henry James was
How amazing he was
What a wonderful story this is
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Tipos de oraciones- Funciones del habla seguacuten Halliday
(Halliday 1985)
1 Oraciones Declarativas (Statements)
La mayoriacutea de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas en ingleacutes siguen este orden baacutesico
Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto ( Adverbios de modo + lugar + tiempo)
Albert Einstein developed the theory of Relativity
Penicillin doesnrsquot cure all diseases
The president will give a speech tomorrow morning
2 Preguntas (Questions)
(Palabra interrogativa) + Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo
Did the meeting start on time
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
WH-
WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHOSE
WHOM HOW
HOW much
many
often
long
far
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
3 Oraciones imperativas (Commands)
rarr Verbo en infinitivo
rarr Do not (Donrsquot) + verbo en infinitivo
Turn on the machine
Come here please
Donrsquot make such a noise
4 Ofrecimientos
Frecuentemente se utiliza ldquowouldhelliplikerdquo interrogativas
Would you like to borrow my copy
En cuanto a las estructuras exclamativas (Exclamations) que se usan en la
interaccioacuten para expresar sorpresa disgusto preocupacioacuten etc son una
combinacioacuten de patrones interrogativos y declarativos Como las preguntas del
tipo WH necesitan un elemento WH fusionado con un complemento o un adjunto
What a great writer Henry James was
How amazing he was
What a wonderful story this is
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
WHOM HOW
HOW much
many
often
long
far
How much does the unit cost
Where is this product manufactured
How many units have they sold
3 Oraciones imperativas (Commands)
rarr Verbo en infinitivo
rarr Do not (Donrsquot) + verbo en infinitivo
Turn on the machine
Come here please
Donrsquot make such a noise
4 Ofrecimientos
Frecuentemente se utiliza ldquowouldhelliplikerdquo interrogativas
Would you like to borrow my copy
En cuanto a las estructuras exclamativas (Exclamations) que se usan en la
interaccioacuten para expresar sorpresa disgusto preocupacioacuten etc son una
combinacioacuten de patrones interrogativos y declarativos Como las preguntas del
tipo WH necesitan un elemento WH fusionado con un complemento o un adjunto
What a great writer Henry James was
How amazing he was
What a wonderful story this is
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
How fascinating life can be
How fantastically Henry James wrote
iquestCoacutemo nos referimos a las personas y a las cosas
Dicho sencillamente usamos el lenguaje para hablar acerca de las personas y de
las cosas Hacemos esto utilizando las palabras de diversos modos por ejemplo
para hacer afirmaciones formular preguntas y dar oacuterdenes
Ademaacutes organizamos las palabras que elegimos en grupos o bloques de
significado ya sea alrededor de un sustantivo o alrededor de un verbo Estos
grupos son llamados grupos (o frases) nominales y grupos (o frases) verbales
Los grupos nominales nos dicen de queacute personas o cosas se estaacute hablando Los
grupos verbales nos dicen que se estaacute diciendo de ellos por ejemplo que estaacuten
haciendo
GRUPO NOMINAL
Un grupo nominal normalmente comprende un sustantivo (o pronombre) que
funcionan como nuacutecleo rodeado por otros elementos los cuales todos de alguna
manera caracterizan ese sustantivo determinantes premodificadores y
postmodificadores
El ingleacutes es un idioma muy nominalizado y por lo tanto el significado leacutexico en gran
medida se encuentra en los grupos nominales
El grupo nominal es una secuencia linguumliacutestica que puede funcionar como sujeto
objeto complemento del sujeto o complemento de una preposicioacuten
La definicioacuten de sustantivo maacutes conocida dice que eacuteste describe a una persona
lugar o cosa Sin embargo utilizamos los sustantivos para expresar tambieacuten otros
significados tales como conceptos cualidades organizaciones comunidades
sensaciones
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Se aplican a los sustantivos las categoriacuteas de nuacutemero geacutenero y caso
Food guide pyramid
A Food guide pyramid is a quantitative nutrition guideline using a mnemonic graphic of a
pyramid with hierarchical separated zones to represent suggested percentages of the daily
diet for different food groups Since 1992 the first well known pyramid by the USDA
several other countries and organizations published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal
representation as well[1]
DETERMINANTES PREMODIFICADORES NUacuteCLEO POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Frase preposicional
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Sustantivo
Claacuteusulas
Verboide (no infinitivos)
Verboide
Ejemplos
Como sujeto A food guide pyramid is helliphellip
Como objeto published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion percentages of the daily diet
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo)
ARTIacuteCULOS
Definido the ----------------
Indefinido a an Indefinido one ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS This these that those
POSESIVOS My your his her its our your
their
Mine yours his hers ours
yours theirs
CUANTIFICADORES
All both half some any no
every each either neither
most more less least enough
much many several few
littleratherfairlyhardly
WH- What (ever) which (ever) who De relativo who whose whom
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
(ever) whose where which that
NUMERALES
Cardinales one two three
Ordinales first second next
last other
GENITIVOS lsquos (Maryrsquos room is white) lsquos (Tomrsquos is blue)
Personales y reflexivos ver tabla
siguiente
PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
REFLEXIVOS Sujeto Objeto
1ra
persona
Singular I me myself
Plural we us ourselves
2da
persona
Singular you you
yourself
Plural yourselves
3ra
persona
Singular
masc he him Himself
