8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
1/62
15‐02‐2016
1
ir pollution
Morten Ryhl‐Svendsen
bout me
• Conservator, preventive conservation
• National Museum of Denmark, for 15 years
• Associate professor, School of Conservation, since 2014
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
2/62
15‐02‐2016
2
ir
pollution
What is …?
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
3/62
15‐02‐2016
3
Natural pollutants
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
4/62
15‐02‐2016
4
Natural
pollutants:
ozone
Indoorsources:Particles
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
5/62
15‐02‐2016
5
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
6/62
15‐02‐2016
6
Mark Dion, 2000
The Museum of Poison (Biocide Hall)
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
7/62
15‐02‐2016
7
Compounds
From outdoors
• Oxides of nitrogen (NO2)
• Oxides of sulfur (SO2)
• Ozone (O3)
• Reduced sulfur (H2S)
• Particular matter (fine and coarse)
From indoors
• Volatile organic compounds
• Biocides
• Carbonyls
• Reduced sulfur (H2S)
• Particular matter (fine and coarse)
• Mold spores
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
8/62
15‐02‐2016
8
Effects on
objects
Damage caused by air pollution:Lead corrosion byorganic acids
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
9/62
15‐02‐2016
9
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
10/62
15‐02‐2016
10
Tin soldier, acetic acid vapors
Photo: Lieve Halsberghe
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
11/62
15‐02‐2016
11
Photo: Lieve Halsberghe
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
12/62
15‐02‐2016
12
Bynesian decay
on
a
gastropod
shell,
Photo
by
Daniel
Cavallari (Wikipedia)
Oxidation of polymers
Ozone and rubber
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
13/62
15‐02‐2016
13
Shooting gloves, latex
Danish Defence Museum Right glove very oxidized Left glove in good condition
Stiff, oxidized rubber shoe
Photos: Yvonne Shashoua
Library material:
SO2 : ”red rot”
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
14/62
15‐02‐2016
14
Acetic acid emission from
decaying cellulose acetate
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
15/62
15‐02‐2016
15
Damage caused by
air
pollution:Silvertarnish byreduced sulfur compounds
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
16/62
15‐02‐2016
16
Lead white pigment and reduced sulfur compounds (H2S, COS)
Biocides on etnographic objects
Photo: Anne Lisbeth Schmidt, Natioalmuseet
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
17/62
15‐02‐2016
17
Photo: Anne Lisbeth Schmidt, Natioalmuseet
Particles
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
18/62
15‐02‐2016
18
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
19/62
15‐02‐2016
19
Monitoring
• Dosimetry(damage rate on materials)
• Concentration measurements(gases and particles in air)
Objects as dosimeters?
National Museum of Denmark
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
20/62
15‐02‐2016
20
ISO 11844
Corrosion of metals and alloys: Weight gain on
Classification of low corrosivity of indoor atmospheres metal coupons
Dosimetry
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
21/62
15‐02‐2016
21
Normal rubber bands are usable as an ozone
dosimeter
- Stretched to double lenght- Exposed for 3 – 6 months- Surface examined by microscopy
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
22/62
15‐02‐2016
22
S c a l e
O n e t i c k = 1 0 u m
1st phase
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
23/62
15‐02‐2016
23
Real‐time dosimeters
(corrosion sensors)
• Camfil Farr ISA‐Check
• Purafil On‐Guard
• Aircorr (Musecorr project)
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
24/62
15‐02‐2016
24
Nationalmuseet, Room 125
MUSECORR
http://www.musecorr.eu
Outdoor testing
of Musecorr
sensors
NationalmuseetCopenhagen
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
25/62
15‐02‐2016
25
Dosimetry
• Sensors mimic the museum objects
• Environment’s full impact is recorded
• Techniques varies: from simple to very advancedequipment
• Results can be difficult to interpret(which factors affect the damage rate?)
Passive sampling
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
26/62
15‐02‐2016
26
Concentration measurements(gases) by passive sampling
PROPAINT Project
Pollution sampling:
• External species: O3, NO2, SO2, H2S…
• Internal species: Carboxylic acids, aldehydes…
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
27/62
15‐02‐2016
27
Passive sampler
in
a display
case
Frøslevlejrens Museum
Passiv samplers in a storage room
Vejle Fællesmagasin
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
28/62
15‐02‐2016
28
Odense
Cathedral
Glass display case
containing
the remains of
King St. Knud (II) the Holy
(+AD1086)
Samplers for ambient and
internally generated pollutants
Ozone, NO2, VOC, Acetic acid
Outdoor sampling
Odense Cathedral
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
29/62
15‐02‐2016
29
Passive samplers
• Cheap
• Simple
• Commercially available, or can be prepared and
analyzed in‐
house
• Medium to low detection limit
• Takes a long time (average conc. only)
• One tube = one pollutant
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
30/62
15‐02‐2016
30
Dust samplingPassive method (weeks or months)
Dust lifters
BVDA gelatine film
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
31/62
15‐02‐2016
31
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
32/62
15‐02‐2016
32
Textile
fibers
Hair
Skin flakes
Sand, etc.
Image analysis: ImageJhttp://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
33/62
15‐02‐2016
33
Biocide analysis
• Direct sample, scrabed of surface(e.g. glass in display case)
• Vacuum cleaner sampling
• Dust ball
GC/MS analysis
Vacuum cleaner sampling
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
34/62
15‐02‐2016
34
Instruments
Real‐time instruments(gases)
NO2
analyzer(chemiluminescence method)
Vejle Fællesmagasin
O3 analyzer (UV absorption method)
Sampling point
Electrical outlet
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
35/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
36/62
15‐02‐2016
36
”Electronic nose”
Acetic acid detector at Danish Film Institute’s vault for acetate film material.
