of 44
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
1/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
Presentation on
Latest trends to minimize Harmonics
when using Variable Frequency Drives
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
2/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
Contents
!D- "asi#s
$ar%oni#s-"asi#s
Iss&es related to $ar%oni#s
$ar%oni# li%itin' standards
$ar%oni# sol&tions and redtions possi(ility
Advan#ed $ar%oni#s Sol&tions
Pri#e/Perfor%an#e #o%parisons
S&%%ary
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
3/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
Fixed AC Input
(3ph,415v,50hz)
Variable AC Output
( 0-415v,0-x z)
What is a frequency converter ?
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
4/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
.
W hat is a frequency converter ?
Control
V & FSpeed Reference
AC / DC Rectifier DC Link ar!onic
Choke
in
"oth#V$
& %ve
''V()'*
+nput
+,"-
.utput
Stae
0otor
.utput
'%''V('%)'*
Fixed AC -!C-Filter !C-Variable AC
Variable V"lta#e $ Variable Fre%uen&'
u&h that F* i &han#ed +"r &han#e in "t"r peed
What is a frequency converter ?
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
5/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
f t a n tn1 2 sin1 2= ∑ ω3
I I rms n
n
==
∑ 43
( )THD I I n
n
n= ⋅=
∑ 1 21 2
!a5
3
4
4
3''6
I I RMS n
n
n
==
∑ 1 2!a5
4
3
I I THD RMS
= +132
43
THD
I
I n
n
n
= ⋅=∑
33''6
32
4
41
1 2
!a5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
λ ≈+
3
3 4-D
h+
+ch
h
=
×
=
∞
∑3
4
4
3''6
( ) ( )Vh 7 +
V
7
V h +
+ + hthd
h
hh
h sch
h
=
× = × = ×
=
∞
=
∞
=
∞
∑ ∑ ∑33
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
3''6 3''63
3''6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
8
S
-D -D -D 8 8
-D 8
VSD
no!
c $ $
c $
=
− + + + + + + +
+ +
1 23 3 & 3 3 3
4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
4 4
( ) ( )S
8
98
8
8
$
$
$
$
8
S cVSD
no!
!a5 = +
+ =
+
+ +
3
3
3
3 34
4
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
6/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
The sinusoidal mains supply could look like
this ...!!!
Voltae/current :avefor!1this distorted :avefor! is :hat you !ay see :ith an oscilloscope;2
Funda!ental
Current< )'*
=rd ar!onic
3)'*< Such a non%sinusoidal/distorted :avefor! is !ade
up fro! these t:o sinusoidal :avefor!s
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
7/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
with a more complex series of harmonic
currents …..
• All periodic signals
can be represented
as a sum of sine
functions with
freuencies eual tointeger numbers of
the fundamental
component• The resultant current waeform could look like this.
01 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
01 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
f t a n tn
1 2 sin1 2=∑ ω3
ar!onic/Fourier
Analysis>
ar!onic Frequencies
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
8/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
• All freuency inerters are non"
linear loads resulting in
harmonic currents in the mains
supply
• #P$ systems% &attery chargeretc.% also are non linear loads
and result in harmonic current…
Non linear Loads
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
9/44
Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS
&ut.... how do we 'see( harmonics on the mains
supply )
• *enerally harmonics appear as distortions
to the 'sinusoidal( mains supply.
• &ut let+s take a closer look at what that
means .....
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
10/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
• ,uipment -ailure and malfunctioning
,lectronic control malfunctioning% regulator malfunctioning
/erheating and failure of transformers% motors% cables0neutral
1uisance /peration of fuses% breakers…
2nsulation deterioration
Capacitor resonance and or failure
• ,conomic Considerations /er si3ing neutrals% transformers% generators
4osses02nefficiencies0P- Penalties
2nconsistent meter reading
• Application of Power -actor Correction Capacitors
• /ther 2ssues 5isinterpretation of the 2,,,"678 $tandard
Harmonic ym!toms"#oncerns
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
11/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
9armonic distortion by nonlinear loads
Non$linear LoadNon$linear Load
#urrent Distortion#urrent Distortion Voltage DistortionVoltage Distortionystem
%m!edance
Disturbance to
other users
Disturbance to
other usersContribution to
system losses
Contribution to
system losses
Current distortion is apparatus leel performance
:oltage distortion is system leel performance
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
12/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
Which came first?&'' ( #hic)en or *gg?+
Current distortion causes :oltage distortion
:oltage distortion is created by distorted current through an
impedance
Amount of oltage distortion depends on;
• System impedance
• Amount of distorted current pulled through the impedance
• If either increases, VTHD will increase
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
13/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
• < Pulse =rie0>ectifier ;6% ?% 77% 7@% 7?% 78…
•7 Pulse =rie0>ectifier ; 77% 7@% @% 6…
•7B Pulse =rie ;7?% 78% @6% @?…
•$witch"5ode Power $upply ;@% 6% ?% 8% 77% 7@…
•-luorescent 4ights ;@% 6% ?% 8% 77% 7@…
• Arcing =eices ;% @% % 6% ?...