fem she her Herself
neutro it it Itself
Plural they them themselves
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will probably be in the field of genetic research and engineering Cloning the name popularly given to these technologies is often associated with science fiction horror stories because it suggests the creation of identical people In reality it is impossible to create two identical people Personality character and behaviour are not determined only by genetic factors The real aims of cloning technology are to help in the development of tissue for transplantation in genetic diagnosis and in biological research But cloning technology raises some very difficult bioethical questions El grupo verbal estaacute formado por un verbo principal o un verbo principal
precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que
alguien o algo hace o lo que les sucede Aunque generalmente los verbos se
identifican primariamente con una accioacuten tambieacuten pueden expresar existencia
condiciones y procesos y relaciones
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracioacuten
Ejemplos de grupos verbales
formado por un verbo principal raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o maacutes auxiliares will be is associated are not determined
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales
no necesitan estar acompantildeados por otros verbos expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para
formar los tiempos verbales formular preguntas y negar dar eacutenfasis evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucioacuten) hacer una evaluacioacuten juicio o interpretacioacuten acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
to be am is are was were been
being
to do
do does did done
doing
to have
have has had had
having
MODALES Poder Deber Futuro Condicioacuten
can =to be able must=have to will would
could should(deberiacutea)
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
(pudopodriacutea)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podriacutea)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacioacuten que existe ahora que existioacute en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un periacuteodo de tiempo en el pasado presente o futuro
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario o mediante la inclusioacuten de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal
Resumiendo los verbos tienen varias formas Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA
Los grupos verbales pueden estar en voz activa o pasiva
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Voz activa grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o la cosa que realiza
o es responsable de la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto del verbo es generalmente el
agente el ldquohacedorrdquo
Voz pasiva grupos verbales donde el sujeto es la persona o cosa que es
afectada por la accioacuten Es decir el sujeto es el destinatario de la accioacuten no el
agente
Forma be + participio pasado
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Grupos Verbales Personales
Voz activa Vos pasiva
Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
work(s) amisare working hashave worked hashave been working worked waswere eating had worked had been working will work amisare going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
amisare made amisare being made hashave been made waswere made waswere being made had been made will be made amisare going to be made will have been made
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
VERBOIDES
Hay ocasiones en que las formas verbales no funcionan como tales Ejemplos
VERBOIDES EXAMPLES
TO -INFINITIVE The child tries to communicate some information to his parents
To communicate information to his parents the child moves his
hands ( Para de a + infinitivo)
To communicate information to his parents means that the child
feels comfortable ( infinitivo)
-ING Communicating information to his parents means that the child (comunicar la comunicacioacuten) The child communicating information to his parents tries to
(que comunica)
By communicating information to his parents the child tries to
(comunicando)
-ED (ADO-IDO)
Pre modificador The communicated information was used to
Post modificador The information communicated to the child was usedhellip
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES
About acerca de
above por encima
after detraacutes
against contra
among entre
around alrededor
at a
back atraacutes
before antes
behind atraacutes
below por debajo
beneath
beside al lado
between entre
by al lado
down hacia abajo
during durante
except excepto
for para - por
from de-desde
in en
inside dentro de
COMPUESTAS
According to de acuerdo a
along with junto a
as for como para
away from fuera de
because of a causa de
due to debido a
except for a excepcioacuten de
out of fuera de
owing to debido a
up to hasta
by means of por medio de
in comparison with en comparac
in front of frente a
in relation to en relacioacuten a
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
into adentro de
like como
near cerca
of de
off fuera de
on sobre
opposite opuesto a
out afuera
outside afuera
over por encima
past pasado
round alrededor
since desde
till hasta
through a traveacutes de
to a-hacia
towards hacia
under debajo
underneath por debajo
until hasta
up arriba
with con
within dentro de
without sin
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Cohesioacuten (Halliday y Hasan 1976)
El concepto de cohesion es un concepto semaacutentico Se refiere a las relaciones de
significado que existen en el texto y que lo definen como tal Sin embargo como todos los
componentes del sistema semaacutentico se realiza a partir del sistema leacutexico-gramatical
La cohesioacuten ocurre cuando la INTERPRETACIOacuteN de un elemento en e texto depende e
otro elemento Uno de los elementos presupone el otro es decir ese elemento no puede
decodificarse sin referirse al otro
Los tipos de cohesioacuten que se dan en el texto pueden ser a) gramatical que incluye i) la