Controlling the ventilation rate.
Real‐time sampling
• Low detection limit
• Fast response
• Can detect short‐time variations
• Expensive
• Advanced installation
• Noisy
• Most often:
One instrument = one pollutant
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
37/62
15‐02‐2016
37
ir pollution
Morten Ryhl‐Svendsen
Control methods
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
38/62
15‐02‐2016
38
Controlling factors: Source
type
Outdoor factors: urban / rural,
proximity to industry, etc.
High NOx
Moderate‐low ozone
Particles from diesel engines
Low NOx
High ozone
Particles from wood‐burning
RuralUrban
Controlling factors:Source strenght and ”loading”
Surface / Volume Low
High
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
39/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
40/62
15‐02‐2016
40
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
41/62
15‐02‐2016
41
Internal pollution in showcases
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
42/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
43/62
15‐02‐2016
43
Lead plate is corroded
The pro and cons of showcases
• Protection from theft and vandalism
• Dust barrier
• Climate barrier; allows for
micro‐climate control
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
44/62
15‐02‐2016
44
The pro
and
cons of
showcases
• Acts as a green house
• Internal pollutants may
accumulate inside
Confined micro‐environments in storage
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
45/62
15‐02‐2016
45
Building
materialtests
”OddyTest”
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
46/62
15‐02‐2016
46
Rules of thumb
• Use non‐emissive materials (e.g.: avoid sulphurcompounds when displaying silver)
• Wood corrodes lead
• Careful with ”wet products” such as
paints and
sealants
• It all depends of the exhibited objects!
Climate and reaction rates
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
47/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
48/62
15‐02‐2016
48
Dust and partikel filters
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
49/62
15‐02‐2016
49
Filter class
• Gross (G1‐G4)
• Fine (F5‐F9)
• HEPA (H10‐H14)
• Ultra (U15‐U17)
Carbon filter for gases
(charcoal granulates)
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
50/62
15‐02‐2016
50
Combination filter
Particle + gas filter
MobileFilterUnit
(re‐circulation)
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
51/62
15‐02‐2016
51
Photos
by
Jean
Tetreault
Passive control materials
• Passive sorption of pollutants by sheets of materialimpregnated with activated carbon or zeolites
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
52/62
15‐02‐2016
52
Tests of passive removal materials in
museums
• Ryhl‐Svendsen and Clausen, 2009.
”The effect of ventilation, filtration and passive sorption on indoor air quality in museum storage rooms”.
Studies in Conservation 54, 35‐48.
Non‐woven cloth with activated carbon
Unfired clay
• Clay has the ability to remove organic compoundsfrom air, especially organic acids
• In archives we often have very low air exchangerates (approx 1 per day); in that case passive removal competes well with ventilation
• Combined with its humidity buffering capacity clayis a promising passive IAQ control material for museum environments
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
53/62
15‐02‐2016
53
Moisture buffering and
sorption of
pollutants: Passive control materials
PREVIOUS TESTS FOR MUSEUM
APPLICATIONS
Pollution sorption on clay:
Ryhl‐Svendsen (2011):
INDOOR AIR 2011, 12th Internat.
Conference, Austin
Humidity buffering by unfired
clay bricks:
Padfield & Jensen (2011):
9th Nordic Symposium
on Building Physics, Tampere
Full scale experiment (ongoing)
Then application in real archive (2017?)
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
54/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
55/62
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
56/62
15‐02‐2016
56
• Maintain RH below 60%
• Avoid cold micro climates (cold corners etc.)
• Remove dust on a regular basis
• Guard against water damage
• Monitoring of climate
• Be prepared: develop emergency plans,
have
recovery materials ready
Prevention
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
57/62
15‐02‐2016
57
• Protect staff (personal protective equipment)
• Eliminate causative agent (e.g. leaky water pipe)
• Deactivate the mould (air drying, freezing)
• Cleaning (vacuum cleaning, brushes)
• Killing spores (70% alcohol, heating, gamma rays)
Mould outbreak
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
58/62
15‐02‐2016
58
Health issues
Biocides used in museums
Group Product / compound
Metal salts Mercury, lead, arsen
Natural
High vapor pressure
Nicotine, Pyrethrum
Syntetic
Low vapor pressure
DDT, lindan,
methoxychlor, dieldrin,
aldrin, permethrin
Syntetic
High vapor pressure
PDB, naftalin, dichlorvos
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
59/62
15‐02‐2016
59
Foto Nationalmuseet
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
60/62
15‐02‐2016
60
• Use correct work clothes(gloves, disposable coverall, mask..)
• Dispose gloves after use
• Use disposable wipes
• High cleaning standard
• Wash hands and face afterwork, change clothesbefore eating
119
photo Nationalmuseet
120
Cleaning objects for
biocides
• Compressed air
• Vacuum cleaner
• Not everything is removed!
Foto Nationalmuseet
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
61/62
15‐02‐2016
61
121
Foto Roberto Fortuna
Nationalmuseet
122
Foto Nationalmuseet
8/19/2019 Morten Sibiu Presentation
62/62
15‐02‐2016
Foto Nationalmuseet