•Transformer ,nergi3ation ;% @%
•*enerally% magnitude decreases as harmonic order increases
H , N-."$/
i'e' 0 -ulse Drive $ 12 32 //2 /42 /32 /52&
*6!ected Harmonics in N'L loads
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
14/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
Dhy do :-=s cause harmonics)
)*e +ey #o%ponent in a !D ,*i#* affe#ts its*ar%oni# perfor%an#e is t*e Inp&t .e#tifier andasso#iated #o%ponents
.e#tifier Inverter
Motor
A "asi# AC aria(le Speed Drive
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
15/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
1
E
E
E
a
b
c
2 3
64 5
IDC
IDC
Vab Vac Vbc
Ia
Ib
Ic
Non-sinusoidal currents
are drawn from the supply
ulsating power from the
supply source
Dhy do :-=s cause harmonics)
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
16/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
-ro!erties of voltage distortion
!e"uired #nowledge to calculate $oltage distortion is the harmonic
currents of the non-linear load AND the system short-circuit
impedance%
It is NOT possible to predict the voltage
distortion knowing only the drive’s
performance%
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
17/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
• 2t is currently the only recogni3ed industry standard in 1orth America for setting
harmonic limits Foltage and currentG
• =esigned to limit utility harmonics as well as customer harmonic contribution to
the utility grid
• $tandard /14H applies to the Point of Common Coupling FPCCG
The point where the utility connects to multiple customers
2f a utility transformer is proided% the PCC is most likely on the 421, side of the
transformer
%*** 1/5 is widely misunderstood and misa!!lied in the industry
%*** 1/5 7 /558
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
18/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
An important aspect of the 2,,, 678"788 is the definition of the PCC. 2n
general the PCC is defined as the point of the non"linear load meetingother loads or the point where the consumer meets the utility.
4ow :oltage Plant 4eel FBI:G
,uipment 4eel FBI:G
5edium :oltage 4eel Fe.g.
7
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
19/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
tandards
IEEE !"#!""$ &asically is concerned a'out potential Distur'ance to other users or the
networ#
i%e%% the $oltage distortion mentioned a'o$e%
%ere we talk about &oltage Distortion'
(N)I*IEEE C+'!!,
Deals with Transformer and networ# derating or design% (eaning how much
can I load my transformers, ca'les, contactors, inductors etc%
%ere Current distortion is -ey'
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
20/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
Harmonic Limitings tandards $
:verview
1ame Type Countries
2,,, 678"788 >ecommendation 1orth America
,1 ecommendation 1etherlands
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
21/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
.ur"pe/ I.C 1000 - -4
2A/ I... 51 - 1
-laning level of voltage distortion
!ecial"#ritical a!!lication
;eneralsystem
Dedicatedsystem
=
#lass / #lass 8 #lass 4
=
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
22/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
H@AB:N%# #CAA*N< @N@L%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Fund' #urrent 4'13 @
E'18=
AB current 11'35 @
1th Harmonic 4>'E/ @
3th Harmonic 84'0E @
//th Harmonic />'>/ @
/4th Harmonic 1'>3 @
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%n!ut #urrent of a basic rectifier
without Harmonic filters
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
23/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
• AC chokes
• =C chokes
• Passie broadband filter
• 7 pulse rectifier
• Actie PD5 filter • Actie PD5 rectifier
• 7 pulse rectifier
• 5ixing 7phase and phase rectifiers
• 7B pulse conerter
Harmonic filter solutions
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
24/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
9armonic >eduction Techniues for
AC =rie " -ront ,ndsassi$e
///
AC"inductors
Acti$e///
PD5"rectifier
/// / / /
Actie filter
K 9armonic &road &and -ilters L 9armonic Trap filters.
///
=C"inductors
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
707B"pulse etc.
"? "? "? "?
"@S A "@S "
"@S C
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
3)B
Phase multiplication
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
25/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
$ix"pulse >ectifier Dith 2nput
AC 2nductors
1
a
b
c
2 3
64 5
To inverter circuit
AC-side inductors
E
E
E
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
26/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
2nput Current for < pulse drie
with AC 2nput Chokes
H@AB:N%# #CAA*N< @N@L%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Fund' #urrent 40'E @
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
27/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
< pulse drie with AC 2nput
Chokes
• Adantages. 5ore robust against mains spikes%
transients and oltage sags.
5aintain power factor oer speed and load
range.
• =isadantages.
&ulky% @ coils to fit.