referencia - que puede ser referencia personal representada por los pronombres personales y
posesivos y por los adjetivos posesivos referencia demostrativa que incluye a los teacuterminos ldquothis
these that thoserdquo circunstancias de lugar ndashhere there- y de tiempo-now then el artiacuteculo ldquotherdquo
y vocablos tales como ldquosuch ardquo referencia comparativa- ii) la sustitucioacuten y iii) la elipsis
b) leacutexica se manifiesta por la REPETICIOacuteN de un teacutermino el uso de un SINOacuteNIMO UN
SUPERORDINADO (vehiacuteculo-auto) o un teacutermino general
c) la conjuncioacuten que se encuentra en un aacuterea intermedia fundamentalmente gramatical
pero con su componente lexical Una clasificacioacuten sencilla del tipo de relaciones de
conjuncioacuten se incluye a continuacioacuten
1 Video produces relatively unprocessed data A D I TIVA
In addition it makes flexible use of time dimension 2 First save your finished work TEMPORAL Then close the file 3 I forgot my paper
CAUSAL so I will have to hand it in tomorrow 4 From 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended school
ADVERSATIVA For the most part however he was self-educated
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Incluiacutemos a continuacioacuten un cuadro de conectores1
CONECTORES
TEMPORAL de
ADICIOacuteN
de CAUSA
de
CONSECUENCIA
de
CONTRASTE
Adversativo
next and because (of) as a result but
before in addition since consequently while
previously furthermore due to for this reason whereas
meanwhile moreover owing to therefore otherwise
finally besides as hence however
bothand unless thus nevertheless
not
onlybut
also
if so that yet
on the
oneother
hand
whetheror lead to although
though
as well
as
in order to in spite of
instead
1 El listado es soacutelo una muestra de los conectores maacutes frecuentes No se incluyen sin embargo conectores de ejemplificacioacuten ndashentre otros
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Anexo 1-
Prefijos
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
a- an- without amoral
ante- before antecedent
anti- against anticlimax
auto- Self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- With copilot
com- con- With companion contact
contra- against contradict
de- off away from devalue
dis- Not disappear
en- put into enclose
ex- out of former extract ex-president
extra- beyond more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- Same homonym
hyper- over more hyperactive
il- im- in- ir- not without illegal immoral inconsiderate irresponsible
in- Into insert
inter- between intersect
intra- between intravenous
macro- Large macroeconomics
micro- Small microscope
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
mono- One monocle
non- not without nonentity
omni- all every omniscient
post- After postmortem
pre- pro- before forward precede project
sub- Under submarine
syn- same time synchronize
trans- Across transmit
tri- Three tricycle
un- Not unfinished
uni- One unicorn
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Sufijos
de Sustantivos
Suffix significado Ejemplo
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-ance -ence state or quality of maintenance eminence
-dom place or state of being freedom kingdom
-er -or one who trainer protector
-ism doctrine belief communism
-ist one who chemist
-ity -ty quality of veracity
-ment condition of argument
-ness state of being heaviness
-ship position held fellowship
-sion -tion state of being concession transition
Verbos
-ate become eradicate
-en become enlighten
-ify -fy make or become terrify
-ize -ise become civilize
Adjetivos
-able -ible capable of being edible presentable
-al pertaining to regional
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
-esque reminiscent of picturesque
-ful notable for fanciful
-ic -ical pertaining to musical mythic
-ious -ous characterized by nutritious portentous
-ish having the quality of fiendish
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
-y characterized by sleazy
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
Anexo 2
httpoperacionlangostawordpresscom20080112tabla-con-todos-los-verbos-irregulares-en-ingles
TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Meaning
Verbo en infinitivo Pasado Participio Significado
to be was were been ser estar
to beat beat beaten golpear batir
to become became become convertirse llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt burned burn burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught agarrar
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut cortar
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt sontildear
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also US gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar golpear
to hold held held sujetar mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar guardar
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner situar colocar
to lead led led dirigir liderar
to learn learnt learned learnt learned aprender
to leave left left salir dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled pleaded pled pleaded suplicar abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse ascender
to run ran run correr
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer poner
to shake shook shaken temblar sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar tirar
to show showed shown ensentildear
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt smelled smelt smelled oler olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt spelled spelt spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood ponerse de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to swim swam swum nadar
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught ensentildear
to tear tore torn desgarrar derramar laacutegrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar echar
to understand understood understood entender comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar airear ventilar
to write wrote written escribir