Power derating due to oltage drop.FBM
reactor M oltage drop on outputG
/ften an additional cost
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
28/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
$ix"pulse >ectifier Dith =c"link
2nductor
1
E
E
E
a
b
c
2 3
64 5
DC-side inductor(s)To inverter circuit
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
29/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
2nput Current of < pulse drie with =C link
chokes
H@AB:N%# #CAA*N< @N@L%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Fund' #urrent 40'88 @
4 @
//th Harmonic 4'>0 @
/4th Harmonic 8'/> @
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
H@AB:N%# #CAA*N< @N@L%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Fund' #urrent 40'88 @
4 @
//th Harmonic 4'>0 @
/4th Harmonic 8'/> @
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
C i f h i t f
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
30/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
Comparison of harmonic currents from a
$tandard0&asic < pulse drie and a < pulse
drie with =C link chokes
< Pulse drie with =C 4ink
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
31/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
< Pulse drie with =C 4ink
chokes• Adantages.
=C 4ink capacitor life extended.1o coil% approx. life I%III 9ours F yearsG
Dith coil% approx. life 77I%III 9ours FI yearsG
1o derating due to oltage drop.
5aintain power factor oer speed and load range
=C chokes cheaper than AC
• =isadantages;
Can be expensie% difficult to retrofit F:4T
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
32/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
Comparison of harmonic currents from a
$tandard0&asic < pulse drie% a < pulse drie with
=C link chokes and a < pulse drie with =C linkchokes and additional @M AC input chokes#om!arison of harmonic curre nts betw een different drive ty!es and harm onic solutions
I.IM
AI.IM
CI.IM
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
33/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
< pulse drie with =C link chokes
and additional AC input chokes• Adantages
2mproement in harmonic performance
$imple to retrofit
4ow cost additional solution
• =isadantages
:oltage drop across AC chokes
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
34/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
7"pulse >ectifier
C C> =
34%8ulse 8arallel
+nterphase
Reactor
Vac V dc V dc
Vac
>=
4
C C>
4
34%8ulse Serial
-hree%:indin
-ransfor!er
Need for e6tra transformer
#ancels 1th and 3th harmonics
-arallel or serial version
Higher cost (.0>= of drive+ and larger !hysical size 7 generally not a
standard Goff the shelf ty!e !roduct 7 less reliable
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
35/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
@dvanced Harmonic Filter solutions&
2n between freuency conerter and supply
Three wires in 0 three wires out !
1o modification of the -reuency conerter !
F
r e q
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
36/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
AHF 010
AHF 005VL< 0>>> series
.nly )9 VFD
-+D E ) 6
)k: VFD
# AF '3'
-+D E 3' 6
)k:VFD # AF '')
-+D E ) 6
%n!ut current
with"without @HF (*6am!le+
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
37/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
A9-
Actual input current wae trace from lab test
• Dae traces are
displayed out of
phase to make iteasier to see
• Actual :4T and
-ilter on a real
motor
+nput of VFD
+nput of VFD :< AF Filter
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
38/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
:4T K A9- I7I s. 7 Pulse
1o background T9:= distortion or imbalance
I.I
6.I
7I.I
76.I
I.I
6.I
@I.I
I I CI
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
39/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
-+D E 3'6 even :ith up to 46 Gackround -VD
H sinificantly Getter than 34%pulse
-+D E )6 even :ith up to 46 Gackround -VD
H Getter or equal to 3I%pulse
=%:ires in / = :ires out
0ultiple drives on one filter possiGle H !ore costeffective in so!e situations( especially if lare
nu!Ger of Jlo: po:erJ VFDs
Can parallel AF filter for hih po:er VFDs
Specially desined for Danfoss VFD
8assive filter % no routine !aintenance required
Adantages of the A9-
-rice -erformance com!arisons
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
40/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
-rice$-erformance com!arisons&
ar!onics Reduction
8rice
8erfor!ance
Optimum
Solution!
DC Coils
DC#AC
o Coils
8assive
Filter
34 8ulse3I 8ulse
ActiveFilter
Active Front
end
ar!< trap
)6
3'6
-rice -erformance com!arisons
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
41/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
'
4'
&'
?'
I'
3''
"asic ac%coils dc%coils co!Go Kuasi34%pulse
34%pulse passivefilter
ActiveRectifier
ActiveFilter
- D
i L 6 M
'
)'
3''
3)'
4''
4)'
C o s t i n d e 5 -Di !a5
-Di !inCost indeks
-rice$-erformance com!arisons&
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
42/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
ummary on Harmonic Aeduction
techniques while using VFD=C choke;
1ot many dries offer this as standard% howeer if they are offered%
then it is an ideal solution
AC choke;
Dhen external AC chokes used% 7.6" 6M oltage drop is seen which
is indirect loss to customers
707B Pulse;
4oss in efficiency of 7.6M due to transformers F refer to technical dataG
Actie filters;,xpensie at present
Passie filters;
Possible best solution as compared to performance…
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
43/44
Confidential / Property of
Danfoss Drives A/S
8 April 2016
PLPS/INSC-MCS
=anfoss 5CT@7 harmonic
estimating software
8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd
44/44
Confidential / Property of 8 April 2016